Kutsata |

Late Lat. sequentia, lit. - chotsatira chotsatira, kuchokera ku lat. sequor - kutsatira

1) Mtundu wapakati. monody, nyimbo yoimbidwa mu misa pambuyo pa Aleluya tisanawerengedwe Uthenga Wabwino. Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "S". ogwirizana ndi mwambo wokulitsa nyimbo ya Alleluia, kuonjezera kukondwa kwachisangalalo (jubelus) pa mavawelo a – e – u – i – a (makamaka pa omaliza). Jubilee yowonjezereka (sequetur jubilatio), yomwe poyamba inali yopanda malemba, pambuyo pake inatchedwa S. Kukhala cholowetsa (monga mawu akuti "cadenza"), S. ndi mtundu wa njira. Zodziwika bwino za S., zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi njira yokhazikika, ndikuti ndizodziyimira pawokha. gawo lomwe limagwira ntchito yokulitsa nyimbo yam'mbuyomu. Kukula kwazaka zambiri, jubilation-S. adapeza mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya S.: 1st yopanda malemba (osatchedwa S.; mokhazikika - mpaka zaka za zana la 9), 2nd - ndi malemba (kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 9; kwenikweni S.). Maonekedwe a chikumbutso choyikapo amatanthauza pafupifupi zaka za zana la 4, nthawi yakusintha kwa Chikhristu kukhala dziko. chipembedzo (mu Byzantium pansi pa Mfumu Constantine); ndiye chisangalalo chinali ndi khalidwe lachisangalalo. Apa, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuimba (nyimbo) anapeza mkati. ufulu, kutuluka mu kugonjera kwa mawu a mawu (extramusical factor) ndi rhythm, yomwe inachokera ku kuvina. kapena kuguba. “Iye amene amakondwera ndi chisangalalo samalankhula mawu: ili ndi liwu la mzimu wosungunuka ndi chisangalalo…,” adatero Augustine. Fomu C. ndi malembawo anafalikira ku Ulaya mu theka lachiwiri. 9 mkati. mothandizidwa ndi oimba a Byzantine (ndi Bulgarian?) (malinga ndi A. Gastue, 1911, m'manja. C. pali zizindikiro: graeca, bulgarica). S., chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mawu achikumbutso. chant, adalandiranso dzina loti "prose" (malinga ndi limodzi la matembenuzidwewo, mawu oti "prose" amachokera ku mawu olembedwa pansi pamutu pro sg = pro sequentia, mwachitsanzo. prose). e. “m’malo mwa kutsatizana”; French pro seprose; komabe, kufotokoza kumeneku sikumagwirizana kwenikweni ndi mawu omwe amapezeka kawirikawiri: prosa cum sequentia - "prose with a sequent", prosa ad sequentiam, sequentia cum prosa - apa "prose" imatanthauzidwa ngati malemba otsatizana). Kukula kwa jubile melisma, makamaka kutsindika nyimbo. chiyambi, ankatchedwa longissima melodia. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe zinapangitsa kuti malemba alowe m'malo mwa chikumbutso chinali njira. zovuta kukumbukira "nyimbo yayitali kwambiri". Kupanga fomu C. olembedwa ndi amonke ochokera ku nyumba ya amonke ya St. Gallen (ku Switzerland, pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Constance) Notker Zaika. M’mawu oyamba a Bukhu la Hymns (Liber Ymnorum, c. 860-887), Notker mwiniyo akunena za mbiri ya S. mtundu: amonke anafika ku St. Gallen wochokera ku abbey yowonongedwa ya Jumiège (pa Seine, pafupi ndi Rouen), yemwe anapereka zambiri zokhudza S. ku St. Anthu aku Galeniya. Paupangiri wa mphunzitsi wake, Iso Notker adalemba zolemba zakale molingana ndi silabi. mfundo (sillable imodzi pa phokoso la nyimbo). Iyi inali njira yofunika kwambiri yofotokozera ndi kukonza "nyimbo zazitali kwambiri", mwachitsanzo chifukwa ndiye njira yayikulu yoyimba nyimbo. kuzindikira kunali kopanda ungwiro. Kenako, Notker adapanganso nyimbo zingapo za S. “motsanzira” nyimbo zamtunduwu zodziwika kwa iye. Wolemba mbiri. tanthauzo la njira Notker ndi kuti mpingo. oimba ndi oimba kwa nthawi yoyamba anali ndi mwayi kupanga latsopano. nyimbo (Nestler, 1962, p. 63).

