Ferruccio Busoni |

Ferruccio Busoni

Busoni ndi m'modzi mwa zimphona za mbiriyakale ya piyano yapadziko lonse lapansi, wojambula wa umunthu wowala komanso zikhumbo zazikulu zopanga. Woyimbayo adaphatikiza mawonekedwe a "Mohicans" omaliza azaka za zana la XNUMX komanso wowonera molimba mtima njira zamtsogolo zopangira chikhalidwe chaluso.

Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni anabadwa pa April 1, 1866 kumpoto kwa Italy, m'chigawo cha Tuscan m'tawuni ya Empoli. Iye anali mwana yekhayo wa ku Italy clarinetist Ferdinando Busoni ndi woimba piyano Anna Weiss, mayi wa ku Italy ndi bambo wachijeremani. Makolo a mnyamatayo anali kuchita nawo konsati ndipo ankakhala moyo woyendayenda, umene mwanayo anayenera kugawana nawo.

Bambo anali mphunzitsi woyamba komanso wosankha kwambiri wa virtuoso wamtsogolo. "Abambo anga ankamvetsa pang'ono poyimba piyano ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, anali osakhazikika mu kamvekedwe, koma analipiritsa zophophonyazi ndi mphamvu zosaneneka, zolimba komanso zoyenda pansi. Anali wokhoza kukhala pafupi nane kwa maola anayi patsiku, akumawongolera cholemba chilichonse ndi chala chilichonse. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sipakanakhala chikaikiro cha kudzikhutiritsa kulikonse, kupuma, kapena kusasamalira ngakhale pang’ono mbali yake. Kupuma kokhako kudachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa kupsa mtima kwake modabwitsa, kutsatiridwa ndi zitonzo, maulosi amdima, ziwopsezo, kumenyedwa mbama ndi misozi yayikulu.

Zonsezi zinatha ndi kulapa, chitonthozo cha atate ndi chitsimikiziro chakuti zabwino zokha zinali kufunidwa kwa ine, ndipo tsiku lotsatira zonse zinayambanso. Kutsogolera Ferruccio ku njira ya Mozartian, abambo ake adakakamiza mnyamata wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuti ayambe kuchita masewera a pagulu. Izo zinachitika mu 1873 ku Trieste. Pa February 8, 1876, Ferruccio anapereka konsati yake yoyamba yodziimira ku Vienna.

Patatha masiku asanu, kuwunika kwatsatanetsatane kwa Eduard Hanslick kudawonekera mu Neue Freie Presse. Wosuliza wa ku Austria anaona “chipambano chanzeru” ndi “luso lodabwitsa” la mnyamatayo, kum’siyanitsa ndi khamu la “ana ozizwitsa” amenewo “amene chozizwitsacho chimathera paubwana wawo.” "Kwa nthawi yayitali," wolemba ndemangayo analemba, "panalibe mwana wakhanda yemwe anadzutsa chifundo mwa ine monga Ferruccio Busoni wamng'ono. Ndipo ndendende chifukwa pali mwana wodabwitsa kwambiri mwa iye ndipo, m'malo mwake, woyimba wabwino kwambiri ... tempo yolondola, mawu omveka bwino ali paliponse, mzimu wanyimbo umamveka, mawu amasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi ma polyphonic ... "

Wotsutsayo ananenanso za “khalidwe lozama modabwitsa ndi lolimba mtima” la zoyesera zopeka za concerto, zomwe, limodzi ndi kuneneratu kwake kwa “mafanizo odzaza moyo ndi machenjerero ang’onoang’ono ophatikizana,” kunachitira umboni “kuphunzira kwachikondi kwa Bach”; zongopeka zaulere, zomwe Ferruccio adazipanga kupitilira pulogalamuyo, "makamaka ndi mzimu wotsanzira kapena wotsutsana" adasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe omwewo, pamitu yomwe idaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi wolemba ndemangayo.

