Denise Duval (Denise Duval) |

Denise Duval

Opera muse Poulenc

1. Francis Poulenc ndi luso la 20th century

“Ndimasirira woimba komanso munthu amene amapanga nyimbo zachilengedwe zomwe zimakusiyanitsa ndi ena. M'gulu la machitidwe apamwamba, ziphunzitso zomwe mphamvu zikuyesera kukakamiza, mukhala nokha - kulimba mtima kosowa koyenera kulemekezedwa, "Arthur Honegger adalembera Francis Poulenc mu imodzi mwa makalata ake. Mawu awa akuwonetsa quintessence ya Pulenkov aesthetics. Zowonadi, wopeka uyu ali ndi malo apadera pakati pa olemba azaka za zana la 20. Kumbuyo kwa mawu ooneka ngati ang'onoang'ono (pambuyo pa zonse, mbuye wamkulu aliyense ndi wapadera mu chinachake!) amabisala, komabe, choonadi chofunikira. Chowonadi ndi chakuti luso lazaka za m'ma 20, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake kodabwitsa, kuli ndi machitidwe ambiri. M'mawonekedwe ambiri, amatha kupangidwa motere: kulamulira mwamwambo, kusakanikirana ndi kukongola, kokometsera ndi anti-romanticism ndi chikhumbo chotopetsa cha zachilendo ndi kugwetsa mafano akale. Pokhala "atagulitsa" miyoyo yawo kwa "mdierekezi" wopita patsogolo ndi chitukuko, ojambula ambiri apindula modabwitsa m'munda wa zojambulajambula, zomwe ziri zodabwitsa mwazokha. Komabe, zotayika nthawi zina zinali zazikulu. M'mikhalidwe yatsopano, mlengi, choyamba, samawonetsanso malingaliro ake kudziko lapansi, koma amamanga latsopano. Nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kupanga chilankhulo chake choyambirira, kuwononga kuwona mtima ndi malingaliro. Iye ali wokonzeka kupereka nsembe umphumphu ndi kutembenukira ku eclecticism, kuchoka ku zamakono ndi kutengeka ndi kalembedwe - njira zonse ndi zabwino ngati mwa njira iyi kupambana kungapezeke. Pita njira yako, osati kukopana mopambanitsa ndi chiphunzitso chokhazikika, koma kumverera kugunda kwanthawizo; kukhala woona mtima, koma nthawi yomweyo kuti asamangidwe pa "msewu" - mphatso yapadera yomwe inapezeka kuti ikupezeka kwa ochepa. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi Modigliani ndi Petrov-Vodkin pojambula kapena Puccini ndi Rachmaninoff mu nyimbo. Pali, ndithudi, mayina ena. Ngati tilankhula za luso la nyimbo, apa Prokofiev akutuluka ngati "thanthwe", amene anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa wanzeru kuphatikiza "fizikiki" ndi "nyimbo". Malingaliro ndi mamangidwe a chinenero choyambirira chojambula chomwe adachipanga sichitsutsana ndi nyimbo ndi melodism, zomwe zakhala adani oyambirira kwa opanga ambiri odziwika bwino, omwe potsirizira pake adawapereka ku mtundu wowala.

Ndi fuko laling'ono ili lomwe ndi la Poulenc, yemwe mu ntchito yake adakwanitsa kupanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku France (kuphatikizapo "nyimbo zanyimbo"), kuti asunge nthawi ndi nyimbo zamaganizo, osati kukhala otalikirana ndi angapo. za kupambana kwakukulu ndi zatsopano zamakono zamakono.

Poulenc adayandikira kupanga zisudzo ngati mbuye wokhwima yemwe adachita zambiri pambuyo pake. Zolemba zake zoyambirira zidalembedwa mu 1916, pomwe opera yoyamba, Breasts of Tiresias, idalembedwa ndi wolemba mu 1944 (yomwe idachitika mu 1947 ku Comic Opera). Ndipo ali ndi atatu a iwo. Mu 1956, Dialogues of the Carmelites inamalizidwa (koyamba kwa dziko lonse kunachitika mu 1957 ku La Scala), mu 1958 The Human Voice (anachita pa siteji mu 1959 pa Opera Comic). Mu 1961, wolembayo adapanga nyimbo yodabwitsa kwambiri, The Lady kuchokera ku Monte Carlo, yomwe adayitcha monologue ya soprano ndi orchestra. Dzina la woyimba wa ku France Denise Duval limagwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo zonsezi.

