Kupatuka |

kupatuka (Chijeremani: Ausweichung) nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati kuchoka kwakanthawi kupita ku kiyi ina, osakhazikika ndi cadence (micromodulation). Komabe, nthawi yomweyo, zochitikazo zimayikidwa pamzere umodzi. dongosolo - kukokera ku malo wamba wa tonal ndi mphamvu yokoka yofooka kwambiri ku maziko amderalo. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti tonic ya ch. tonality imasonyeza kukhazikika kwa mamvekedwe mwayekha. tanthauzo la mawu, ndi tonic m'deralo mu kupatuka (ngakhale m'dera yopapatiza ndi ofanana ndi tonal maziko) pokhudzana ndi chachikulu amasunga kwathunthu ntchito yake ya kusakhazikika. Choncho, kuyambika kwa olamulira achiwiri (nthawi zina olamulira) - njira yokhazikika yopangira O. - kwenikweni sizikutanthauza kusintha kwa fungulo lina, popeza ndilolunjika. kumverera kwa kukopeka kwa ambiri tonic amakhalabe. O. kumawonjezera mavuto chibadidwe mu mgwirizano, mwachitsanzo kuzamitsa ake kusakhazikika. Chifukwa chake kutsutsana kwatanthauzoli (mwina kovomerezeka komanso kovomerezeka mu maphunziro ogwirizana). Kutanthauzira kolondola kwa O. (kuchokera ku malingaliro a GL Catoire ndi IV Sposobin) ngati selo lachiwiri la tonal (subsystem) mkati mwa dongosolo la machitidwe ambiri a kamvekedwe kameneka. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka O. kali mkati mwa chiganizo, nthawi.

Akamanena za O. si kusinthasintha, koma kukula kwa tonality, mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ogwirizana mwachindunji kapena mosagwirizana ndi pakati. zolimbikitsa. Mosiyana ndi O., kusinthasintha mwaokha. tanthawuzo la mawuwa limatsogolera ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo atsopano a mphamvu yokoka, yomwe imagonjetsanso anthu amderalo. O. amalemeretsa mgwirizano wa tonality yoperekedwa pokopa omwe si a diatonic. phokoso ndi nyimbo, zomwe mwazokha zili za makiyi ena (onani chithunzichi pachitsanzo pa Mzere 133), koma m'malo enieni amamangiriridwa ku chachikulu monga malo ake akutali (chifukwa chake ndi chimodzi mwa matanthauzo a O.: " Kuchoka mu tonality yachiwiri, yochitidwa mkati mwa mawu akuluakulu "- VO Berkov). Poika malire O. kuchokera ku ma modulations, munthu ayenera kuganizira: ntchito yomanga yoperekedwa mu mawonekedwe; m'lifupi bwalo la tonal (kuchuluka kwa tonality ndi, motero, malire ake) ndi kukhalapo kwa maubwenzi ang'onoang'ono (kutsanzira dongosolo lalikulu la mawonekedwe pamtunda wake). Malinga ndi njira yoyimba, kuyimba kumagawidwa kukhala kovomerezeka (ndi subsystemic ubale DT; izi zikuphatikizanso SD-T, onani chitsanzo) ndi plagal (ndi ubale wa ST; kwaya "Ulemerero" kuchokera ku opera "Ivan Susanin").

Ndi Rimsky-Korsakov. "Nthano ya Mzinda Wosaoneka wa Kitezh ndi Maiden Fevronia", Act IV.

O. n'zotheka onse m'madera oyandikana ndi tonal (onani chitsanzo pamwambapa), ndi (kawirikawiri) m'madera akutali (L. Beethoven, concerto ya violin, gawo la 1, gawo lomaliza; nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu nyimbo zamakono, mwachitsanzo, mu C. S. Prokofiev). O. angakhalenso mbali ya ndondomeko kusinthasintha mawu (L. Beethoven, kulumikiza gawo la 1 gawo la 9 sonata kwa limba: O. mu Fisdur pamene modulating kuchokera E-dur kuti H-dur).

