Cesar Franck |

César Franck

…Palibe dzina loyera kuposa la mzimu wosavuta uwu. Pafupifupi aliyense amene adapita kwa Frank adakumana ndi chithumwa chake ... R. Rollan

Franck ndi munthu wachilendo mu luso loimba French, umunthu wapadera, wachilendo. R. Rolland analemba za iye m'malo mwa ngwazi ya buku la Jean Christophe: “… kumwetulira kodzichepetsa kumeneko komwe kunaphimba ubwino wa ntchito yake.” K. Debussy, yemwe sanathawe chithumwa cha Frank, anakumbukira kuti: “Munthu ameneyu, yemwe anali wosasangalala, wosadziŵika, anali ndi moyo wachibwana wokoma mtima kwambiri moti nthaŵi zonse ankatha kusinkhasinkha za kuipa kwa anthu ndi kusagwirizana kwa zochitika popanda mkwiyo. ” Umboni wa oimba ambiri otchuka okhudza munthu uyu wowolowa manja wauzimu wosawerengeka, momveka bwino modabwitsa komanso wosalakwa, zomwe sizinalankhule konse za kupanda mitambo kwa njira yake ya moyo, zasungidwa.

Bambo ake a Frank anali a m’banja lakale la anthu ojambula m’khoti la ku Flemish. Miyambo yaluso ya m'mabanja imamulola kuti azindikire luso lapamwamba la nyimbo la mwana wake wamwamuna koyambirira, koma mzimu wamalonda wamalonda udapambana mu khalidwe lake, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito luso la piyano la Cesar kuti apeze chuma. Woyimba piyano wazaka khumi ndi zitatu amalandira ulemu ku Paris - likulu la dziko la nyimbo za zaka zimenezo, zokongoletsedwa ndi kukhala kwa anthu otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - F. Liszt, F. Chopin, V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, N. Paganini, F. Mendelssohn, J. Meyerbeer, G. Berlioz. Kuyambira 1835, Frank wakhala ku Paris ndi kupitiriza maphunziro ake pa Conservatory. Kwa Frank, kupeka kukukulirakulira, ndichifukwa chake amasiyana ndi abambo ake. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mu mbiri ya wolembayo chinali chaka cha 1848, chomwe chinali chofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya France - kukana ntchito ya konsati chifukwa cholemba, ukwati wake ndi Felicite Demouso, mwana wamkazi wa zisudzo za French sewero lanthabwala. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, chochitika chomaliza chikugwirizana ndi zochitika zosinthika za February 22 - cortege yaukwati imakakamizika kukwera pamwamba pa zotchinga, zomwe zigawenga zinawathandiza. Frank, yemwe sankamvetsa bwinobwino zimene zinachitikazo, ankadziona ngati munthu wa m’dziko la Republican ndipo anachitapo kanthu pa kusinthako mwa kulemba nyimbo ndi kwaya.

Kufunika kopezera banja lake kumakakamiza wolembayo kuti aziphunzira nawo payekha nthawi zonse (kuchokera ku malonda a nyuzipepala: "Bambo Cesar Franck ... ayambiranso maphunziro achinsinsi ...: piyano, mgwirizano wamaganizo ndi wothandiza, counterpoint ndi fugue ... "). Sakanatha kusiya ntchito yotopetsa imeneyi kwa maola ambiri a tsiku ndi tsiku mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake ndipo anavulazidwa chifukwa cha kukankhidwa kwa galimoto yonyamula anthu panjira yopita kwa mmodzi wa ophunzira ake, zimene zinachititsa kuti aphedwe.

Mochedwa anabwera kwa Frank kuzindikira ntchito ya wolemba wake - ntchito yaikulu ya moyo wake. Anapeza kupambana kwake koyamba ali ndi zaka 68, pamene nyimbo zake zidadziwika padziko lonse pambuyo pa imfa ya Mlengi.

Komabe, zovuta zilizonse za moyo sizinagwedeze mphamvu yathanzi, chiyembekezo chopanda pake, kukoma mtima kwa wopeka, zomwe zinapangitsa chifundo cha anthu a m'nthawi yake ndi mbadwa zake. Anapeza kuti kupita m’kalasi kunali kwabwino kaamba ka thanzi lake ndipo anadziŵa mmene angasangalalire ngakhale ndi ntchito zake zocheperako, nthaŵi zambiri kutenga mphwayi wa anthu kuti alandiridwe mwachikondi. Mwachiwonekere, izi zinakhudzanso kudziwika kwa dziko la Flemish temperament yake.

