Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau |

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau

Woyimba waku Germany Fischer-Dieskau adasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi njira yochenjera yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamasewera ndi nyimbo. Kuchuluka kwa mawu ake kunam'lola kuchita pafupifupi pulogalamu iliyonse, kuti aziimba pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya opera yopangidwa ndi baritone.

Iye anachita ntchito za oimba osiyanasiyana monga Bach, Gluck, Schubert, Berg, Wolf, Schoenberg, Britten, Henze.

Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau anabadwa pa May 28, 1925 ku Berlin. Woimbayo mwiniyo akukumbukira kuti: "... bambo anga anali m'modzi mwa okonzekera zomwe zimatchedwa zisudzo zakusekondale, komwe, mwatsoka, ophunzira olemera okha ndi omwe adapatsidwa mwayi wowonera masewero akale, kumvetsera zisudzo ndi zoimbaimba ndi ndalama zochepa. Chilichonse chomwe ndidachiwona pamenepo chidayamba kukonzedwa m'moyo wanga, chikhumbo chidayamba mwa ine kuti ndikhale nacho nthawi yomweyo: Ndidabwereza ma monologues ndi zochitika zonse mokweza ndi chidwi chamisala, nthawi zambiri osamvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawu olankhulidwa.

Ndinakhala nthawi yochuluka ndikuzunza antchito kukhitchini ndi mawu anga okweza, fortissimo, kuti pamapeto pake adathawa, akutenga mawerengedwe.

… M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, zojambula zochititsa chidwi zidawonekera, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimalembedwanso pamarekodi omwe adasewera nthawi yayitali. Ine kwathunthu subordinated wosewera mpira kufunika kwanga kudzionetsera.

Madzulo oimba nyimbo nthawi zambiri ankachitikira m'nyumba ya makolo, kumene Dietrich wamng'ono anali munthu wamkulu. Apa adapanganso "Free Gunner" ya Weber, pogwiritsa ntchito ma galamafoni otsatizana ndi nyimbo. Izi zinapatsa olemba mbiri yamtsogolo chifukwa chonena mwanthabwala kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo chidwi chake chowonjezeka pa kujambula kwamveka.

Dietrich analibe kukayikira kuti adzadzipereka yekha ku nyimbo. Koma bwanji kwenikweni? Kusukulu ya sekondale, adachita Schubert's Winter Road kusukulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adakopeka ndi ntchito ya kondakitala. Nthawi ina, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi, Dietrich anapita ndi makolo ake kumalo osungiramo malo ndipo anachita bwino kwambiri pa mpikisano wokonda masewera. Kapena mwina ndi bwino kukhala woimba? Kupita kwake patsogolo monga woimba piyano kunalinso kochititsa chidwi. Koma si zokhazo. Sayansi yanyimbo inamukopanso! Kumapeto kwa sukulu, adakonza nkhani yolimba pa Bach's cantata Phoebus ndi Pan.

Chikondi choimba chinatenga malo. Fischer-Dieskau amapita kukaphunzira ku dipatimenti ya mawu ya Higher School of Music ku Berlin. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko Lonse inaulika ndipo analembedwa usilikali; pambuyo pa miyezi ingapo yokonzekera, anatumizidwa kunkhondo. Komabe, wachichepereyo sanakopeke nkomwe ndi malingaliro a Hitler a ulamuliro wa dziko.

Mu 1945, Dietrich anatsekeredwa m’ndende pafupi ndi mzinda wa Rimini ku Italy. Muzochitika izi sizinali wamba, kuwonekera kwake kwaluso kunachitika. Tsiku lina, zolemba za kuzungulira kwa Schubert "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" zidamugwira. Mwamsanga anaphunzira kuzungulira ndipo posakhalitsa analankhula ndi akaidi pa siteji yapang'onopang'ono.

Kubwerera ku Berlin, Fischer-Dieskau akupitiriza maphunziro ake: amatenga maphunziro kuchokera kwa G. Weissenborn, kulemekeza luso lake la mawu, kukonzekera zolemba zake.

