Konsati |

German Konzert, wochokera ku Italy. concerto - konsati, kuyatsa. - mpikisano (mavoti), kuchokera ku lat. concerto - mpikisano

Ntchito ya ochita masewera ambiri, momwe gawo laling'ono la zida zomwe zimagwira nawo ntchito kapena mawu amatsutsa ambiri a iwo kapena gulu lonse, loyima chifukwa cha mutuwo. mpumulo wa nyimbo. zakuthupi, zomveka zokongola, pogwiritsa ntchito zotheka zonse za zida kapena mawu. Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 zofala kwambiri ndi ma concerto a chida chimodzi chokha chokhala ndi oimba; ma concerto a zida zingapo zokhala ndi okhestra sapezeka kawirikawiri - "double", "triple", "quadruple" (German: Doppelkonzert, Triepelkonzert, Quadrupelkonzert). Mitundu yapadera ndi k. pa chida chimodzi (chopanda okhestra), k. kwa gulu la oimba (popanda kufotokoza momveka bwino mbali za solo), k. kwa mawu (mawu) ndi oimba, k. kwa kwaya cappella. M'mbuyomu, nyimbo za mawu-polyphonic zinkaimiridwa kwambiri. K. ndi concerto grosso. Zofunikira zofunika pakuwonekera kwa K. zinali kwaya yambiri komanso kuyerekeza kwakwaya, oimba nyimbo ndi zida, zomwe zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi oimira sukulu ya Venetian, kugawa kwa wok.-instr. zolemba za solo za mawu ndi zida. Woyamba k. ku Italy kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 ndi 17. wok. tchalitchi cha polyphonic. nyimbo (Concerti ecclesiastici for double choir A. Banchieri, 1595; Motets for 1-4-voice singing with digital bass “Cento concerti ecclesiastici” by L. Viadana, 1602-11). M'makonsati oterowo, nyimbo zosiyanasiyana - kuyambira zazikulu, kuphatikiza zingapo. wok. ndi instr. maphwando, mpaka kuwerengetsa wok ochepa chabe. maphwando ndi gawo la bass general. Pamodzi ndi dzina la concerto, nyimbo zamtundu womwewo nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa motetti, motectae, cantios sacrae, ndi zina. The apamwamba siteji mu chitukuko cha mpingo wok. K. polyphonic. mawonekedwe adawonekera mu 1st floor. Ma cantatas azaka za m'ma 18 ndi JS Bach, komwe adayitcha yekha concerti.

Mtundu wa K. wapeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu Chirasha. nyimbo za tchalitchi (kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17) - mu ntchito za polyphonic za kwaya cappella, zokhudzana ndi gawo loimba nyimbo. Chiphunzitso cha "chilengedwe" cha makristasi oterewa chinapangidwa ndi NP Diletsky. Rus. Olemba adapanga kwambiri njira ya polyphonic ya mabelu a tchalitchi (amagwirira ntchito 4, 6, 8, 12 kapena mawu ambiri, mpaka mawu 24). Mu laibulale ya Synodal Choir ku Moscow, panali 500 K. ya zaka za m'ma 17-18, olembedwa ndi V. Titov, F. Redrikov, N. Bavykin, ndi ena. Kukula kwa konsati ya tchalitchi kunapitirizidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. MS Berezovsky ndi DS Bortnyansky, mu ntchito yomwe melodic-ariose style imapambana.