(Pakhoza kukhala zosiyana zina zamapangidwe a C.)

Mpangidwewo unazikidwa pa mavesi aŵiri (bc, de, fg, …), amene mizere yake ili ndendende kapena pafupifupi yofanana muutali (noti imodzi – syllable imodzi), nthawi zina yogwirizana ndi zomwe zili; mizere iwiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yosiyana. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi kulumikizana kwapakati pakati pa mathero onse (kapena pafupifupi onse) a Muses. mizere - kaya phokoso lomwelo, kapena kutseka ndi zofanana. otembenuka.

Zolemba za Notker sizimafanana, zomwe zimafanana ndi nthawi yoyamba mu chitukuko cha S. (zaka za 9th-10th). M'nthawi ya Notker, kuyimba kunkachitika kale m'kwaya, antiphonally (komanso ndi mawu osinthana a anyamata ndi abambo) "kuti afotokoze mowonekera chilolezo cha onse m'chikondi" (Durandus, zaka za zana la 13). Mapangidwe a S. ndi gawo lofunikira pakukula kwa nyimbo. kuganiza (onani Nestler, 1962, tsamba 65-66). Pamodzi ndi mapemphero S. analiponso extraliturgical. zachipembedzo (m’Chilatini; nthawi zina ndi instr. accompaniment).

Pambuyo pake S. adagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: kumadzulo (Provence, kumpoto kwa France, England) ndi kum'mawa (Germany ndi Italy); mwa zitsanzo

Chowotcha. Kutsatizana.

polyphony yoyamba imapezekanso mu S. (S. Rex coeli domine in Musica enchiriadis, zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi). S. anasonkhezera chitukuko cha mitundu ina yakudziko (estampie, Leich). Mawu a S. amakhala omveka. Gawo lachiwiri la chisinthiko cha S. linayamba m'zaka za zana la 9. (woimira wamkulu ndi mlembi wa "prose" wotchuka Adam wochokera ku Parisian abbey ya Saint-Victor). M'mawonekedwe, masilabulo ofanana amayandikira nyimbo (kuphatikiza masilabi ndi nyimbo, pali mita mu vesi, kapangidwe ka nthawi, ndi mawu anyimbo). Komabe, nyimbo ya nyimboyi ndi yofanana pamagulu onse, ndipo mu S. imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma stanza awiri.

Chigawo cha nyimbo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mizere 4, ndipo S. ili ndi 3; mosiyana ndi nyimbo, S. idapangidwira misa, osati ya officio. Nthawi yotsiriza ya chitukuko cha S. (zaka za 13-14) idadziwika ndi chikoka champhamvu cha osakhala achipembedzo. mitundu yanyimbo za anthu. Lamulo la Council of Trent (1545-63) kuchokera ku tchalitchi. misonkhano inachotsedwa pafupifupi S., kupatula anayi: Isitala S. "Victimae paschali laudes" (zolemba, ndipo mwina nyimbo - Vipo wa Burgundy, 1st theka la 11th century; K. Parrish, J. Ole, p. 12-13, kuchokera munyimbo imeneyi, mwina kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 13, nyimbo yoimba yodziwika bwino yakuti “Christus ist erstanden” inayambika); S. pa phwando la Utatu "Veni Holy spiritus", lomwe limatchedwa S. Langton (d. 1228) kapena Papa Innocent III; S. kwa phwando la Thupi la Ambuye "Lauda Sion Salvatorem" (zolemba za Thomas Aquinas, c. 1263; nyimboyi poyamba inali yogwirizana ndi malemba a S. - "Laudes Crucis attolamus", otchedwa Adam wa St. . Victor, amene P. Hindemith anagwiritsa ntchito mu opera ya “Artist Mathis” ndi mu symphony ya dzina lomweli); S. oyambirira. 13 ndi c. Doomsday Dies irae, ca. 1200! (monga gawo la Zofunikira; malinga ndi mutu 1 wa buku la mneneri Zefaniya). Pambuyo pake, S. yachisanu inavomerezedwa, pa phwando la Zisoni Zisanu ndi ziwiri za Mary - Stabat Mater, 2nd floor. 13 ndi c. (olemba zolemba osadziwika: Bonaventure?, Jacopone da Todi?; nyimbo yolembedwa ndi D. Josiz - D. Jausions, d. 1868 kapena 1870).

