Consonance |

Consonance yaku French, kuchokera ku lat. consonantia - mawu mosalekeza, makonsonanti, mgwirizano, mgwirizano

Kuphatikizika mu kuzindikira kwa ma toni omveka nthawi imodzi, komanso ma consonance, omwe amawoneka ngati kuphatikiza kwa ma toni. Lingaliro la K. ndi losiyana ndi lingaliro la dissonance. K. imaphatikizapo prima yoyera, octave, yachisanu, yachinayi, yaikulu ndi yaing'ono yachitatu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi (chachinayi choyera, chotengedwa molingana ndi bass, chimatanthauzidwa ngati dissonance) ndi nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nthawizi popanda kutenga nawo mbali (zazikulu ndi zazing'ono). katatu ndi zopempha zawo). Kusiyana pakati pa K. ndi dissonance kumaganiziridwa mu 4 mbali: masamu., thupi. (amayimbidwe), nyimbo ndi zokhudza thupi ndi muz.-maganizo.

Mwamasamu, K. ndiubale wosavuta wa manambala kuposa dissonance (malingaliro akale kwambiri a Pythagoras). Mwachitsanzo, mipata yachilengedwe imadziwika ndi ziwerengero zotsatirazi za manambala a vibration kapena kutalika kwa zingwe: pure prima - 1: 1, octave yoyera - 1: 2, yachisanu - 2: 3, yachinayi - 3: 4, chachikulu chachisanu ndi chimodzi - 3 :5, chachikulu chachitatu ndi 4:5, chaching’ono chachitatu ndi 5:6, chaching’ono chachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi 5:8. Acoustically, K. ndi consonance yotere ya ma toni, ndi Krom (malinga ndi G. Helmholtz) overtones samatulutsa kugunda kapena kugunda kumamveka mofooka, mosiyana ndi dissonances ndi kugunda kwawo kwamphamvu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, kusiyana pakati pa kugwirizana ndi dissonance ndikokwanira, ndipo malire pakati pawo ndi osagwirizana. Monga nyimbo-zachilengedwe chodabwitsa cha K. ndi phokoso lodekha, lofewa, losangalatsa lochita pa mitsempha ya wozindikira. Malinga ndi G. Helmholtz, K. akupereka “chisangalalo chodekha ndi chofanana cha minyewa ya makutu.”

Kuti mugwirizane mu nyimbo za polyphonic, kusintha kosalala kuchokera ku dissonance kupita ku K. monga kusamvana kwake kuli kofunika kwambiri. Kutulutsa kupsinjika komwe kumakhudzana ndi kusinthaku kumapereka chisangalalo chapadera. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mawu amphamvu kwambiri. njira zogwirizana, nyimbo. Kusintha kwanthawi ndi nthawi kwa kukwera kwa dissonant ndi kutsika kwa ma consonant kwa ma harmonics. mawonekedwe amagetsi, titero, "harmonic. mpweya” wa nyimbo, mwa zina zofanana ndi zamoyo zina. rhythms (systole ndi diastole mu kugunda kwa mtima, etc.).

Nyimbo ndi zamaganizo, mgwirizano, poyerekeza ndi dissonance, ndi chisonyezero cha bata, mtendere, kusowa kwa chikhumbo, chisangalalo, ndi kuthetsa mphamvu yokoka; mkati mwa dongosolo la ma tonal akuluakulu ang'onoang'ono, kusiyana pakati pa K. ndi dissonance ndi khalidwe, kumafika pamlingo wotsutsa kwambiri, kusiyana, ndipo kumakhala ndi chidziwitso chake. mtengo wokongola.

Vuto la K. ndilo gawo loyamba lofunikira la chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, ponena za chiphunzitso cha intervals, modes, muses. machitidwe, zida zoimbira nyimbo, komanso chiphunzitso cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zama polyphonic (m'lingaliro lalikulu - counterpoint), chord, mgwirizano, pamapeto pake kumafikira mbiri ya nyimbo. Mbiri yakale ya kusinthika kwa nyimbo (zokhala zaka pafupifupi 2800), ndi zovuta zake zonse, zikhoza kumvekabe ngati chinthu chogwirizana, monga chitukuko cha chilengedwe cha muses. chidziwitso, chimodzi mwazofunikira zomwe nthawi zonse zakhala lingaliro la chithandizo chosagwedezeka - maziko a consonant of the muses. zomangamanga. The prehistory of K. mu nyimbo ndi muses. Kudziwa chiŵerengero cha prima 1: 1 mu mawonekedwe a kubwerera ku phokoso (kapena kumveka kuwiri, katatu), kumveka ngati chizindikiritso chofanana nacho chokha (mosiyana ndi kunyezimira koyambirira, mawonekedwe a kamvekedwe ka mawu. ). Pogwirizana ndi K. 1:1 , mfundo yachigwirizano ndi yokhazikika. Gawo lotsatira pakuchita bwino k. chinali katchulidwe ka 4:3 ndi chachisanu 3:2, ndipo chachinayi, ngati kagawo kakang'ono, m'mbiri yakale idatsogola yachisanu, yomwe inali yosavuta potengera ma acoustics (yomwe imatchedwa nthawi yachinayi). Quart, quint ndi octave yomwe imachokera kwa iwo imakhala owongolera mapangidwe amtundu, kuwongolera kayendedwe ka nyimbo. Gawo ili la chitukuko cha K. likuyimira, mwachitsanzo, luso lakale. Greece (chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi Skoliya Seikila, 1st century BC). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages (kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi), mitundu ya polyphonic idayamba (organum, gimel, ndi fauburdon), pomwe mitundu yakale yobalalika mu nthawi idakhala nthawi imodzi (parallel organum in Musica enchiriadis, c. 9th century). M’nyengo yakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati, kukula kwa magawo atatu ndi achisanu ndi chimodzi (9: 5, 4: 6, 5: 5, 3: 8) kunayamba monga K.; mu Nar. nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, ku England, Scotland), kusintha kumeneku kunachitika, mwachiwonekere, kale kuposa mu tchalitchi cha akatswiri, chogwirizana kwambiri. mwambo. Kugonjetsedwa kwa Renaissance (zaka za 5th-14th) - kuvomerezedwa kwapadziko lonse kwa magawo atatu ndi asanu ndi limodzi monga K.; kukonzanso pang'onopang'ono kwamkati ngati nyimbo. mitundu, ndi zolemba zonse za polyphonic; Kukwezeleza mautatu a consonant ngati main generalizing. mtundu wa consonance. Masiku ano (zaka 16-17) - maluwa apamwamba kwambiri a ma consonant atatu (K. amamveka makamaka ngati triad yosakanikirana, osati ngati mgwirizano wa ma consonant awiri). Kuchokera ku con. Zaka za zana la 19 ku Europe dissonance ikukhala yofunika kwambiri mu nyimbo; Kuwala, mphamvu, kuwala kwa phokoso lakumapeto, kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa maubwenzi omveka bwino, kunakhala katundu, kukongola komwe kunasintha ubale wakale pakati pa K. ndi dissonance.