Waudindo, wolunjika, wodekha, wolemekezeka anali Frank pantchito yake. Moyo wa woimbayo unali wodzikuza - kudzuka pa 4:30, maola 2 odzigwira ntchito, monga momwe amatchulira nyimboyo, 7 m'mawa anapita kale ku maphunziro, kubwerera kunyumba kukadya chakudya chamadzulo, ndipo ngati sanatero. anabwera kwa iye mu tsiku limenelo, ophunzira ake anali mu kalasi ya limba ndi kapangidwe, iye anali adakali ndi maola angapo kuti amalize ntchito zake. Popanda kukokomeza, izi zikhoza kutchedwa ntchito yodzipereka osati chifukwa cha ndalama kapena kupambana, koma chifukwa cha kukhulupirika kwa wekha, chifukwa cha moyo wake, ntchito yake, luso lapamwamba kwambiri.

Frank adapanga zisudzo 3, oratorios 4, ndakatulo 5 za symphonic (kuphatikiza ndakatulo ya Piano ndi Orchestra), nthawi zambiri ankapanga Symphonic Variations for Piano ndi Orchestra, Symphony yodabwitsa kwambiri, zida zoimbira (makamaka, zomwe zidapeza olowa m'malo ndi otsanzira ku France. Quartet ndi Quintet), Sonata wa Violin ndi Piano, okondedwa ndi oimba ndi omvera, zachikondi, ntchito za piyano (nyimbo zazikulu zamagulu amodzi - Prelude, chorale ndi fugue ndi Prelude, aria ndi finale ziyenera kuzindikirika mwapadera kuchokera kwa anthu), pafupifupi zidutswa za 130 kwa organ.

Nyimbo za Frank nthawi zonse zimakhala zofunikira komanso zolemekezeka, zopangika ndi lingaliro lokwezeka, langwiro pakumanga komanso nthawi yomweyo zodzaza ndi kukongola, kukongola komanso kumveka, kukongola kwapadziko lapansi komanso uzimu wopambana. Franck anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa nyimbo za symphonic zaku France, ndikutsegulira limodzi ndi Saint-Saens nthawi yamagulu akulu, ozama komanso ofunikira pamalingaliro anyimbo ndi zipinda. Mu Symphony yake, kuphatikiza kwa mzimu wosakhazikika wachikondi ndi mgwirizano wachikale komanso kufanana kwa mawonekedwe, kachulukidwe ka mawu kumapanga chithunzi chapadera cha kapangidwe koyambirira komanso koyambirira.

Malingaliro a Frank pa “zinthu” anali odabwitsa. Iye ankadziwa luso limeneli mwaluso kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyo ikugwirizana ndikuyamba, palibe zopumula ndi zovuta mu ntchito zake, lingaliro la nyimbo limayenda mosalekeza komanso mwachibadwa. Anali ndi luso losowa kuti apitirize kupanga kuchokera kumalo aliwonse omwe amayenera kusokoneza, sanafunikire "kulowa" ndondomekoyi, mwachiwonekere, nthawi zonse ankanyamula kudzoza kwake mwa iyemwini. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi pa ntchito zingapo, ndipo sanabwereze kawiri mawonekedwe omwe adapezekapo, akubwera ku yankho latsopano mu ntchito iliyonse.

Kukhala ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri lopanga luso kunadziwonetsera mwa kusintha kwa ziwalo za Frank, mumtundu uwu, pafupifupi kuyiwalika kuyambira nthawi ya JS Bach wamkulu. Frank, woimba odziwika bwino, anaitanidwa ku miyambo yachidule ya kutsegula ziwalo zatsopano, ulemu woterowo unaperekedwa kwa oimba akuluakulu okha. Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, kawiri kapena katatu pamlungu, Frank ankasewera m’tchalitchi cha St. Anthu amasiku ano amakumbukira kuti: “… anadza kudzayatsa moto wa zosintha zake zabwino kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamtengo wapatali kuposa zitsanzo zambiri zokonzedwa bwino, ife… anali, nyimbo zouziridwa ndi zomveka bwino zowonetsedwa ndi ma pilaster a tchalitchichi: podzaza, iwo adatayika pamwamba pa zipinda zake. Liszt anamva zosintha za Frank. Wophunzira wa Frank W. d'Andy analemba kuti: “Leszt anasiya tchalitchi… zaluso za Sebastian Bach! anafuula.