2. Denise Duval – “opera muse” wa Poulenc

Anamuwona, wokongola, wokongola, wowoneka bwino, ngati akutsika kuchokera ku Van Dongen, mu Petit Theatre, pa siteji yomwe nthawi imodzi inachitika pazochitika za Opera Comic. Wolembayo adalangizidwa kuti ayang'ane pa iye - woimba ndi wojambula kuchokera ku Folies Bergère - wotsogolera wa opera yake yoyamba, Max de Rieux. Duval, akubwereza Tosca, adagunda Poulenc pomwepo. Nthawi yomweyo anazindikira kuti sakanakhoza kupeza woimba bwino wa udindo waukulu Teresa-Tiresia. Kuphatikiza pa luso lake lomveka bwino, adakondwera ndi ufulu waluso komanso nthabwala zodabwitsa, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamasewera a buffoon. Kuyambira pano, Duval adakhala nawo gawo lofunikira m'magawo ambiri a nyimbo zake zoyimba ndi siteji (kupatulapo pakupanga kwa Milan Dialogues, pomwe gawo lalikulu lidachitidwa ndi Virginia Zeani).

Denis Duval anabadwa mu 1921 ku Paris. Adaphunzira ku Conservatory ku Bordeaux, komwe adamupanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la opera mu 1943 ku Rural Honor (gawo la Lola). Woimbayo, yemwe anali ndi luso lojambula bwino, adakopeka osati ndi siteji ya opera. Kuyambira 1944, iye anadziyesera yekha mu revue wotchuka Folies Bergère. Moyo unasintha kwambiri mu 1947, pamene anaitanidwa koyamba ku Grand Opera, kumene anaimba Salome mu Herodias ya Massenet, ndiyeno ku Opera Comic. Apa anakumana ndi Poulenc, ubwenzi kulenga amene anapitiriza mpaka imfa ya wolemba.

Sewero loyamba la sewero lakuti “Mabere a Turo”* linachititsa kuti anthu asamvetsere. Oyimilira apamwamba kwambiri a gulu lanyimbo adatha kuyamikira farce iyi ya surrealistic pogwiritsa ntchito sewero la dzina lomwelo la Guillaume Apollinaire. Chokhacho opera yotsatira "Dialogues of Carmelites", yopangidwa ndi dongosolo la zisudzo "La Scala", yomwe inakhala kupambana kopanda malire kwa woimbayo. Koma pasanathe zaka 10 zina. Pakadali pano, ntchito ya opareshoni ya Duval idalumikizidwa kwa zaka zingapo ndi Monte Carlo Theatre. Zina mwa maudindo omwe adachitika pa sitejiyi ndi Thais mu opera ya Massenet ya dzina lomwelo (1950), Ninetta mu Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges (1952), Concepcion in the Spanish Hour yolemba Ravel (1952), Musetta (1953) ndi ena. Mu 1953 Duval anayimba ku La Scala mu Honegger's oratorio Joan of Arc pamtengo. M'chaka chomwecho, adagwira nawo ntchito yopanga Rameau's Gallant Indies pa chikondwerero cha Florentine Musical May. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50, woimbayo adayendera United States kawiri (mu 1953 adayimba mu sewero la America la "Breasts of Tyresias").

Potsirizira pake, mu 1957, mwamsanga pambuyo pa chionetsero choyamba chopambana ku Milan, kuwonetsera koyamba kwa Paris kwa Dialogues des Carmelites** kunachitika. Omvera adakondwera ndi opera yokhayo komanso Duval ngati Blanche. Poulenc, osakhutitsidwa ndi kupanga kwambiri ku Italy ku Milanese, atha kukhutitsidwa nthawi ino. Maonekedwe a parlando adapambana kalembedwe ka bel canto. Ndipo mbali yofunika kwambiri pakusintha kwa opera iyi idaseweredwa ndi luso laukadaulo la Duval.

