Kusuntha kwa khansa |

Kusankhana mitundu, kubwerera, kapena kutembenuza, kuyenda (lat. kuwonda, kuwonda, mwa mayendedwe obwerera; ital riverso, alla riversa, rivoltato, al rovescio amatanthauzanso kusinthika kwa mutuwo, kusuntha; German Krebsgang - nkhono) - mtundu wapadera wa kusintha kwa nyimbo, polyphonic. mitu kapena nyimbo yonse. yomanga, yomwe imakhala ndi kuyimba kwa nyimbo iyi (yomanga) kuyambira kumapeto mpaka pachiyambi. R. etc. mofanana ndi mawonekedwe akale a masewera a zojambulajambula - palindrome, koma, mosiyana ndi Ch. ayi. mawonekedwe, R. etc. zitha kuzindikirika ndi khutu. Njira zovuta R. etc. amapezeka mwa Prof. suti; malingaliro ake amakhudza chikhalidwe cha muse. zithunzi, koma mu zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri njira imeneyi ndi nkhani apamwamba ofotokoza zolinga, ndi ena ambiri. Opeka odziwika bwino sanalambalale m'ntchito yawo. Chitsanzo choyamba chodziwika cha R. etc. zili mu chimodzi mwa ziganizo za nthawi za Paris School (Notre Dame). Pambuyo pake R. etc. ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi akatswiri a polyphony, ndipo nthawi zina, kukopa kwake kunatsimikiziridwa ndi tanthauzo la lembalo. R. etc. nthawi zambiri amaonedwa ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. chizindikiro cha mfundo za muyaya, zopanda malire (mwachitsanzo, magawo atatu ovomerezeka a S. Scheidt mu "Tabulatura nova" ndi mawu ochokera mu salmo la 30 "non confundar in aeternum" - "ndisachite manyazi mpaka kalekale") kapena adagwiritsa ntchito ngati chithunzithunzi (mwachitsanzo, mu Missa Alleluia ya Pierre de la Rue mpaka fotokozani mau a mu Uthenga Wabwino wa Marko “vade retro Satanas” – “choka kwa ine, Satana”). Imodzi mwa nyimbo zodziwika bwino komanso zokongola. phokoso la zitsanzo - rondo la magawo atatu lolembedwa ndi G. de Machaux "Mapeto anga ndi chiyambi changa, chiyambi changa ndi mapeto anga": apa, ponseponse, ndondomeko yokhazikika imapangidwa. mawonekedwe, pomwe gawo la 2 (kuchokera muyeso 21) limachokera ku gawo loyamba (ndi kukonzanso kwa mawu apamwamba). Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kwa njira yobwereranso ndi otsutsana akale (makamaka, olemba a sukulu ya Chidatchi; onani, mwachitsanzo, motet ya isorhythmic "Balsamus et mundi" ndi Dufay) iyenera kuyesedwa ngati prof. kufufuza zosiyanasiyana luso ndi kufotokoza. kuthekera kwa polyphony pakupanga maziko a lusoli (kanoni mu 35th Magnificat of Palestrina imatsimikizira luso laukadaulo, mwachitsanzo). Composers con. Zaka za m'ma 17-18 adagwiritsanso ntchito R. ngakhale zakhala zochepa. Inde, ine. C. Bach, mwachiwonekere akufuna kutsindika kukwanira kwapadera kwa chitukuko mu "Nyimbo Yopereka Nyimbo" ya "mutu wachifumu", akuyambitsa magawo awiri osatha "Canon cancricans" a gulu loyamba kumayambiriro kwake. Mu minuet kuchokera ku Haydn's sonata A-dur (Hob. XVI, No 26) gawo lililonse la mawonekedwe ovuta a magawo atatu ndi magawo awiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yobwerera, komanso kumveka bwino kwa R. etc. sichimatsutsana ndi kukongola kwa nyimbo. Kutsanzira Rakohodnaya mu miyeso yoyamba ya chitukuko cha 4 kayendedwe ka symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") V. A.

Pochita, milandu yotsatirayi yogwiritsira ntchito R. d. amasiyanitsidwa: 1) mu c.-l. m'mawu amodzi (monga zotsanzira zotchulidwa za WA ​​Mozart ndi L. Beethoven); 2) m'mawu onse monga njira yopangira zomangira (zofanana ndi zitsanzo zoperekedwa kuchokera ku ntchito za H. de Machaux ndi J. Haydn); 3) canon canon (mwachitsanzo, mu JS Bach). Komanso, R. d. imatha kupanga zophatikiza zovuta kwambiri ndi njira zina zamawu. masinthidwe amutu. Choncho, zitsanzo za galasi-reverse canon zimapezeka WA ​​Mozart (Makanema anayi a violin awiri, K.-V. Anh. 284 dd), J. Haydn.