M'mbiri yakale, chitukuko cha O. chimagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi mapangidwe ndi kulimbikitsa dongosolo lapakati laling'ono la tonal ku Ulaya. nyimbo (main arr. m'zaka za zana la 17-19). Chochitika chofananira mu Nar. ndi professor wakale waku Europe. nyimbo (kwaya, Russian Znamenny chant) - modal ndi tonal kusinthasintha - zimagwirizana ndi kusowa kwamphamvu komanso kosalekeza kukopa malo amodzi (kotero, mosiyana ndi O. yoyenera, pano mu chikhalidwe cha m'deralo palibe kukopa kwa ambiri) . Kukula kwa kachitidwe ka nyimbo zoyambira (nyimbo ficta) zitha kutsogolera ku O. (makamaka mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 16) kapena, makamaka, ku preforms zawo. Monga chodabwitsa, O. adakhazikika m'zaka za 17th-19th. ndipo zimasungidwa m’mbali imeneyo ya nyimbo za m’zaka za zana la 20, kumene miyambo ikupitirizabe kukula. magulu a tonal kuganiza (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, IF Stravinsky, B. Bartok, ndi mbali P. Hindemith). Nthawi yomweyo, kukhudzidwa kwa ma harmonies kuchokera ku makiyi ocheperako kupita ku gawo lalikulu la mbiriyakale kunathandizira kusinthika kwa dongosolo la tonal, ndikupangitsa kuti si-diatonic. Kugwirizana kwa O. mukatikati mwachindunji. tonic (F. Liszt, mipiringidzo yomaliza ya sonata mu h-moll; AP Borodin, cadano yomaliza ya "Polovtsian Dances" kuchokera ku opera "Prince Igor").

Zochitika zofanana ndi O. (komanso ma modulations) ndi khalidwe la mitundu ina yotukuka ya kummawa. nyimbo (zopezeka, mwachitsanzo, mu Azerbaijani mughams “Shur”, “Chargah”, onani buku lakuti “Fundamentals of Azerbaijani Folk Music” lolembedwa ndi U. Hajibekov, 1945).

Monga chiphunzitso lingaliro la O. limadziwika kuchokera ku 1st floor. M'zaka za zana la 19, pomwe adachoka ku lingaliro la "modulation". Mawu akale akuti "modulation" (kuchokera modus, mode - fret) monga momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito ku harmonic. kutsatizana poyamba kumatanthauza kutumizidwa kwa mode, kuyenda mkati mwake ("kutsatira kwa mgwirizano umodzi pambuyo pa mzake" - G. Weber, 1818). Izi zitha kutanthauza kuchoka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku Ch. makiyi kwa ena ndikubwereranso kumapeto, komanso kusintha kuchokera ku kiyi kupita ku imzake (IF Kirnberger, 1774). AB Marx (1839), akutcha dongosolo lonse la tonal la kusinthika kwachidutswa, panthawi imodzimodziyo amasiyanitsa pakati pa kusintha (m'mawu athu, kusinthasintha komweko) ndi kupatuka ("kupewa"). E. Richter (1853) amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya kusinthasintha - "kudutsa" ("osasiya kwathunthu dongosolo lalikulu", mwachitsanzo O.) ndi "kuwonjezedwa", kukonzedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndi cadence mu kiyi yatsopano. X. Riemann (1893) amaona kuti tonics yachiwiri m'mawu ndi ntchito zosavuta zachinsinsi chachikulu, koma monga "olamulira m'mabulaketi" oyambirira (momwemo ndi momwe amatchulira olamulira achiwiri ndi olamulira). G. Schenker (1906) amaona O. ngati mtundu wa katsatidwe ka kamvekedwe kamodzi ndipo amatchulanso cholamulira chachiwiri molingana ndi chachikulu chake. toni ngati sitepe mu Ch. kamvekedwe. O. amawuka, malinga ndi Schenker, chifukwa cha chizolowezi cha chords tonicize. Kutanthauzira kwa O. molingana ndi Schenker:

L. Beethoven. Chingwe cha quartet op. 59 No 1, gawo I.

A. Schoenberg (1911) akugogomezera chiyambi cha olamulira am'mbali "kuchokera ku mipingo ya tchalitchi" (mwachitsanzo, mu dongosolo la C-dur kuchokera ku machitidwe a Dorian, mwachitsanzo kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1927, ah-cis-dcb come -a ndi ofanana. chords e-gb, gbd, a-cis-e, fa-cis, etc.); monga Schenker's, olamulira achiwiri amasankhidwa ndi main. kamvekedwe ka kiyi yayikulu (mwachitsanzo, mu C-dur egb-des=I). G. Erpf (1) amadzudzula lingaliro la O., kunena kuti "zizindikiro za tonality munthu wina sangakhale muyezo kupatuka" (chitsanzo: mbali mutu wa 21 gawo la 35 Beethoven a sonata, mipiringidzo 38-XNUMX).