Chiphunzitso choyamba chodziwika cha K. idakhazikitsidwa ndi Antich. akatswiri a nyimbo. Sukulu ya Pythagorean (zaka za m'ma 6-4 BC) inakhazikitsa gulu la ma consonances, lomwe linakhalabe mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi zakale ndipo linakhudza zaka za m'ma Middle Ages kwa nthawi yaitali. Europe (kudzera ku Boethius). Malinga ndi a Pythagoreans, K. ndiye mgwirizano wosavuta wa manambala. Kuwonetsa nyimbo zachi Greek. pochita, a Pythagoreans adakhazikitsa 6 "symphonies" (lit. - “makonsonsa”, mwachitsanzo K.): quart, wachisanu, octave ndi kubwereza kwawo kwa octave. Nthawi zina zonse zidasankhidwa kukhala "diaphonies" (dissonances), incl. chachitatu ndi chachisanu ndi chimodzi. K. analungamitsidwa masamu (mwa chiŵerengero cha kutalika kwa chingwe pa monochord). Dr. malingaliro a K. amachokera kwa Aristoxenus ndi sukulu yake, omwe ankatsutsa kuti K. ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri. Zonse zakale. mfundo zimayenderana, kuyika maziko a thupi ndi masamu. ndi nyimbo-zamaganizo. nthambi zanthanthi. musicology. Akatswiri a theorists oyambirira a Middle Ages anali ndi maganizo a anthu akale. Pokhapo m’zaka za zana la 13, chakumapeto kwa Nyengo Zapakati, pamene kunali konsonanti ya magawo atatu oyamba kulembedwa ndi sayansi ( concordantia imperfecta ndi Johannes de Garlandia Wamkulu ndi Franco wa ku Cologne ). Malire awa apakati pa makonsonanti (achisanu ndi chimodzi adaphatikizidwa posachedwa pakati pawo) ndi ma dissonances adasungidwa mwachidziwitso mpaka nthawi yathu ino. Utatu monga mtundu wa triad unagonjetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo (kuphatikiza kwa utatu wangwiro ndi wopanda ungwiro wa W. Odington, c. 1300; kuzindikira utatu ngati mtundu wapadera wa umodzi ndi Tsarlino, 1558). Mogwirizana ndi kutanthauzira kwa mautatu monga k. amaperekedwa kokha m’ziphunzitso za kugwirizana kwa nthawi yatsopano (kumene k. za nyimbo zinasintha kale k. za intervals). J. F. Rameau anali woyamba kupereka zifukwa zambiri za triad-K. monga maziko a nyimbo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha ntchito (M. Hauptmann, G. Helmholtz, X. Riemann), K. zimatengera chilengedwe. malamulo ophatikiza mawu angapo kukhala umodzi, ndipo mitundu iwiri yokha ya consonance (Klang) ndi yotheka: 1) chachikulu. kamvekedwe, kumtunda kwachisanu ndi kumtunda kwakukulu kwachitatu (atatu akulu) ndi 2) chachikulu. kamvekedwe, m'munsi mwachisanu ndi m'munsi chachikulu chachitatu (mitatu yaying'ono). Phokoso la utatu waukulu kapena wocheperako umapanga K. pokhapo pamene amaganiziridwa kuti ndi a consonance yomweyo - mwina T, kapena D, kapena S. Mawu omveka bwino, koma a ma consonances osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, d1 - f1 mu C-dur), malinga ndi Riemann, amangopanga "makonsonanti ongoyerekeza" (pano, momveka bwino, kusiyana pakati pa thupi ndi thupi la K. , kumbali imodzi, ndi zamaganizo, kumbali inayo, zimawululidwa). Mn. akatswiri amalingaliro azaka za zana la 20, kuwonetsa zamakono. iwo mus. kuchita, anasamutsidwa dissonance ntchito zofunika kwambiri za luso - ufulu ufulu (popanda kukonzekera ndi chilolezo) ntchito, luso kutsiriza yomanga ndi ntchito yonse. A. Schoenberg amatsimikizira kugwirizana kwa malire pakati pa K. ndi dissonance; lingaliro lomwelo linapangidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi P. Hindemith. B. L. Yavorsky anali mmodzi mwa oyamba kukana malire awa. B. V. Asafiev adadzudzula kwambiri kusiyana kwa K.

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Yu. N. Kholopov