M'zaka za zana la 17, koyambirira ku Italy, mfundo ya "mpikisano", "mpikisano" wa mawu angapo a solo ("konsati") imalowa mkati mwa instr. nyimbo - mu suite ndi tchalitchi. sonata, kukonzekera maonekedwe a mtundu wa mafilimu opangira mafilimu (Balletto concertata P. Melli, 1616; Sonata concertata D. Castello, 1629). Kusiyanasiyana kosiyana (“mpikisano”) kwa oimba (tutti) ndi oimba solo (solo) kapena gulu la zida zoimbira paokha ndi oimba (mu concerto grosso) ndiwo maziko a omwe anatulukira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17. zitsanzo zoyamba za zida K. (Concerti da camera a 3 con il cembalo G. Bononcini, 1685; Concerto da camera a 2 violini e Basso continuo G. Torelli, 1686). Komabe, ma concerto a Bononchini ndi Torelli anali mawonekedwe osinthika kuchokera ku sonata kupita ku K., omwe adakhala pansi pa 1st. Zaka za zana la 18 mu ntchito ya A. Vivaldi. K. ya nthawiyi inali gawo la magawo atatu okhala ndi magawo awiri othamanga kwambiri komanso gawo lapakati pang'onopang'ono. Magawo othamanga nthawi zambiri amatengera mutu umodzi (kawirikawiri pamitu iwiri); mutuwu udaseweredwa mu okhestra osasinthika ngati refrain-ritornello (monotemic allegro ya mtundu wa rondal). Vivaldi adapanga ma concerti grossi ndi solo concerto ya violin, cello, viol d'amour, ndi mizimu yosiyanasiyana. zida. Gawo la chida choimbira paokha mu ma concertos poyamba linkagwira ntchito zomangirira, koma mtunduwo utasinthika, udakhala ndi nyimbo zodziwika bwino komanso zamasewera. kudziimira. Kukula kwa nyimbo kunakhazikitsidwa pa kutsutsa kwa tutti ndi solo, kusiyana kwake komwe kunagogomezedwa ndi mphamvu. zikutanthauza. Maonekedwe ophiphiritsa akuyenda kosalala kwa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kapena polyphonic analipo. Ma concerts a soloist, monga lamulo, anali ndi khalidwe la kukongola kokongola. Mbali yapakati inalembedwa motengera mtundu wa oimba (kawirikawiri woyimbayo amamva chisoni kwambiri ndi nyimbo za oimba). Mtundu uwu wa K. unalandira mu 2st floor. M'zaka za m'ma 1 kugawa wamba. Ma concerto a Clavier opangidwa ndi JS Bach nawonso ndi ake (ena mwa iwo ndi ma concerto ake a violin ndi ma concerto a Vivaldi a 18, 1 ndi 2 claviers). Izi ntchito ndi JS Bach, komanso K. kwa clavier ndi orchestra ndi GF Handel, chizindikiro chiyambi cha chitukuko cha piyano. konsati. Handel ndiyenso kholo la chiwalo k. Monga zida za solo, kuwonjezera pa violin ndi clavier, cello, viol d'amour, oboe (yomwe nthawi zambiri inkalowa m'malo mwa violin), lipenga, bassoon, chitoliro chodutsa, ndi zina zotero.

Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 18 zidapanga mtundu wachikale wa zida zoimbira paokha k., zowoneka bwino m'mitundu yakale ya Viennese.

Mu K. mawonekedwe a sonata-symphony anakhazikitsidwa. chizungulire, koma m'njira yodabwitsa. Kuzungulira kwa konsati, monga lamulo, kunali ndi magawo atatu okha; inalibe gawo la 3 la kuzungulira kokwanira, koyenda zinayi, ndiko kuti, minuet kapena (pambuyo pake) scherzo (pambuyo pake, scherzo nthawi zina imaphatikizidwa mu K. - mmalo mwa gawo lodekha, monga, mwachitsanzo, mu 3st K. ya violin ndi orchestra ya Prokofiev, kapena ngati gawo lathunthu lamayendedwe anayi, monga, mwachitsanzo, m'ma concerto a piyano ndi oimba a A. Litolf, I. Brahms, mu 1st K. kwa violin ndi okhestra. Shostakovich). Zina zinakhazikitsidwanso pomanga zigawo za K. Mu gawo la 1, mfundo yowonetsera kawiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito - poyamba mitu ya zigawo zazikulu ndi mbali zinamveka mu orchestra makamaka. makiyi, ndipo pokhapokha mu chiwonetsero cha 1 adaperekedwa ndi udindo wotsogolera wa soloist - mutu waukulu womwewo. tonality, ndi mbali imodzi - ina, yogwirizana ndi sonata allegro scheme. Kuyerekeza, mpikisano pakati pa woyimba payekha ndi gulu la oimba udachitika makamaka pakukula. Poyerekeza ndi zitsanzo za preclassic, mfundo ya konsati yasintha kwambiri, kudula kwakhala kogwirizana kwambiri ndi mutuwo. chitukuko. K. anapereka improvisation wa soloist pa mitu ya zikuchokera, otchedwa. cadenza, yomwe inali pakusintha kwa code. Ku Mozart, mawonekedwe a K., otsalira kwambiri ophiphiritsa, amamveka bwino, owoneka bwino, apulasitiki, mu Beethoven amadzaza ndi kukangana molingana ndi masewero ambiri a kalembedwe. Onse aŵiri a Mozart ndi Beethoven amapewa kunena mawu osaneneka pomanga zojambula zawo, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amapatuka pa mfundo ya kuonetsa pawiri imene tafotokozayi. Ma concerto a Mozart ndi Beethoven amapanga nsonga zapamwamba kwambiri pakukula kwamtunduwu.

Mu nthawi ya romanticism, pali kuchoka ku classical. chiŵerengero cha zigawo mu k. Romantics idapanga gawo limodzi k. a mitundu iwiri: mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono - otchedwa. chidutswa cha konsati (kenako chimatchedwanso concertino), ndi mawonekedwe aakulu, ofanana ndi zomangamanga ndi ndakatulo ya symphonic, mu gawo limodzi lomasulira mbali zinayi za kuzungulira kwa sonata-symphony. Mu tingachipeze powerenga K. intonation ndi thematic. kugwirizana pakati pa ziwalo, monga lamulo, kunalibe, mu chikondi. K. monothematism, kugwirizana kwa leitmotif, mfundo ya "kupyolera mu chitukuko" inapeza kufunikira kofunikira kwambiri. Zitsanzo zowoneka bwino za chikondi. ndakatulo gawo limodzi la K. idapangidwa ndi F. Liszt. Zachikondi. funsani mu 1st floor. Zaka za m'ma 19 zinapanga mtundu wapadera wa maonekedwe okongola komanso okongoletsera, omwe adakhala mbali ya stylistic ya chikhalidwe chonse cha chikondi (N. Paganini, F. Liszt ndi ena).