Ataphunzira ndi W. Mayer-Remy, woimba piyano wachinyamatayo anayamba kuyendera malo ambiri. M'chaka chakhumi ndi chisanu cha moyo wake, adasankhidwa kukhala wotchuka Philharmonic Academy ku Bologna. Atapambana mayeso ovuta kwambiri, mu 1881 adakhala membala wa Bologna Academy - mlandu woyamba pambuyo pa Mozart kuti ulemu uwu unaperekedwa ali aang'ono.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, analemba zambiri, zofalitsa nkhani m'manyuzipepala ndi m'magazini osiyanasiyana.

Pa nthawiyo, Busoni anali atasiya nyumba ya makolo ake n’kukakhala ku Leipzig. Sizinali zophweka kwa iye kukhala kumeneko. Nayi imodzi mwa makalata ake:

“… Chakudya, osati mwaubwino wokha, komanso kuchuluka kwake, chimasiya kukhumbitsidwa… Bechstein wanga anafika tsiku lina, ndipo m’mawa wotsatira ndinayenera kupereka cholembera changa chomaliza kwa onyamula katundu. Usiku watha, ndinali kuyenda mumsewu ndipo ndinakumana ndi Schwalm (mwini wa nyumba yosindikizira - wolemba), yemwe ndinamuyimitsa nthawi yomweyo: "Tengani zolemba zanga - Ndikufuna ndalama." "Sindingathe kuchita izi tsopano, koma ngati mukuvomera kundilembera zongopeka pang'ono pa The Barber of Baghdad, ndiye bwerani kwa ine m'mawa, ndikupatseni ma mark makumi asanu pasadakhale ndi ma mark zana ntchito itatha. wokonzeka.” - "Chitani!" Ndipo tinatsazikana.”

Ku Leipzig, Tchaikovsky anasonyeza chidwi ndi ntchito zake, akulosera za tsogolo labwino kwa mnzake wazaka 22.

Mu 1889, atasamukira ku Helsingfors, Busoni anakumana ndi mwana wamkazi wa wosemasema wa ku Sweden, Gerda Shestrand. Patapita chaka, anakhala mkazi wake.

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa moyo wa Busoni chinali 1890, pamene adatenga nawo mbali mu Mpikisano Woyamba Wapadziko Lonse wa Oimba Piano ndi Oimba otchedwa Rubinstein. Mphotho imodzi inaperekedwa m’gawo lililonse. Ndipo woimba Busoni anakwanitsa kumuwina. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti mphotho pakati pa oyimba piyano idaperekedwa kwa N. Dubasov, yemwe dzina lake pambuyo pake linatayika m'gulu la oimba ... mwiniwake.

Mwatsoka, mkulu wa Moscow Conservatory VI Safonov sanakonde woimba Italy. Izi zinakakamiza Busoni kusamukira ku United States mu 1891. Kumeneko kunachitika kusintha kwake, zotsatira zake zinali kubadwa kwa Busoni watsopano - wojambula wamkulu yemwe adadabwitsa dziko lapansi ndipo adapanga nyengo mu mbiri ya luso la piyano.

Monga momwe AD Alekseev akulembera kuti: “Kuimba piyano kwa Busoni kwasintha kwambiri. Poyamba, kasewero kakang'ono ka virtuoso anali ndi luso lazokonda zamaphunziro, zolondola, koma palibe chodabwitsa. Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1890, Busoni adasintha kwambiri malo ake okongola. Amakhala wopanduka, yemwe adanyoza miyambo yovunda, wochirikiza kukonzanso kwaluso ... "

Kupambana koyamba kwakukulu kunabwera ku Busoni mu 1898, pambuyo pa Berlin Cycle, yoperekedwa ku "mbiri ya chitukuko cha limba ya piyano". Pambuyo poimbidwa m’magulu oimba, anayamba kulankhula za nyenyezi yatsopano imene inatuluka mumlengalenga wa piyano. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zochita za Concert za Busoni zakhala zikukula kwambiri.

Kutchuka kwa woyimba piyano kunachulukitsidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi maulendo ambiri opita kumizinda yosiyanasiyana ku Germany, Italy, France, England, Canada, USA ndi mayiko ena. Mu 1912 ndi 1913, pambuyo popuma kwanthaŵi yaitali, Busoni anawonekeranso pa masitepe a St.