PI Tchaikovsky (1871) amasiyanitsa "kuzemba" ndi "modulation"; m’nkhaniyo m’mapulogalamu ogwirizana, amasiyanitsa momveka bwino “O.” ndi "kusintha" ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosinthira. NA Rimsky-Korsakov (1884-1885) amatanthauzira O. monga "modulation, momwe dongosolo latsopano silinakhazikitsidwe, koma limakhudzidwa pang'ono ndikusiya nthawi yomweyo kubwerera ku dongosolo loyambirira kapena kupatuka kwatsopano"; kuyika patsogolo nyimbo za diatonic. angapo mwa olamulira awo, amalandira "kusinthidwa kwakanthawi kochepa" (ie O.); amatengedwa ngati "mkati" ch. kumanga, tonic to-rogo imasungidwa mu kukumbukira. Pamaziko a kugwirizana kwa tonic pakati pa ma tonics muzopotoka, SI Taneev amamanga chiphunzitso chake cha "kugwirizanitsa tonality" (zaka za m'ma 90 za zaka za m'ma 19). GL Catuar (1925) akugogomezera kuti kuwonetsera kwa muses. lingaliro, monga lamulo, limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kulamulira kwa tonality imodzi; choncho, O. mu fungulo la diatonic kapena chachikulu-chibale chaching'ono amatanthauzidwa ndi iye monga "pakati-tonal", chachikulu. tonality si anasiyidwa; Catoire nthawi zambiri amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi, magawo awiri ndi atatu. IV Sposobin (m'zaka za m'ma 30) ankaona kuti kulankhula ndi mtundu wa mawu amodzi (pambuyo pake anasiya maganizo amenewa). Yu. N. Tyulin akufotokoza kukhudzidwa kwakukulu. kamvekedwe ka mawu oyambira osinthika (zizindikiro zamamvekedwe ogwirizana) ndi "variable tonicity" resp. atatu.

Zothandizira: Tchaikovsky PI, Buku lothandizira kuphunzira kwa mgwirizano, 1871 (ed. M., 1872), chimodzimodzi, Poln. coll. izi., vol. III a, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov HA, Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1884-85, chimodzimodzi, Poln. coll. izi., vol. IV, M., 1960; Catuar G., Theoretical course of harmony, magawo 1-2, M., 1924-25; Belyaev VM, "Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas" - SI Taneeva, m'buku: Russian book about Beethoven, M., 1927; Njira yothandiza ya mgwirizano, gawo 1, M., 1935; Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Njira yothandiza yogwirizana, gawo 2, M., 1935; Tyulin Yu. N., Kuphunzitsa za kumvana, v. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; Taneev SI, Letters to HH Amani, “SM”, 1940, No7; Gadzhibekov U., Zofunika za nyimbo zamtundu wa Azerbaijani, Baku, 1945, 1957; Sposobin IV, Nkhani za mgwirizano, M., 1969; Kirnberger Ph., Die Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik, Bd 1-2, B., 1771-79; Weber G., Versuch einer geordneten Theorie der Tonsezkunst…, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1818-21; Marx, AV, Allgemeine Musiklehre, Lpz., 1839; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Harmonie Lpz. 1853 (kumasulira kwa Chirasha, Richter E., Harmony Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1876); Riemann H., Vereinfachte Harmonielehre ..., L. - NY, (1893) (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha, Riemann G., Chigwirizano Chosavuta, M. - Leipzig, 1901); Schenker H., Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien, Bd 1-3, Stuttg. - V. - W., 1906-35; Schönberg A., Harmonielehre, W., 1911; Erpf H., Studien zur Harmonie und Klangtechnik der neueren Musik, Lpz., 1927.

Yu. H. Kholopov