Boris Yofe |

Boris Yoffe

Ntchito ya wopeka, violinist, wochititsa ndi mphunzitsi Boris Yoffe amayenera, ndithudi, chidwi chapadera cha okonda nyimbo zamaphunziro, ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za malingaliro amakono a wolemba. Kupambana kwa Joffe monga wolemba nyimbo kungayesedwe ndi yemwe amachita ndikujambula nyimbo zake. Nawu mndandanda wosakwanira wa oyimba odziwika bwino a nyimbo za Yoffe: Hilliard Ensemble, Rosamunde Quartet, Patricia Kopachinskaya, Konstantin Lifshits, Ivan Sokolov, Kolya Lessing, Reto Bieri, Augustine Wiedemann ndi ena ambiri. Manfred Aicher adatulutsa pa CD yake ya ECM nyimbo ya Boris Yoffe yopangidwa ndi Hilliard Ensemble ndi Rosamunde Quartet. Wolfgang Rihm wakhala akuyamikira ntchito ya Joffe mobwerezabwereza ndipo analemba mbali ina ya malemba a kabuku ka nyimbo ya Nyimbo ya Nyimbo. Mu Julayi chaka chino, nyumba yosindikizira ya Wolke inasindikiza m'Chijeremani buku la nkhani ndi nkhani ya Boris Joffe "Musical Meaning" ("Musikarischer Sinn").

Zikuwoneka kuti Joffe akhoza kuonedwa kuti ndi woimba bwino kwambiri, wina angaganize kuti nyimbo zake nthawi zambiri zimamveka ndikudziwika kwa ambiri. Tiyeni tione mmene zinthu zilili. Kodi nyimbo za Yoffe zimasewera kwambiri pazikondwerero zanyimbo zamakono? Ayi, sizikumveka konse. Bwanji, ndiyesera kuyankha pansipa. Kodi imaseweredwa kangati pawailesi? Inde, nthawi zina ku Ulaya - makamaka "Nyimbo ya Nyimbo" - koma panalibe pafupifupi mapulogalamu odzipereka kwathunthu ku ntchito ya Boris Yoffe (kupatulapo Israeli). Kodi pali makonsati ambiri? Zimachitika ndikuchitika m'mayiko osiyanasiyana - ku Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, USA, Israel, Russia - chifukwa cha oimba omwe adatha kuyamika nyimbo za Yoffe. Komabe, oimba awa adayenera kuchita ngati "opanga".

Nyimbo za Boris Yoffe sizinadziwikebe bwino ndipo, mwinamwake, panjira yopita kutchuka (munthu ayenera kuyembekezera ndi kunena kuti "mwina", chifukwa panali zitsanzo zambiri m'mbiri pamene ngakhale zabwino kwambiri za nthawi yake sizinayamikilidwe. ndi amasiku ano). Oyimba omwe amayamikira kwambiri nyimbo ndi umunthu wa Joffe - makamaka woyimba zenera Patricia Kopatchinskaya, woyimba piyano Konstantin Lifshitz ndi woyimba gitala Augustin Wiedenman - amati nyimbo zake ndi luso lawo m'makonsati ndi zojambulira, koma uku ndi kutsika chabe m'nyanja yamchere yamakonsati masauzande ambiri.

Ndikufuna kuyesa kuyankha funso chifukwa chake nyimbo za Boris Yoffe sizimamveka kawirikawiri pamaphwando amakono a nyimbo.

Vuto ndilakuti ntchito ya Yoffe siyikugwirizana ndi dongosolo lililonse komanso njira iliyonse. Apa m'pofunika kunena nthawi yomweyo za ntchito yaikulu ndi kupeza kulenga kwa Boris Yoffe - "Book of Quartets" wake. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 90s, wakhala akulemba tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku chidutswa cha quartet chomwe chimakwanira pa pepala limodzi la nyimbo popanda zizindikiro za tempo, zamphamvu kapena zamatsenga. Mtundu wa masewerowa ukhoza kutanthauzidwa kuti "ndakatulo". Monga ndakatulo, chidutswa chilichonse chiyenera kuwerengedwa (mwa kuyankhula kwina, woimba ayenera kudziwa tempo, agogics, ndi mphamvu zochokera ku nyimbo), osati kungosewera. Sindikudziwa chilichonse chamtunduwu mu nyimbo zamakono (aleatoric sichiwerengera), koma mu nyimbo zakale nthawi zonse (mu Art of Fugue ya Bach, mulibe zizindikiro za zida, osatchula tempo ndi mphamvu) . Kuphatikiza apo, ndizovuta "kukankhira" nyimbo za Yoffe mumayendedwe osadziwika bwino. Otsutsa ena amalemba za miyambo ya Reger ndi Schoenberg (mlembi wachingelezi komanso wolemba mabuku waulere Paul Griffiths), zomwe, ndithudi, zikuwoneka zachilendo kwambiri! - ena amakumbukira Cage ndi Feldman - chotsiriziracho makamaka noticeable kutsutsa American (Stephen Smolyar), amene amaona chinachake pafupi ndi payekha Yoff. Mmodzi mwa otsutsawo analemba motere: "Nyimbo iyi ndi ya tonal ndi atonal" - zosazolowereka komanso zosagwirizana ndi zochitika zomwe omvera amakumana nazo. Nyimboyi ili kutali ndi "kuphweka kwatsopano" ndi "umphawi" wa Pärt ndi Silvestrov monga momwe zilili ku Lachenman kapena Fernyhow. Zomwezo zimapitanso ku minimalism. Komabe, mu nyimbo za Joffe munthu amatha kuwona kuphweka kwake, kwatsopano, komanso mtundu wa "minimalism". Nditamva nyimbo iyi kamodzi, sizingasokonezedwenso ndi ina; ndi wapadera monga umunthu, mawu ndi nkhope ya munthu.