Onani Notker.

2) Mu chiphunzitso cha S. mgwirizano ( German Sequenze, French marche harmonique, progression, Italian progressione, English sequence) - kubwereza melodic. cholinga kapena harmonic. kutembenuka motalika kosiyana (kuchokera pa sitepe ina, mu kiyi ina), kutsatira mwamsanga mutangoyendetsa koyamba monga kupitiriza kwake. Kawirikawiri ndondomeko yonse ya naz. S., ndi zigawo zake - zimagwirizanitsa S. Cholinga cha harmonic S. nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ziwiri kapena zingapo. zogwirizana mu ntchito zosavuta. maubale. Nthawi yomwe kumanga koyambirira kumasinthidwa kumatchedwa. S. sitepe (kusintha kofala kwambiri ndi kwachiwiri, chachitatu, chachinayi pansi kapena mmwamba, mocheperapo ndi nthawi zina; sitepeyo ikhoza kukhala yosinthika, mwachitsanzo, choyamba ndi chachiwiri, kenako chachitatu). Chifukwa cha kuchulukira kwa zosinthika zenizeni mu dongosolo lalikulu laling'ono la tonal, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kutsika kwa S. mumasekondi, ulalo womwe umakhala ndi ma chords awiri m'munsi mwachisanu (chowona) chiŵerengero. M'zowona zotere (malinga ndi VO Berkov - "golide") S. amagwiritsa ntchito magawo onse a kamvekedwe posuntha magawo asanu (mmwamba pachinayi):

Chithunzi cha GF. Suite g-moll ya harpsichord. Passacaglia.

S. ndi kusuntha kwapamwamba mu magawo asanu (plagal) ndizosowa (onani, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa 18 kwa Rhapsody ya Rachmaninov pa Mutu wa Paganini, mipiringidzo 7-10: V-II, VI-III ku Des-dur). S.'s essence ndi liniya ndi melodic kayendedwe, mu Krom mfundo zake monyanyira ali ndi tanthauzo ntchito phindu; mkati mwa maulalo apakati a S., magwiridwe antchito amasinthasintha.

S. nthawi zambiri amagawidwa molingana ndi mfundo ziwiri - molingana ndi ntchito yawo muzolemba (intratonal - modulating) komanso molingana ndi kukhala kwawo kwa k.-l. kuchokera kumtundu wa phokoso (diatonic - chromatic): I. Monotonal (kapena tonal; komanso single-system) - diatonic ndi chromatic (ndi zopotoka ndi zazikulu zachiwiri, komanso mitundu ina ya chromatism); II. Modulating (multi-system) - diatonic ndi chromatic. Ma chromatic amtundu umodzi (omwe amapatuka) pakapita nthawi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa modulating (malinga ndi makiyi ogwirizana), zomwe sizowona (VO Verkov adawona bwino kuti "kutsatizana kokhala ndi zopatuka kumatsata ma tonal"). Zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. mitundu ya S .: diatonic yamtundu umodzi - "July" kuchokera ku "The Seasons" ndi Tchaikovsky (mipiringidzo 7-10); chromatic imodzi - mawu oyamba a opera "Eugene Onegin" ndi Tchaikovsky (mipiringidzo 1-2); modulating diatonic - prelude in d-moll from volume I of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (mipiringidzo 2-3); modulating chromatic - chitukuko cha I gawo la symphony ya 3 ya Beethoven, mipiringidzo 178-187: c-cis-d; Kufotokozera za gawo I la Tchaikovsky's 4th symphony, mipiringidzo 201-211: hea, adg. Kusintha kwa chromatic kwa mndandanda weniweni nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa. "unyolo waukulu" (onani, mwachitsanzo, ariya a Marita kuchokera ku sewero lachinayi la "Mkwatibwi wa Tsar" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, nambala 205, mipiringidzo 6-8), kumene mphamvu yokoka yofewa ndi diatonic. olamulira achiwiri amalowetsedwa ndi chromatic yakuthwa ("mawu osinthika otsegulira"; onani Tyulin, 1966, p. 160; Sposobin, 1969, p. 23). Unyolo waukulu ukhoza kulowa mkati mwa kiyi imodzi (munthawi; mwachitsanzo, mumutu wam'mbali wa "Romeo ndi Juliet" wa Tchaikovsky), kapena kukhala modulating (kukulitsa komaliza kwa nyimbo ya Mozart mu g-moll, mipiringidzo 139-47, 126 -32). Kuphatikiza pazofunikira zazikulu za gulu la S., zina ndizofunikanso, mwachitsanzo. Kugawidwa kwa S. kukhala melodic. ndi chordal (makamaka, pangakhale kusagwirizana pakati pa mitundu ya melodic ndi chord S., kupita nthawi imodzi, mwachitsanzo, mu C-dur prelude kuchokera ku Shostakovich's op. chordal - diatonic), mu zenizeni ndi zosiyanasiyana.

S. imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kunja kwa dongosolo lalikulu laling'ono. M'njira zofananira, kubwereza kotsatizana ndikofunikira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri kumakhala mawonekedwe owonetsera mawonekedwe a modal (mwachitsanzo, single-system S. pachiwonetsero cha kubedwa kwa Lyudmila ku opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila - zikumveka.

mu solo ya Stargazer kuchokera ku The Golden Cockerel, nambala 6, mipiringidzo 2-9 - nyimbo

modulating Mipikisano dongosolo S. mu 9 ntchito. Sonata ndi Scriabin, mipiringidzo 15-19). Mu nyimbo zamakono za S. zimalemeretsedwa ndi nyimbo zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, polyharmonic modulating S. pamutu wa chipani cholumikizira cha 6st ya piano ya 24 ya Prokofiev's sonata, mipiringidzo 32-XNUMX).

Mfundo ya S. ikhoza kudziwonetsera yokha pa masikelo osiyanasiyana: nthawi zina, S. imayandikira kufanana kwa nyimbo. kapena harmonic. kusintha, kupanga micro-C. (mwachitsanzo, "Gypsy Song" kuchokera ku opera ya Bizet "Carmen" - melodic. S. imaphatikizidwa ndi kufanana kwa nyimbo zotsagana - I-VII-VI-V; Presto mu 1st sonata ya solo ya violin yolembedwa ndi JS Bach, mipiringidzo 9 - 11: I-IV, VII-III, VI-II, V; Intermezzo op. 119 No 1 mu h-moll ndi Brahms, mipiringidzo 1-3: I-IV, VII-III; Brahms imasintha kukhala kufanana). Nthawi zina, mfundo ya S. imafikira kubwereza kwa zomangamanga zazikulu mu makiyi osiyanasiyana patali, kupanga macro-S. (malinga ndi tanthauzo la BV Asafiev - "parallel conductions").

Cholinga chachikulu cha S. ndi kupanga zotsatira za chitukuko, makamaka mu chitukuko, kulumikiza magawo (mu Handel's g-moll passacaglia, S. akugwirizana ndi kutsika kwa bass g - f - es - d khalidwe la mtunduwo; izi mtundu wa S. umapezekanso muzolemba zina zamtunduwu).

S. monga njira yobwereza nyimbo zazing'ono. mayunitsi, mwachiwonekere, akhalapo mu nyimbo. Mu imodzi mwazolemba zachi Greek (Anonymous Bellermann I, onani Najock D., Drei anonyme griechische Trackate über die Musik. Eine kommentierte Neuausgabe des Bellermannschen Anonymus, Göttingen, 1972) melodic. chithunzi ndi chothandizira chapamwamba. phokoso limanenedwa (mwachiwonekere, chifukwa cha maphunziro ndi njira) mu mawonekedwe a maulalo awiri S. - h1 - cis2 - h1 cis2 - d2 - cis2 (chomwecho chiri mu Anonymous III, momwe, monga S., melodic ina. - kuwuka "njira zingapo"). Nthawi zina, S. amapezeka mu nyimbo ya Gregorian, mwachitsanzo. muzopereka Populum (V toni), v. 2:

S. nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito munyimbo za prof. nyimbo za Middle Ages ndi Renaissance. Monga njira yapadera yobwerezabwereza, sequins amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ambuye a sukulu ya Parisian (12th mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 13th); m'mawu atatu pang'onopang'ono "Benedicta" S. mu njira ya kusinthanitsa mawu ikuchitika pa limba mfundo ya kupitiriza m'munsi mawu (Yu. Khominsky, 1975, p. 147-48). Ndi kufalikira kwa ovomerezeka luso anaonekera ndi ovomerezeka. S. ("Patrem" ndi Bertolino wa Padua, mipiringidzo 183-91; onani Khominsky Yu., 1975, pp. 396-397). Mfundo zama polyphony okhwima azaka za m'ma 15-16. (makamaka pakati pa Palestrina) m'malo molunjika ku kubwereza kosavuta ndi S. (ndi kubwerezabwereza pa msinkhu wosiyana mu nthawi ino makamaka kutsanzira); komabe, S. akadali wamba ku Josquin Despres, J. Obrecht, N. Gombert (S. angapezekenso ku Orlando Lasso, Palestrina). M'zolemba za S.'s theoreticals nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa ngati njira yokhazikika mwadongosolo kapena kuwonetsa phokoso la kusintha kwa monophonic (kapena polyphonic) pamagulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mwambo wakale wa "methodical"; onani, mwachitsanzo, “Ars cantus mensurabilis” lolembedwa ndi Franco waku Cologne (zaka za zana la 13; Gerbert, Scriptores…, t. 3, p. 14a), “De musica mensurabili positio” lolemba J. de Garlandia (Coussemaker, Scriptores…, t. . 1, p. 108), “De cantu mensurabili” ya Anonymus III (ibid., pp. 325b, 327a), ndi zina zotero.

S. mwanjira yatsopano - monga kutsatizana kwa nyimbo (makamaka kutsika mu magawo asanu) - kwafalikira kuyambira zaka za zana la 17.

Zothandizira: 1) Kuznetsov KA, Chiyambi cha mbiri ya nyimbo, gawo 1, M. - Pg., 1923; Livanova TN, Mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Western Europe mpaka 1789, M.-L., 1940; Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1. M.-L., 1941; yakeyake, General History of Music, part 1, M., 1956, 1965; Rosenshild KK, Mbiri ya nyimbo zakunja, vol. 1 - Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, M., 1963; Wölf F., Lber die Lais, Sequenzen und Leiche, Heidelberg, 1; Schubiger A., ​​​​Die Sängerschule St. Gallens von 1841. bis 8. Jahrhundert, Einsiedeln-NY, 12; Ambros AW, Geschichte der Musik, Bd 1858, Breslau, 2; Naumann E., Illustrierte Musikgeschichte, Lfg. 1864, Stuttg., 1 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Hayman Em., Mbiri yakale yojambulidwa ya nyimbo, vol. 1880, St. Petersburg, 1); Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1897, Lpz., 2 Wagner, P., Einführung in die gregorianische Melodien, (Bd 1888), Freiburg, 2, Bd 1897, Lpz., 1928; Gastouy A., L'art grégorien, P., 1; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, 1895-3; Prunières H., Nouvelle histoire de la musique, pt 1921, P., 1911 Johner D., Wort und Ton im Choral, Lpz., 1931, 34; Steinen W. vd, Notker der Dichter und seine geistige Welt, Bd 1-1934, Bern, 1; Rarrish C, Ohl J., Masterpieces of music before 1937, NY, 1940, L., 1953 The Oxford History of Music, v. 1, L. - Oxf., 2, chimodzimodzi, NY, 1948; Chominski JM, Historia harmonii ndi kontrapunktu, t. 1 Kr., 1750 (Kumasulira kwa Chiyukireniya - Khominsky Y., History of Harmony and Counterpoint, vol. 1951, K., 1952); Nestler G., Geschichte der Musik, Gütersloh, 1975; Gagnepain V., La musigue français du moyen age et de la Renaissance, P., 2: Kohoutek C., Hudebni stylyz hlediska skladatele, Praha, 1932. 1973) Tyulin Yu. H., Kuphunzitsa za mgwirizano, M. – L. , 1, Moscow, 1958; Sposobin IV, Maphunziro okhudza mgwirizano, M., 1; Berkov VO, Kuumba njira zogwirizana, M., 1975. Onaninso lit. pansi pa nkhani yakuti Harmony.

Yu. N. Kholopov