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kupanga (kuchokera ku lat. formans, genus formantis -forming) - malo okhala ndi matawuni okulirakulira mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mithunzi. mamvekedwe, mamvekedwe a mawu, komanso mamvekedwe awa okha, omwe amatsimikizira chiyambi cha mamvekedwe a mawu; chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupanga timbre. F. kuwuka Ch. ayi. mothandizidwa ndi ma resonator (m'mawu, kuyimba - pakamwa pakamwa, etc., mu zida zoimbira - thupi, voliyumu ya mpweya, soundboard, etc.), kotero malo awo okwera amadalira pang'ono kutalika kwa maziko. zomveka. Mawu akuti "F". anayambitsidwa ndi wofufuza kulankhula, physiologist L. Herman kuzindikiritsa kusiyana pakati mavawelo ena ndi ena. G. Helmholtz anachita zoyeserera zingapo pa kaphatikizidwe ka mavawelo a mawu pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a limba m'njira yokhazikika. Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mavawelo "u" ​​amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ma toni kuchokera ku 200 mpaka 400 hertz, "o" - 400-600 hertz, "a" - 800-1200, "e" - 400-600 ndi 2200-2600, “ndi “- 200-400 ndi 3000-3500 hertz. Poyimba, kuwonjezera pa ntchito zanthawi zonse zamalankhulidwe, zida zoimbira zimawonekera. F.; mmodzi wa iwo ndi woyimba wapamwamba. F. (pafupifupi 3000 hertz) amapereka mawu akuti "nzeru", "silverness", amathandizira "kuthawa" kwa phokoso, kumveka bwino kwa mavawelo ndi makonsoni; china - chotsika (pafupifupi 500 hertz) chimapereka kufewa kwa mawu, kuzungulira. F. amapezeka pafupifupi muzolemba zonse. zida. Mwachitsanzo, chitoliro chimadziwika ndi F. kuchokera ku 1400 mpaka 1700 hertz, kwa oboe - 1600-2000, kwa bassoon - 450-500 hertz; mu sipekitiramu wa violin wabwino - 240-270, 500-550 ndi 3200-4200 hertz (wachiwiri ndi wachitatu F. ali pafupi ndi F. kuimba mawu). Njira yopangira mapangidwe a timbre ndi kuwongolera kwa timbre imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuphatikiza mawu, mu electromusic. zida, muukadaulo wamawu (maginito ndi kujambula, wailesi, kanema wawayilesi, sinema).

Zothandizira: Rzhevkin SN, Kumva ndi kulankhula molingana ndi kafukufuku wamakono wamakono, M. - L., 1928, 1936; Rabinovich AV, Short course of musical acoustics, M., 1930; Solovieva AI, Zofunika za psychology of kumva, L., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 ); Hermann L., Phonophotographische Untersuchungen, “Pflger's Archiv”, Bd 1875, 45, Bd 1889, 47, Bd 1890, 53, Bd 1893, 58, Bd 1894, 59; Stumpf C., Die Sprachlaute, B., 1895; Trendelenburg F., Einführung in die Akustik, V., 1926, V.-Gött.-Hdlb., 1939.

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