Akuyamba ntchito yake ngati katswiri woimba mosayembekezereka, atalemba "Winter Journey" ya Schubert pa tepi. Pamene chojambulirachi chinamveka tsiku lina pawailesi, makalata anagwa kuchokera kulikonse kupempha kuti chibwerezedwe. Pulogalamuyi inkaulutsidwa pafupifupi tsiku lililonse kwa miyezi ingapo. Ndipo Dietrich, panthawiyi, akulemba ntchito zonse zatsopano - Bach, Schumann, Brahms. Mu situdiyo, kondakitala wa West Berlin City Opera, G. Titjen, anamvanso izo. Anapita kwa wojambula wachichepereyo nati motsimikiza kuti: “M’milungu inayi mudzayimba pa sewero loyamba la Don Carlos lolembedwa ndi Marquis Pozu!”

Pambuyo pake, ntchito ya Fischer-Dieskau yoimba nyimbo inayamba mu 1948. Chaka chilichonse amawongola luso lake. Mbiri yake imadzazidwanso ndi ntchito zatsopano. Kuyambira pamenepo, anaimba ambiri mbali mu ntchito za Mozart, Verdi, Wagner, Rossini, Gounod, Richard Strauss ndi ena. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50, wojambulayo adasewera udindo woyamba mu opera ya Tchaikovsky Eugene Onegin.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe woimbayo ankakonda kwambiri inali ntchito ya Macbeth mu opera ya Verdi: "Pachiwonetsero changa, Macbeth anali chimphona choyera, wodekha, wosasunthika, wotseguka kwa matsenga amatsenga a mfiti, pambuyo pake amayesetsa kuchita zachiwawa m'dzina la mphamvu, kumezedwa ndi chilakolako ndi chisoni. Masomphenya a lupanga adawuka chifukwa chimodzi chokha: idabadwa ndi chikhumbo changa chopha, chomwe chinagonjetsa malingaliro onse, monologue inkachitidwa mobwerezabwereza mpaka kufuula kumapeto. Kenako, monong’oneza, ndinati “Zonse zatha,” monga ngati kuti mawu ameneŵa akungonenedwa ndi munthu wamwano wolakwa, kapolo womvera kwa mkazi wozizira, wolakalaka mphamvu ndi mbuye wake. M'malo okongola a D-flat major aria, mzimu wa mfumu yotembereredwayo umawoneka ngati ukusefukira m'mawu akuda, ndikudzitengera ku chiwonongeko. Zowopsa, ukali, mantha zidasinthidwa pafupifupi popanda kusintha - apa ndipamene mpweya waukulu unkafunika kwa cantilena weniweni wa ku Italy, kulemera kwakukulu kwa kubwerezabwereza, kudzidzimutsa kwa Nordic mkati mwawekha, kukangana kuti apereke kulemera kwathunthu kwa imfa. zimakhudza - apa ndipamene mwayi unali sewero la "theatre of the world".

Sikuti oyimba aliyense yemwe adayimba mwachidwi kwambiri m'mayimba oimba azaka za zana la XNUMX. Apa, pakati pa zomwe Fischer-Dieskau adachita bwino ndikutanthauzira maphwando apakati mu opera The Painter Matisse ndi P. Hindemith ndi Wozzeck ndi A. Berg. Amatenga nawo gawo pazowonetsera zatsopano za H.-V. Henze, M. Tippett, W. Fortner. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, iye ndi wopambana mofanana mu nyimbo ndi heroic, comic ndi maudindo ochititsa chidwi.

“Titangofika ku Amsterdam, Ebert anatulukira m’chipinda changa cha hotelo,” akukumbukira motero Fischer-Dieskau, “ndipo anayamba kudandaula za mavuto a kondakitala wodziŵika bwino, iwo amati, makampani ojambulira nyimbo amangomukumbukira mwa apo ndi apo, otsogolera zisudzo sakwaniritsa malonjezo awo mwa apo ndi apo.