Ndi chiyani chomwe sichili mu nyimbo za Boris Yoffe? Palibe ndale, palibe "mavuto apamutu", palibe nyuzipepala komanso kwakanthawi. Mulibe phokoso ndi utatu wochuluka mmenemo. Nyimbo zoterozo zimadalira mtundu wake ndi kaganizidwe kake. Ndikubwerezanso: woimba yemwe akuimba nyimbo za Joffe ayenera kuwerenga zolemba, osati kuzisewera, chifukwa nyimbo zoterezi zimafuna kuyanjana. Koma womverayo ayeneranso kutengamo mbali. Zimakhala zododometsa zotere: zikuwoneka kuti nyimbo sizimakakamizidwa komanso kupuma ndi zolemba zachilendo, koma muyenera kumvetsera nyimbo mosamala kwambiri ndipo musasokonezedwe - osachepera mphindi imodzi ya quartet. Sizovuta kwambiri: simukuyenera kukhala katswiri wamkulu, simuyenera kuganiza za njira kapena lingaliro. Kuti mumvetse komanso kukonda nyimbo za Boris Yoffe, munthu ayenera kumvetsera nyimbozo molunjika komanso mwachidwi ndikuchoka.

Wina anayerekezera nyimbo za Joffe ndi madzi, ndipo wina ndi mkate, ndi zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamoyo. Tsopano pali zochulukira, zokometsera zambiri, koma chifukwa chiyani mukumva ludzu, bwanji mukumva ngati Saint-Exupery m'chipululu? "Buku la Quartets", lomwe lili ndi masauzande a "ndakatulo", sikuti ndilo likulu la ntchito ya Boris Yoffe, komanso gwero la ntchito zake zina zambiri - orchestral, chipinda ndi mawu.

Ma opera awiri amasiyananso: "Nkhani ya Rabi ndi Mwana Wake" yochokera pa Rabbi Nachman ku Yiddish (wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka komanso womasulira Anri Volokhonsky adatenga nawo gawo polemba libretto) ndi "Esther Racine" potengera zolemba zoyambirira za French wamkulu. wolemba sewero. Ma opera onse a chipinda chophatikizana. "Rabbi", yomwe siinayambe yachitidwa (kupatulapo chiyambi), imagwirizanitsa zida zamakono ndi zakale - muzitsulo zosiyana. Esther analembera anthu anayi oimba solo ndi gulu laling'ono la baroque. Idakhazikitsidwa ku Basel mu 2006 ndipo iyenera kutchulidwa padera.