Pambuyo pa Beethoven, panali mitundu iwiri (mitundu iwiri) ya K. - "virtuoso" ndi "symphonized". Mu virtuoso K. instr. ukoma ndi konsati kupanga maziko a chitukuko cha nyimbo; pa pulani yoyamba si nkhani. chitukuko, ndi mfundo yosiyanitsa cantilena ndi motility, decomp. kapangidwe mitundu, timbres, etc. Mu ambiri virtuoso K. thematic. chitukuko palibe (Viotti's violin concertos, Romberg's cello concertos) kapena ali ndi udindo (gawo loyamba la konsati yoyamba ya Paganini ya violin ndi orchestra). Mu symphonized K., chitukuko cha nyimbo chimachokera ku symphony. dramaturgy, mfundo zazikuluzikulu. chitukuko, pa otsutsa mophiphiritsa-thematic. mabwalo. Kuyamba kwa chizindikiro dramaturgy mu K. chinali chifukwa cha convergence ndi symphony mu ophiphiritsa, luso, maganizo (makonsati a I. Brahms). Mitundu yonse iwiri ya K. imasiyana mu dramaturgy. zigawo zikuluzikulu za ntchito: virtuoso K. amadziwika ndi hegemony wathunthu wa soloist ndi subordinate (kutsagana) udindo wa oimba; kwa symphonized K. - dramaturgy. ntchito ya oimba (chitukuko cha zinthu thematic ikuchitika pamodzi ndi soloist ndi orchestra), zomwe zimatsogolera ku kufanana kwa gawo la soloist ndi orchestra. Mu symphonic K. virtuosity wakhala njira ya sewero. chitukuko. The symphonization analandira mmenemo ngakhale yeniyeni virtuoso chinthu chanyimbo monga cadenza. Ngati mu virtuoso K. cadenza anafuna kusonyeza luso. luso la soloist, mu symphony adalowa nawo mu chitukuko chonse cha nyimbo. Kuyambira nthawi ya Beethoven, olemba okha anayamba kulemba cadenzas; ku 1fp. Beethoven's concerto cadence amakhala organic. gawo la mawonekedwe a ntchito.

Kusiyanitsa koonekeratu pakati pa virtuosic ndi symphonic k. sizingatheke nthawi zonse. Mtundu wa K. wafala kwambiri, momwe konsati ndi symphonic makhalidwe ali mu umodzi wapamtima. Mwachitsanzo, m'makonsati a F. Liszt, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, SV Rachmaninov symphonic. dramaturgy imaphatikizidwa ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri la gawo la solo. M'zaka za m'ma 20, masewero a virtuoso amawonekera kwambiri pamakonsati a SS Prokofiev, B. Bartok, omwe ndi otchuka kwambiri pa nyimbo za symphonic. Makhalidwe amawonedwa, mwachitsanzo, mu 1st concerto ya Shostakovich.

Pokhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa symphony, symphony, nayonso, idakhudzidwa ndi symphony. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19. "konsati" yapadera ya symphonism idawuka, yoperekedwa ndi ntchitoyi. R. Strauss (“Don Quixote”), NA Rimsky-Korsakov (“Spanish Capriccio”). M'zaka za m'ma 20 Ma concerto ochepa a oimba adawonekeranso pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za nyimbo za Soviet (mwachitsanzo, mu nyimbo za Soviet, ndi Azerbaijani wopeka S. Gadzhibekov, Estonian wolemba J. Ryaets, ndi ena).

Kwenikweni K. amapangidwira ku Europe konse. zida - piyano, violin, cello, viola, bass awiri, matabwa ndi mkuwa. RM Gliere ndiye mwini wa K. wotchuka kwambiri wamawu ndi oimba. Akadzidzi. olemba analemba K. kwa nar. zida - balalaika, domra (KP Barchunova ndi ena), Armenian phula (G. Mirzoyan), Latvian kokle (J. Medin), etc. Mu kadzidzi nyimbo zamtundu wa K. zafala kwambiri mu decomp. mawonekedwe mawonekedwe ndipo ambiri akuimiridwa mu ntchito ya olemba ambiri (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, DB Kabalevsky, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, TN Khrennikov, SF Tsintsadze ndi ena).

Zothandizira: Orlov GA, Soviet Piano Concerto, L., 1954; Khokhlov Yu., Soviet Violin Concerto, M., 1956; Alekseev A., Concerto ndi chamber mitundu ya zida zoimbira, m'buku: History of Russian Soviet Music, vol. 1, M., 1956, masamba 267-97; Raaben L., Soviet Instrumental Concerto, L., 1967.

LH Raben