Chikoka cha liwu la limba pamayendedwe a piyano ndi nyimbo za orchestra ndi zabwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, imodzi mwazolemba zake zodziwika bwino - Prelude, Chorale ndi Fugue for Piano - idatsogozedwa ndi kamvekedwe ka chiwalo ndi mitundu - nyimbo yosangalatsa ya toccata yomwe imakhudza mbali zonse, kuyenda kwabata kwakwaya ndikumverera kwa chiwalo chokokedwa mosalekeza. phokoso, phokoso lalikulu ndi mawu a Bach a kudandaula, ndi njira za nyimbo zomwezo, kufalikira ndi kukwezeka kwa mutuwo, titero, kubweretsedwa mu piyano kulankhula kwa mlaliki wodzipereka, wokhutiritsa anthu. za kukwezeka, nsembe yachisoni ndi kufunika kwa tsogolo lake.

Chikondi chenicheni cha nyimbo ndi ophunzira ake chinafalikira pa ntchito yophunzitsa ya Frank ku Paris Conservatoire, kumene kalasi yake ya organ inakhala likulu la maphunziro a nyimbo. Kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano yamitundu ndi mawonekedwe, chidwi ndi nyimbo zamakono, chidziwitso chodabwitsa cha ntchito zambiri za oimba osiyanasiyana zidakopa oimba achichepere kwa Frank. Pakati pa ophunzira ake anali ochititsa chidwi opeka monga E. Chausson kapena V. d'Andy, amene anatsegula Schola cantorum kukumbukira mphunzitsi, cholinga kukulitsa miyambo ya mbuye wamkulu.

Kuzindikirika kwa wolemba pambuyo pa imfa kunali kwachilengedwe chonse. M’modzi mwa anthu a m’nthaŵi yake oipidwa mtima analemba kuti: “Bambo. Cesar Franck ... adzawerengedwa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX m'modzi mwa oimba opambana kwambiri a XNUMX. ” Ntchito za Frank zinakongoletsa mndandanda wa oimba otchuka monga M. Long, A. Cortot, R. Casadesus. E. Ysaye anachita Franck's Violin Sonata mu msonkhano wa wosema O. Rodin, nkhope yake pa nthawi ya ntchito yodabwitsayi inauziridwa makamaka, ndipo wojambula wotchuka wa ku Belgium C. Meunier adagwiritsa ntchito izi popanga chithunzi cha woyimba zeze wotchuka. Miyambo ya kulingalira kwa nyimbo za woimbayo inakanidwa mu ntchito ya A. Honegger, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pang'onopang'ono mu ntchito za olemba Russian N. Medtner ndi G. Catoire. Nyimbo zolimbikitsa komanso zokhwima za Frank zimatsimikizira kufunika kwa malingaliro abwino a wolembayo, zomwe zinamupangitsa kukhala chitsanzo cha ntchito zapamwamba zaluso, kudzipereka kopanda dyera ku ntchito yake ndi ntchito yaumunthu.

V. Bazarnova

Palibe dzina loyeretsa kuposa dzina la munthu wamtima wosalira zambiri,” Romain Rolland analemba ponena za Frank, “moyo wa kukongola kotheratu.” Woimba wozama komanso wozama, Frank sanapeze kutchuka, adakhala moyo wosavuta komanso wobisika. Komabe, oimba amakono amitundu yosiyanasiyana yakulenga ndi zokonda zaluso amamuchitira ulemu waukulu ndi ulemu. Ndipo ngati Taneyev amatchedwa "chikumbumtima choimba cha Moscow" pa nthawi ya ntchito yake, ndiye Frank popanda chifukwa chocheperako angatchedwe "chikumbumtima nyimbo Paris" 70s ndi 80s. Komabe, izi zidatsogoleredwa ndi zaka zambiri za kuwonekera kwathunthu.

Cesar Franck (wa ku Belgium ndi dziko) anabadwira ku Liege pa December 10, 1822. Atalandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a nyimbo mumzinda wakwawo, anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Paris Conservatoire mu 1840. Atabwerera ku Belgium kwa zaka ziwiri, adakhala nthawi yotsalayo. moyo wake kuyambira 1843 akugwira ntchito ngati limba mu mipingo Parisian. Kukhala improviser wosaneneka, iye, monga Bruckner, sanapereke zoimbaimba kunja kwa tchalitchi. Mu 1872, Frank analandira kalasi ya organ pa Conservatory, yomwe anaitsogolera mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. Sanapatsidwe gulu la chiphunzitso cha zolemba, komabe, makalasi ake, omwe adapitilira kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a limba, adapezeka ndi olemba ambiri ngakhale otchuka, kuphatikiza Bizet mu nthawi yake yokhwima yaukadaulo. Frank anakhala ndi phande m’gulu la National Society. M’zaka zimenezi, ntchito zake zimayamba kuchitidwa; komabe chipambano chawo poyamba sichinali chachikulu. Nyimbo za Frank zidadziwika bwino pambuyo pa imfa yake - adamwalira pa Novembara 8, 1890.