Pachimake pa ntchito ya Poulenc, komanso ntchito ya opareshoni ya Duval, inali mono-opera The Human Voice***. Kuyamba kwake padziko lonse kunachitika pa February 6, 1959 pa Opera Comic. Posakhalitsa opera idachitika ku La Scala (1959), komanso pamaphwando ku Edinburgh, Glyndebourne ndi Aix-en-Provence (1960). Ndipo kulikonse nyimbo zomwe Duval adachita zidatsagana ndi chigonjetso.

Mu ntchito iyi, Poulenc adapeza kukopa kodabwitsa kwa malingaliro a anthu, kuchulukira kwa mawu omveka a chilankhulo cha nyimbo. Polemba nyimbo, wolembayo adawerengera Duval, pa luso lake lokhala ndi chithunzi cha mkazi wosiyidwa. Kotero ndi kulondola kwathunthu tikhoza kulingalira woimbayo ngati wolemba nawo nyimboyi. Ndipo lero, kumvetsera nyimbo za woimba "The Human Voice", munthu sangakhalebe wosayanjanitsika ndi luso lake lodabwitsa.

Ntchito ina ya Duval pambuyo pa kupambana kwa mono-opera inakula bwino kwambiri. Mu 1959, iye nawo kuyamba dziko la opera Nikolai Nabokov "Imfa ya Rasputin" mu Cologne. Kuyambira 1960, wakhala akuchita ku Colon Theatre, komwe amathera nyengo zina zingapo. Pakati pa maphwando oimba Tosca, Juliet mu "Nthano za Hoffmann" ndi maudindo ena. Mu 1962-63 anaimba Mélisande pa Glyndebourne Festival. Mu 1965, Duval adasiya siteji kuti adzipereke pa kuphunzitsa, komanso kutsogolera opera.

Evgeny Tsodokov

Ndemanga:

* Pano pali chidule cha opera "Mabere a Tiresias" - nthano zopanda pake zochokera pa sewero la dzina lomwelo ndi G. Apollinaire: Exotic Zanzibar. Teresa, mtsikana wapang’onopang’ono, amafunitsitsa kukhala mwamuna ndi kutchuka. Malotowa amakwaniritsidwa modabwitsa. Amasanduka Tiresias ndevu, ndipo mwamuna wake, m'malo mwake, amakhala mkazi wobala ana 48048 patsiku (!), Pakuti Zanzibar ikufunika kuwonjezeka kwa anthu. "Kupanga" kwa ana awa kumawoneka motere: mwamuna akufuna kupanga mtolankhani, amaponya nyuzipepala, inki, lumo mu stroller ndi manong'onong'ono. Ndiyeno chirichonse mu mzimu womwewo. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi mndandanda wamitundu yonse yamasewera openga (kuphatikiza duel, clowning) otchulidwa, palibe malingaliro okhudzana ndi chiwembucho. Pambuyo pa chipwirikiti chonsechi, Teresa akuwoneka ngati wobwebweta ndikuyanjananso ndi mwamuna wake. Zochita zonse pawonetsero wapadziko lonse lapansi zidasankhidwa mwanjira yoyipa kwambiri. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, pochitapo kanthu, mawere aakazi ngati mabuloni amawuka mochuluka mumlengalenga ndikutha, zomwe zimasonyeza kusintha kwa mkazi kukhala mwamuna. Kupanga koyamba kwa opera ku Russia kunachitika mu 1992 ku Perm Opera ndi Ballet Theatre (yoyendetsedwa ndi G. Isahakyan).

** Kwa opera "Dialogues of the Carmelites" onani: Encyclopedic Dictionary "Opera", M. "Composer", 1999, p. 121.

*** Pa sewero lakuti The Human Voice, onani ibid., p. 452. Opera inayamba kuchitidwa pa siteji ya ku Russia mu 1965, poyamba pamasewero a nyimbo (woimba nyimbo Nadezhda Yureneva), ndiyeno pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre (woimba solo Galina Vishnevskaya).