"Esther Racina" ndi msonkho (kulemekeza) kwa Rameau, koma nthawi yomweyo opera si kalembedwe ndipo imalembedwa m'njira yakeyake. Zikuoneka kuti palibe chonga ichi chachitika kuyambira Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex, ndi Esther tingayerekezere. Monga opera-oratorio ya Stravinsky, Esther samangokhalira nyimbo imodzi - sizinthu zopanda umunthu. Muzochitika zonsezi, olemba, kukongola kwawo ndi lingaliro la nyimbo ndizodziwika bwino. Komabe, apa ndi pamene kusiyana kumayambira. Opera ya Stravinsky nthawi zambiri samatengera nyimbo za non-Stravinsky; chomwe chili chosangalatsa m'menemo ndi chomwe chimachokera ku mgwirizano wake ndi kamvekedwe kake kuposa kumvetsetsa kwa mtundu wa miyambo ya baroque. M'malo mwake, Stravinsky amagwiritsa ntchito clichés, "fossils" ya mitundu ndi mawonekedwe m'njira yoti akhoza kuthyoledwa ndi kumangidwa kuchokera ku zidutswa izi (monga Picasso adachitira pojambula). Boris Yoffe sathyola kalikonse, chifukwa kwa iye mitundu iyi ndi mitundu ya nyimbo za baroque sizikhala zakale, ndipo kumvetsera nyimbo zake, tikhoza kukhala otsimikiza kuti mwambo wa nyimbo uli ndi moyo. Kodi izi sizikukukumbutsani za…chozizwitsa cha kuuka kwa akufa? Pokhapokha, monga momwe mukuonera, lingaliro (ndipo makamaka kumverera) kwa chozizwitsa kuli kunja kwa gawo la moyo wa munthu wamakono. Chozizwitsa chogwidwa m'zolemba za Horowitz tsopano chikupezeka kuti ndi chonyansa, ndipo zozizwitsa za Chagall ndi zopanda pake. Ndipo ngakhale zonse: Schubert amakhalabe m'mabuku a Horowitz, ndipo kuwala kumadzaza Mpingo wa St. Stephen kudzera m'mawindo a galasi a Chagall. Mzimu wachiyuda ndi nyimbo za ku Europe zilipo ngakhale zili zonse muzojambula za Joffe. "Estere" alibe zotsatira za munthu wakunja kapena kukongola "konyezimira". Mofanana ndi vesi la Racine, nyimbo zake n’zaukali ndiponso zachisomo, koma m’kati mwa kudziletsa kwachisomo kumeneku, ufulu umaperekedwa ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu ndi zilembo. Kupindika kwa mawu a Esitere kukhoza kukhala kwa mfumukazi yokongola, mapewa ake odekha ndi okongola… Monga Mandelstam: “… Aliyense amayimba akazi odalitsika ndi mapewa otsetsereka…” Nthawi yomweyo, m'mizere iyi timamva kuwawa, kunjenjemera, kunjenjemera, mphamvu ya kufatsa, chikhulupiriro ndi chikondi chinyengo, kudzikuza ndi udani. Mwina sichoncho m'moyo, koma osachepera muzojambula tidzaziwona ndikuzimva. Ndipo ichi si chinyengo, osati kuthawa chenicheni: kufatsa, chikhulupiriro, chikondi - ichi ndi chimene chiri umunthu, zabwino zomwe zili mwa ife, anthu. Aliyense amene amakonda zojambulajambula amafuna kuwona momwemo zokhazokha zamtengo wapatali ndi zoyera, ndipo pali dothi ndi nyuzipepala zokwanira padziko lapansi. Ndipo zilibe kanthu kaya chinthu chamtengo wapatalichi chikutchedwa kufatsa, kapena mphamvu, kapena mwina zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Boris Yoffe, ndi luso lake, anafotokoza mwachindunji lingaliro lake la kukongola mu monologue ya Esther kuchokera ku 3rd act. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti zinthu ndi aesthetics nyimbo za monologue zimachokera ku "Book of Quartets", ntchito yaikulu ya wolembayo, kumene amangochita zomwe amaona kuti ndizofunikira kwa iyemwini.

Boris Yoffe anabadwa pa December 21, 1968 ku Leningrad m'banja la akatswiri. Art inali yofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa banja la Yoffe, ndipo Boris wamng'ono adatha kulowa nawo mabuku ndi nyimbo m'mawa kwambiri (kudzera muzojambula). Ali ndi zaka 9, iye anayamba kuimba violin yekha, kupita ku sukulu ya nyimbo, ali ndi zaka 11, adalemba quartet yake yoyamba, yomwe inatha mphindi 40, yomwe nyimbo zake zinadabwitsa omvera ndi tanthauzo lake. Pambuyo pa giredi 8, Boris Yoffe adalowa kusukulu yanyimbo m'kalasi ya violin (ped. Zaitsev). Pa nthawi yomweyi, msonkhano wofunikira wa Joffe unachitika: anayamba kutenga maphunziro apadera a Adam Stratievsky. Stratievsky anabweretsa woimba wamng'ono pa mlingo watsopano wa kumvetsa nyimbo ndi kumuphunzitsa zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Joffe mwiniwake anali wokonzekera msonkhanowu kudzera mu nyimbo zake zazikulu kwambiri (khutu losamvetsetseka, kukumbukira, komanso, chofunika kwambiri, chikondi chosatha cha nyimbo, kuganiza ndi nyimbo).

Kenaka panali utumiki wa asilikali a Soviet ndi kusamukira ku Israel mu 1990. Ku Tel Aviv, Boris Yoffe analowa mu Music Academy. Rubin ndipo anapitiriza maphunziro ake ndi A. Stratievsky. Mu 1995, zidutswa zoyambirira za Buku la Quartets zinalembedwa. Kukongola kwawo kunatanthauzidwa mu kachidutswa kakang'ono ka chingwe cha trio, cholembedwa akadali msilikali. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, chimbale choyamba chokhala ndi quartets chinalembedwa. Mu 1997, Boris Joffe anasamukira ku Karlsruhe ndi mkazi wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi woyamba. Kumeneko anaphunzira ndi Wolfgang Rihm, kumeneko kunachitika zisudzo ziwiri ndipo ma disc ena anayi anatulutsidwa. Joffe amakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Karlsruhe mpaka lero.