Ntchito ya Frank ndiyambiri. Ndi mlendo ku kuwala, kukongola, nyimbo za Bizet, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ngati ziwonetsero za mzimu waku France. Koma pamodzi ndi kulingalira kwa Diderot ndi Voltaire, kalembedwe koyeretsedwa ka Stendhal ndi Mérimée, mabuku achifalansa amadziŵanso chinenero cha Balzac chodzaza ndi mafanizo ndi ma verbosity ovuta, okonda kukokomeza kwa Hugo. Inali mbali ina iyi ya mzimu wa Chifalansa, wolemeretsedwa ndi chikoka cha Flemish (Belgian), chomwe Frank adachita bwino.

Nyimbo zake zimadzazidwa ndi malingaliro apamwamba, ma pathos, mayiko osakhazikika achikondi.

Zisonkhezero zachangu, zosangalatsa zimatsutsidwa ndi malingaliro odzipatula, kusanthula mozama. Nyimbo zomveka, zamphamvu (nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono) zimasinthidwa ndi mawu omveka bwino, ngati nyimbo zopempha. Palinso nyimbo zosavuta, zamtundu kapena zoimbaimba, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zokwiriridwa" ndi mgwirizano wokhuthala, wowoneka bwino, wachromatic, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza wachisanu ndi chiwiri ndi osagwirizana. Kukula kwa zithunzi zosiyana ndi zaulere komanso zopanda malire, zodzaza ndi mawu obwerezabwereza mwamphamvu. Zonsezi, monga ku Bruckner, zikufanana ndi njira yowonjezera ziwalo.

Komabe, ngati wina ayesa kukhazikitsa chiyambi cha nyimbo ndi stylistic nyimbo za Frank, ndiye choyamba padzakhala kofunika kutchula Beethoven ndi sonatas ndi quartets zake zomaliza; kumayambiriro kwa mbiri yake yolenga, Schubert ndi Weber anali pafupi ndi Frank; pambuyo pake adakumana ndi chikoka cha Liszt, gawo lina Wagner - makamaka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, pakufufuza m'munda wa mgwirizano, kapangidwe; adakhudzidwanso ndi ziwawa zachikondi za Berlioz zomwe zimasiyana ndi nyimbo zake.

Pomaliza, pali chinthu chofanana chomwe chimamupangitsa kukhala wogwirizana ndi Brahms. Monga chotsirizira, Frank anayesa kuphatikiza zopambana za chikondi ndi classicism, anaphunzira mwatcheru cholowa cha nyimbo oyambirira, makamaka, anamvetsera kwambiri luso la polyphony, kusiyanasiyana, ndi mwayi luso la mawonekedwe a sonata. Ndipo m’ntchito yake, iye, mofanana ndi Brahms, anali ndi zolinga zamakhalidwe abwino kwambiri, kubweretsa patsogolo mutu wa kuwongolera makhalidwe a munthu. Frank anati: “Cholinga cha nyimbo chili m’lingaliro lake, ndi mzimu wa nyimbo, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndi chigoba cha thupi chabe cha mzimu.” Frank, komabe, amasiyana kwambiri ndi Brahms.

Kwa zaka zambiri, Frank anali wogwirizana ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika chifukwa cha zochita zake, ndiponso chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake. Izi sizinangokhudza ntchito yake. Monga wojambula waumunthu, adatuluka mumthunzi wa chikoka ichi ndipo adalenga ntchito zomwe zinali kutali ndi malingaliro a Chikatolika, okondweretsa choonadi cha moyo, chodziwika ndi luso lodabwitsa; komabe malingaliro a wolembayo adamanga mphamvu zake zakulenga ndipo nthawi zina amamutsogolera ku njira yolakwika. Chifukwa chake, sizinthu zonse za cholowa chake zomwe zili ndi chidwi kwa ife.

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Chikoka cha Frank pakukula kwa nyimbo zaku France kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndilambiri. Pakati pa ophunzira omwe ali pafupi naye timakumana ndi mayina a olemba nyimbo zazikulu monga Vincent d'Andy, Henri Duparc, Ernest Chausson.