… Ebert anavomera kuti ndinali woyenerera kutenga nawo mbali mu sewero lotchedwa vuto. Mu lingaliro ili, adalimbikitsidwa ndi wotsogolera wamkulu wa zisudzo, Richard Kraus. Omalizawo adayamba kuwonetsa zomwe sizingaganizidwe, bwino kunena kuti zaiwalika, opera ya Ferruccio Busoni Doctor Faust, ndikuphunzira udindo, katswiri, wodziwa bwino ntchito zamasewera, bwenzi la Kraus Wolf Völker, adalumikizidwa kwa ine ngati "kunja. mtsogoleri”. Helmut Melchert, woyimba-wosewera wochokera ku Hamburg, adaitanidwa kuti azisewera Mephisto. Kuchita bwino kwa seweroli kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kubwereza sewerolo kakhumi ndi zinayi pazaka ziwiri.

Madzulo ena mu bokosi la wotsogolera anakhala Igor Stravinsky, m'mbuyomu wotsutsa Busoni; atatha sewerolo, adabwera kumbuyo. Kuseri kwa magalasi ochindikala a magalasi ake, maso ake otsegula ndi ochita chidwi. Stravinsky anati:

“Sindinkadziwa kuti Busoni ndi woimba wabwino chonchi! Lero ndi limodzi mwa madzulo ofunika kwambiri a zisudzo kwa ine.”

Chifukwa cha mphamvu zonse za ntchito ya Fischer-Dieskau pa siteji ya opera, ndi gawo chabe la moyo wake waluso. Monga lamulo, amamupatsa miyezi ingapo yozizira, akuyenda m'mabwalo akuluakulu a ku Ulaya, komanso amachita nawo zisudzo pa zikondwerero ku Salzburg, Bayreuth, Edinburgh m'chilimwe. Nthawi yotsala ya woimbayo ndi ya nyimbo za chipinda.

Mbali yaikulu ya nyimbo za Fischer-Dieskau ndi mawu a oimba achikondi. Ndipotu, mbiri yonse ya nyimbo ya Chijeremani - kuchokera ku Schubert kupita ku Mahler, Wolf ndi Richard Strauss - imagwidwa mu mapulogalamu ake. Iye sanali wotanthauzira wosapambanitsa wa ntchito zambiri zodziwika bwino, komanso kuyitanidwa ku moyo watsopano, adapatsa omvera ntchito zambiri za Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, zomwe zinali pafupi kuzimiririka kuchokera ku zochitika za konsati. Ndipo ochita masewera ambiri aluso apita m'njira yowatsegukira.

Nyanja yonseyi ya nyimbo imalembedwa ndi iye m'marekodi. Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka komanso mtundu wa zojambula, Fischer-Dieskau ali ndi malo oyamba padziko lapansi. Amayimba mu studio ndi udindo womwewo komanso ndi chisangalalo chofanana cha kulenga chomwe amapita kwa anthu. Kumvetsera nyimbo zake zojambulidwa, zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa lingaliro lakuti woimbayo akukuimbirani, pokhala penapake pano.

Maloto oti akhale kondakitala sanamusiye, ndipo mu 1973 anatenga ndodo ya kondakitala. Pambuyo pake, okonda nyimbo anali ndi mwayi wodziwa zolemba zake za nyimbo za symphonic.

Mu 1977, omvera Soviet anatha kudzionera okha luso Fischer-Dieskau. Ku Moscow, pamodzi ndi Svyatoslav Richter, adaimba nyimbo za Schubert ndi Wolf. Wolemba mawu Sergei Yakovenko, akugawana nawo chidwi chake, adatsindika kuti: "Woyimbayo, mwa lingaliro lathu, ngati kuti wasungunula mfundo zonse za sukulu za ku Germany ndi Italy ... kuyanjanitsa kwa zolembera za mawu - zonsezi, zomwe zimakhala za ambuye abwino kwambiri a ku Italy, zimakhalanso ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu a Fischer-Dieskau. Onjezani ku izi kusinthasintha kosalekeza kwa katchulidwe ka mawu, zida za sayansi yamawu, luso la pianissimo, ndipo timapeza pafupifupi chitsanzo chabwino cha kayimbidwe ka nyimbo zonse, ndi chipinda, ndi cantata-oratorio.

Loto lina la Fischer-Dieskau silinakwaniritsidwe. Ngakhale kuti sanakhale katswiri woimba nyimbo, analemba mabuku aluso kwambiri okhudza nyimbo ya German, ponena za cholowa cha wokondedwa wake Schubert.