Ernst Krenek (Ernst Krenek) |

Ernst Krenek

Pa Ogasiti 23, 2000, gulu lanyimbo linakondwerera zaka 1916 za kubadwa kwa m'modzi mwa oimba oyambilira, Ernst Krenek, yemwe ntchito yake idawunikidwa momveka bwino ndi otsutsa ndi omvera. Ernst Krenek, wopeka nyimbo wa ku Austro-America, anali wa ku Austria wamagazi onse ngakhale kuti anali ndi dzina lachi Slavic. Mu 1916 anakhala wophunzira wa Franz Schreker, wopeka nyimbo amene nyimbo zake zinali ndi zilakolako zonyansa kwambiri ndipo zinali zotchuka chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano (zanyimbo). Pa nthawi imeneyo, Schreker anaphunzitsa nyimbo pa Vienna Academy of Music. Ntchito yoyambirira ya Krenek (kuyambira 1920 mpaka XNUMX) imamuwonetsa ngati wolemba nyimbo pofunafuna mawonekedwe ake apadera. Amamvetsera kwambiri kutsutsa.

Mu 1920, Schreker anakhala mkulu wa Academy of Music mu Berlin, ndi Krenek wamng'ono anapitiriza maphunziro ake kuno. Wolemba nyimboyo amapanga mabwenzi, kuphatikizapo mayina otchuka monga Ferruccio Busoni, Eduard Erdman, Artur Schnabel. Izi zimapangitsa kuti Krenek alandire kulimbikitsidwa kwa zomwe zilipo kale, chifukwa cha Schreker, malingaliro oimba. Mu 1923, Krenek anasiya kugwirizana ndi Schreker.

Nthawi yoyambirira ya Berlin ya ntchito ya wolembayo idatchedwa "atonal", idadziwika ndi ntchito zodabwitsa, kuphatikiza ma symphonies atatu omveka (op. 7, 12, 16), komanso opera yake yoyamba, yolembedwa mumtundu wa zisudzo. "Shadow Jump" . Ntchitoyi idapangidwa mu 1923 ndikuphatikiza zinthu za jazi zamakono ndi nyimbo za atonal. Mwina nthawi imeneyi angatchedwe poyambira ntchito Krenek.

Mu 1923 chomwecho Krenek anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa Gustav Mahler Anna. Mawonekedwe ake amphamvu akukula, koma mu nyimbo amatsata njira yamalingaliro, osasunthika, malingaliro atsopano. Wolembayo amakonda nyimbo za Bartok ndi Hindemith, akuwongolera luso lake. Nyimbo za maestro ndizodzaza ndi zolemba zamakono, ndipo, choyamba, izi zimagwira ntchito ku opera. Poyesa mtundu wa opera, Krenek amadzaza ndi zinthu zomwe sizofanana ndi mitundu yakale.

Kuyambira 1925 mpaka 1927, Krenek adasamukira ku Kassel kenako ku Weisbaden, komwe adaphunzira zoyambira za sewero lanyimbo. Posakhalitsa, woimbayo anakumana ndi Paul Becker, wochititsa chidwi yemwe ankaimba m'nyumba zotsogola za zisudzo. Becker amasonyeza chidwi ndi ntchito ya Krenek ndipo amamulimbikitsa kuti alembe opera ina. Umu ndi momwe Orpheus ndi Eurydice amawonekera. Mlembi wa libretto ndi Oskar Kokoschka, wojambula kwambiri komanso wolemba ndakatulo yemwe analemba mawu ofotokozera kwambiri. Ntchitoyi imadzaza ndi zofooka zambiri, komabe, monga opera yam'mbuyomu, imachitika mwachilendo, mosiyana ndi momwe wina aliyense, amakhudzidwira ndi mawu komanso kusalolera kwa wolemba nyimbo zamtundu uliwonse m'dzina la kutchuka kotsika mtengo. Apa ndi egoism wathanzi, ndi chiwembu kwambiri, komanso maziko achipembedzo ndi ndale. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti tilankhule za Krenek ngati munthu wodziimira payekha.