MN Barinova analemba kuti: “Ngati m’masewero a Hoffmann ndinadabwitsidwa ndi luso lojambula mochenjera la nyimbo, luso loonekera poyera ndi kulondola kwa mawu ake,” analemba motero M. Pakuchita kwake, ndondomeko yoyamba, yachiwiri, yachitatu inali yomveka bwino, mpaka pamzere wochepetsetsa wa m'mphepete mwake ndi chifunga chomwe chinabisa mizere. Mithunzi yosiyana kwambiri ya piyano inali, titero, kukhumudwa, komwe mithunzi yonse ya forte inkawoneka ngati yotsitsimula. Munali mu pulani ya ziboliboli imeneyi pamene Busoni anachita “Sposalizio”, “II penseroso” ndi “Canzonetta del Salvator Rosa” kuchokera mu “Chaka cha Wanderings” chachiwiri cha Liszt.

Mawu akuti “Sposalizio” anamveka modekha, akujambulanso pamaso pa omvera chithunzi cholimbikitsa cha Raphael. Octave mu ntchitu iyi yo wanguchitiya ndi Busoni tayali ya virtuoso. Ukonde wopyapyala wa nsalu za polyphonic unabweretsedwa ku pianissimo yabwino kwambiri, yowoneka bwino. Zigawo zazikulu, zosiyana sizinasokoneze mgwirizano wamalingaliro kwa sekondi imodzi.

Iyi inali misonkhano yomaliza ya omvera aku Russia ndi wojambula wamkulu. Posakhalitsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inayamba, ndipo Busoni sanabwerenso ku Russia.

Mphamvu za munthuyu zinalibe malire. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, mwa zina, iye anakonza "oimba madzulo" mu Berlin, mmene ntchito zambiri zatsopano ndi kawirikawiri ankaimba Rimsky-Korsakov, Franck, Saint-Saens, Fauré, Debussy, Sibelius, Bartok, Nielsen, Sindinga. , Izi…

Anapereka chidwi kwambiri pakupanga. Mndandanda wa ntchito zake ndi waukulu kwambiri ndipo umaphatikizapo ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Achinyamata aluso adasonkhana mozungulira maestro otchuka. M’mizinda yosiyana-siyana, ankaphunzitsanso maphunziro a piyano komanso ankaphunzitsa m’malo osungira zinthu. Ambiri mwa ochita masewera oyambirira adaphunzira naye, kuphatikizapo E. Petri, M. Zadora, I. Turchinsky, D. Tagliapetra, G. Beklemishev, L. Grunberg ndi ena.

Zolemba zambiri za Busoni zoperekedwa ku nyimbo ndi chida chomwe amachikonda kwambiri, piyano, sizinataye phindu lake.

Komabe, pa nthawi yomweyo, Busoni analemba tsamba lofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, talente yowala ya Eugene d'Albert inawala pamagulu a konsati naye. Poyerekezera oimba aŵiri ameneŵa, woimba piyano wa ku Germany W. Kempf analemba kuti: “Zoonadi, panali mivi yoposa umodzi m’phodo la d’Albert: wamatsenga wamkulu wa piyano ameneyu anathetsanso chikhumbo chake cha kuchita zochititsa chidwi m’mbali ya zisudzo. Koma, pomuyerekezera ndi chithunzi cha Italo-German Busoni, kugwirizana ndi mtengo wonse wa onse awiri, ndimapereka masikelo mokomera Busoni, wojambula yemwe sangafanane. D'Albert pa piyano adapereka chithunzi cha mphamvu yoyambira yomwe idagwa ngati mphezi, ndikuwomba kowopsa kwa bingu, pamitu ya omvera omwe adadabwa. Busoni anali wosiyana kotheratu. Analinso mfiti ya piyano. Koma sanakhutire ndi mfundo yakuti, chifukwa cha khutu lake losayerekezeka, kusalephera kodabwitsa kwa luso ndi chidziwitso chochuluka, iye anasiya chizindikiro chake pa ntchito zomwe anachita. Ponse paŵiri monga woimba piyano ndi wopeka nyimbo, iye anakopeka kwambiri ndi njira zomwe zikadali zosaponderezedwa, kukhalapo kwawo komwe kumati kunamukopa kwambiri kotero kuti, mogonja ku chikhumbo chake, ananyamuka kukafunafuna malo atsopano. Ngakhale kuti d'Albert, mwana weniweni wachirengedwe, sankadziwa za vuto lililonse, ndi "womasulira" wina waluso waluso (womasulira, mwa njira, m'chinenero chovuta kwambiri nthawi zina), kuyambira pa mipiringidzo yoyamba yomwe inu simunamvepo. munadzimva kuti mwasamutsidwira kudziko la malingaliro a chiyambi chauzimu kwambiri. Choncho, n'zomveka kuti kuzindikira mwachiphamaso - ambiri, mosakayika - mbali ya anthu amasilira kokha mtheradi mtheradi luso mbuye. Kumene njira iyi sinadziwonetsere yokha, wojambulayo analamulira yekhayekha yokongola, yophimbidwa ndi mpweya woyera, wowonekera bwino, ngati mulungu wakutali, yemwe kuvutika, zilakolako ndi kuzunzika kwa anthu sikungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zake.