J. Haydn. Mirror canon.

Mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa chidwi cha nyimbo zoyambirira m'zaka za zana la 20. pali chidwi chatsopano mu njira ya R. d. Muzochita za olemba, pali zitsanzo zonse zosavuta (mwachitsanzo, Kutsanzira EK Golubev, m'gulu la "Polyphonic Pieces", nkhani 1, M., 1968), ndi zovuta kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, mu No. 8 kuchokera ku "Polyphonic" ya Shchedrin Notebook ", reprise ndi mtundu wina wa zomangamanga zoyambira 14; mu fugue ya mawu atatu ku F, zomanga zofananira kuchokera ku bar 31 zimapangidwa kuchokera ku P. Hindemith's neoclassical in general orientation of piyano "Ludus tonalis" ) , nthawi zina kufika ku zovuta kwambiri (momwemo. Hindemith, kuyambika koyambira koyambira ndi postlude kutha kwake kumayimira kuphatikizika koyambirira ndi kochokera kwa galasi-cracker counterpoint; mu No18 kuchokera ku Schoenberg's Lunar Pierrot, miyeso 10 yoyamba ndiyo kuphatikiza koyamba mu mawonekedwe a kanoni kawiri, ndiye - chochokera rakokhodny, chovuta ndi kumanga fugue mu gawo la fp.). Kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za rhythmic mu nyimbo za serial ndizosiyana kwambiri. Itha kukhala yokhazikika pamapangidwe a mndandanda womwewo (mwachitsanzo, mu fec-agd-as-des-es-ges-bh mndandanda womwe uli pansi pa Berg's Lyric Suite, theka lachiwiri ndikusintha kosinthika koyamba ); kusinthika kwakanthawi kwamitundu yonse (onani Dodecaphony) ndi zigawo zonse za ntchito ndi chipangizo chodziwika bwino mu nyimbo za dodecaphonic. Kusintha komaliza kwa symphony op. 2 Webrn (onani chitsanzo pansipa).

Liwu lapamwamba la mutuwo (clarinet) ndi mndandanda wa 12-sound, theka la 2 lomwe ndi transposed version ya 1; mawonekedwe a mtundu woyamba ndi rakohodny (onani muyeso 1 mmenemo) kanoni wapawiri pozungulira; R. d ili mumitundu yonse yomaliza ya symphony. Mkhalidwe wa kagwiritsidwe kake ka nyimbo kameneka umatsimikiziridwa ndi cholinga cha kulenga cha woimbayo; kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za rhythmic mkati mwa nyimbo za serial zitha kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pamapeto a symphony 7 ya Karaev, pomwe mapangidwe a mndandanda amadalira makhalidwe a Azerbaijani nar. kudandaula, kumanga koyambirira kumabwerezedwa (onani nambala 3) mu mawonekedwe a rakokhodny otumphukira.

Mu "Polyphonic Symphony" est. wolemba A. Pärt, miyeso 40 yoyambirira kuchokera pa code ya gawo loyamba (nambala 1) ndi canon kupita crescendo, kenako canon mu R. d. diminuendo; okhwima phokoso zomangamanga mu nkhani iyi amaonedwa ndi womvera ngati mtundu wa mapeto, kumvetsa, zomveka generalization wa zovuta kwambiri m'mbuyomu nyimbo. zochita. R. d imapezeka kumapeto kwa Op. NGATI Stravinsky; mwachitsanzo, mu Ricercar II kuchokera ku Cantata kupita ku zolemba za Chingerezi. ndakatulo, gawo la tenor lovuta ndi ma canon limatchedwa "Cantus cancri-zans" ndipo lili ndi mitundu inayi ya mndandanda. Mu "Canticum sacrum" kayendetsedwe ka 24 ndi kosiyana ndi 4st, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito koteroko kwa R. d. (monga zambiri muzoyimira nyimbo za Op iyi.) zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe akale otsutsana. Mapangidwe osagwirizana chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito R. d., yamakono. chiphunzitso cha polyphony kudzisiyanitsa. mtundu wa counterpoint zovuta.

Zothandizira: Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Vol. 2, Gawo 1, Lpz., 1907, 1920; Feininger LKJ, Mbiri yoyambirira ya canon mpaka Josquin des Prez, Emsdetten, 1937.

VP Frayonov