Koma mbali ya chikoka cha Frank sichinali pa gulu la ophunzira ake okha. Anatsitsimutsa nyimbo za symphonic ndi chipinda ku moyo watsopano, adadzutsa chidwi ndi oratorio, ndipo sanapereke kutanthauzira kokongola komanso kojambula, monga momwe zinalili ndi Berlioz, koma nyimbo ndi zochititsa chidwi. (Pakati mwa mawu ake onse, buku lalikulu kwambiri komanso lofunika kwambiri ndi lakuti, The Beatitudes, lomwe lili ndi mbali zisanu ndi zitatu zokhala ndi mawu oyamba, za uthenga wabwino wa ulaliki wa paphiri. (onani, mwachitsanzo, gawo lachinayi M'zaka za m'ma 80, Frank adayesa dzanja lake, ngakhale kuti sanapambane, mu mtundu wa opaleshoni (nthano ya ku Scandinavia Gulda, ndi zochitika za ballet, ndi opera yosamalizidwa Gisela), Alinso ndi nyimbo zachipembedzo, nyimbo. , zachikondi, etc.) Pomaliza, Frank kwambiri anakulitsa mwayi wa njira zoimbira mawu, makamaka m'munda wa mgwirizano ndi polyphony, chitukuko chimene oimba French, akale ake, nthawi zina kulabadira osakwanira. Koma chofunika kwambiri, ndi nyimbo zake, Frank ananena kuti mfundo za makhalidwe abwino za wojambula waumunthu yemwe adateteza molimba mtima malingaliro apamwamba a kulenga.

M. Druskin

Zolemba:

Madeti a kalembedwe amaperekedwa m'makolo.

Ziwalo zimagwira ntchito (pafupifupi 130 yonse) Zidutswa 6 za chiwalo chachikulu: Zongopeka, Grand Symphony, Prelude, Fugue and Variations, Ubusa, Pemphero, Finale (1860-1862) Kutolere "zidutswa 44" za organ kapena harmonium (1863, lofalitsidwa pambuyo pake) Zigawo zitatu za Organ: Zongopeka, Cantabile, Heroic Piece (3) Collection "Organist": 1878 zidutswa za harmonium (59-1889) 1890 chorales kwa chiwalo chachikulu (3)

Piano imagwira ntchito Eclogue (1842) First Ballad (1844) Prelude, Chorale and Fugue (1884) Prelude, aria and finale (1886-1887)

Palinso zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za piyano (pafupifupi 4-dzanja), zomwe makamaka zimakhala za nthawi yoyambirira (yolembedwa m'ma 1840).

Ntchito zoimbira za Chamber 4 piano trios (1841-1842) Piano quintet in f minor (1878-1879) Violin Sonata A-dur (1886) String Quartet in D-dur (1889)

Symphonic ndi mawu-symphonic ntchito "Ruth", eclogue ya Baibulo ya oimba solo, kwaya ndi orchestra (1843-1846) "Atonement", ndakatulo ya symphony ya soprano, kwaya ndi orchestra (1871-1872, 2nd edition - 1874) "Aeolis", ndakatulo ya symphonic, pambuyo pa ndakatulo. yolembedwa ndi Lecomte de Lisle (1876) The Beatitudes, oratorio for soloists, choir and orchestra (1869-1879) “Rebekah”, zochitika za m'Baibulo za oimba solo, kwaya ndi orchestra, zochokera ndakatulo ya P. Collen (1881) "The Damned Hunter" ", ndakatulo ya symphonic, yochokera ku ndakatulo ya G. Burger (1882) "Jinns", symphonic ndakatulo ya piyano ndi orchestra, pambuyo pa ndakatulo ya V. Hugo (1884) "Symphonic Variations" ya piyano ndi orchestra (1885) "Psyche ", ndakatulo ya symphonic ya orchestra ndi kwaya (1887-1888) Symphony mu d-moll (1886-1888)

Opera Farmhand, libretto by Royer and Vaez (1851-1852, unpublished) Gould, libretto by Grandmougin (1882-1885) Gisela, libretto by Thierry (1888-1890, unfinished)

Kuphatikiza apo, pali nyimbo zambiri zauzimu za nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, komanso zachikondi ndi nyimbo (pakati pawo: "Angel ndi Mwana", "Ukwati wa Roses", "Vase Wosweka", "Kulira Kwamadzulo", "Kumwetulira Kwambiri kwa Meyi" ).