Wojambula kwambiri - m'lingaliro lenileni la mawu - kuposa ojambula ena onse a nthawi yake, sizinali mwangozi kuti adatenga vuto la Faust mwa njira yake. Kodi iye mwini nthawi zina amapereka chithunzi cha Faust wina, wosinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi njira yamatsenga kuchokera ku phunziro lake kupita ku siteji, ndipo, osati kukalamba Faust, koma mu ulemerero wonse wa kukongola kwake kwa mwamuna? Pakuti kuyambira nthawi ya Liszt - pachimake chachikulu kwambiri - ndani wina amene angapikisane pa piyano ndi wojambula uyu? Nkhope yake, mbiri yake yosangalatsa, inali ndi chidindo cha zodabwitsa. Zoonadi, kuphatikiza kwa Italy ndi Germany, zomwe nthawi zambiri zakhala zikuyesera kuti zichitike mothandizidwa ndi njira zakunja ndi zachiwawa, zomwe zimapezeka mmenemo, mwa chisomo cha milungu, kuwonetsera kwake kwamoyo.

Alekseev ananena talente ya Busoni monga improviser: "Busoni anateteza ufulu kulenga wa womasulira, ankakhulupirira kuti notation anangofuna "kukonza improvisation" ndi kuti woimba ayenera kudzimasula yekha ku "zokwiriridwa zakale za zizindikiro", "kuwaika iwo". mukuyenda”. Muzochita zake zoimbaimba, nthawi zambiri ankasintha malemba a nyimbo, ankasewera makamaka m'mawu ake.

Busoni anali katswiri wodziwika bwino yemwe anapitiriza ndi kuyambitsa miyambo ya Liszt's virtuoso coloristic piyano. Pokhala ndi njira zamtundu wa piyano mofanana, adadabwitsa omvera ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri, kuthamangitsidwa komaliza ndi mphamvu ya mawu a zala, zolemba ziwiri ndi ma octave pa liwiro lachangu kwambiri. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali kukongola kwapadera kwa phokoso lake, lomwe linkawoneka kuti limatengera nyimbo zamtundu wa symphony orchestra ndi organ ... "

MN Barinova, amene anapita kunyumba kwa woimba piyano wamkulu ku Berlin nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanachitike, akukumbukira kuti: “Busoni anali munthu wophunzira kwambiri. Iye ankadziwa bwino mabuku, anali katswiri wa nyimbo komanso zinenero, katswiri wa zaluso, wolemba mbiri komanso wafilosofi. Ndikukumbukira mmene akatswiri ena a zinenero za Chisipanishi anadza kwa iye kudzathetsa mkangano wawo wokhudza chinenero china cha Chisipanishi. Kuwerenga kwake kunali kwakukulu. Wina ankangodabwa kumene anatenga nthawi kuti awonjezere chidziwitso chake.

Ferruccio Busoni anamwalira pa July 27, 1924.