Akukhala ku Weisbaden, Krenek akulemba imodzi mwa nyimbo zake zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo "Johnny amasewera“. Libretto imalembedwanso ndi wolemba. Popanga, Krenek amagwiritsa ntchito luso lodabwitsa kwambiri (foni yopanda zingwe ndi locomotive yeniyeni (!)). Munthu wamkulu wa opera ndi Negro jazi woimba. Opera inachitikira ku Leipzig pa February 11, 1927 ndipo mokondwera analandira ndi anthu, anachita chimodzimodzi ankayembekezera opera m'nyumba zina za opera, kumene kenako anachita, ndipo izi ndi zoposa 100 magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Maly Opera ndi Ballet. Theatre ku Leningrad (1928, cholembedwa ndi S. Samosud). Komabe, otsutsa sanayamikire opera pamtengo wake weniweni, powona momwe ilili ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachipongwe. Ntchitoyi yamasuliridwa m’zinenero 18. Kupambana kwa zisudzo kunasintha kwambiri moyo wa akatswiri. Krenek achoka ku Weisbaden, asudzula Anna Mahler ndikukwatira wojambula Bertha Hermann. Kuyambira 1928, wolembayo wakhala akukhala ku Vienna, akuyendera ku Ulaya monga wothandizira ntchito zake. Poyesera kubwereza kupambana kwa "Johnny", analemba 3 zisudzo zandale zandale, komanso opera yaikulu "Moyo wa Orestes" (1930). Ntchito zonsezi zimakopa chidwi ndi kuyimba kwabwino. Posakhalitsa nyimbo zimawonekera (op. 62), zomwe, malinga ndi otsutsa ambiri, sizinali kanthu koma kufanana ndi "Winterreise" ya Schubert.

Ku Vienna, Krenek atenganso njira yoganiziranso malingaliro ake oimba.

Panthawi imeneyo, chikhalidwe cha otsatira Schoenberg chinalamulira pano, otchuka kwambiri omwe ndi: Berg ndi Webern, omwe amadziwika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi Viennese satirist Karl Kraus, yemwe anali ndi anthu ambiri omwe amawadziwa bwino.

Pambuyo poganiza, Krenek asankha kuphunzira mfundo za njira ya Schoenberg. Chiyambi chake cha kalembedwe ka dodecaphone chinawonetsedwa popanga zosiyana pamutu wa okhestra (op. 69), komanso nyimbo yokonzedwa bwino, yodziwika bwino "Durch die Nacht" (op. 67) ku mawu a Kraus. . Ngakhale kuti anachita bwino m'munda umenewu, Krenek amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yake ndi opera. Aganiza zosintha opera Orestes ndikuwonetsa kwa anthu. Dongosolo limeneli linakwaniritsidwa, koma Krenek anakhumudwa, omvera analonjera operayo mozizira kwambiri. Krenek akupitiriza kuphunzira mosamala za njira yopangira, kenako akufotokoza zomwe adaphunzira mu ntchito yabwino kwambiri "Uber neue musik" (Vienna, 1937). Pochita, amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi mu "Kusewera ndi Nyimbo" (opera "Charles V"). Ntchitoyi inachitikira ku Germany kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1933. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi kupanga 1938 ku Prague kochitidwa ndi Karl Renkl. Mu sewero losangalatsa lanyimboli, Krenek amaphatikiza pantomime, filimu, opera ndi zokumbukira zake. Libretto yolembedwa ndi wolembayo ndi yodzaza ndi kukonda dziko la Austria komanso zikhulupiriro za Roma Katolika. Krenek mochulukira akunena za udindo wa mtunduwu mu ntchito zake, zomwe zimatanthauziridwa molakwika ndi otsutsa ambiri a nthawi imeneyo. Kusagwirizana ndi kuwunika kunakakamiza wolemba nyimboyo kuchoka ku Vienna, ndipo mu 1937 woimbayo anasamukira ku United States. Atakhala kumeneko, Krenek kwa nthawi ndithu anali kulemba, kulemba, ndi kuphunzitsa. Mu 1939 Krenek anaphunzitsa nyimbo ku Vassar College (New York). Mu 1942 adasiya ntchitoyi ndipo adakhala mtsogoleri wa Dipatimenti ya Sukulu ya Nyimbo za Fine Arts ku Minnesota, pambuyo pa 1947 anasamukira ku California. Mu January 1945, anakhala nzika yovomerezeka ya US.

Pa nthawi yomwe anakhala ku United States kuyambira 1938 mpaka 1948, wolemba nyimboyo analemba ntchito zosachepera 30, kuphatikizapo zisudzo za chipinda, nyimbo zovina, ntchito za kwaya, ndi symphonies (4 ndi 5). Ntchitozi zimatengera kalembedwe kake ka dodecaphonic, pomwe ntchito zina zimalembedwa mwadala popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya dodecaphonic. Kuyambira mu 1937, Krenek anafotokoza maganizo ake m’mabuku angapo.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50s, masewera oyambirira a Krenek adachitidwa bwino pazisudzo ku Austria ndi Germany. Yachiwiri, yotchedwa nthawi ya "atonality yaulere" inafotokozedwa mu quartet ya chingwe choyamba (op. 6), komanso mu symphony yoyamba (op. 7), pamene mapeto a ukulu, mwinamwake, angaganizidwe. ma symphonies a 2 ndi 3 a maestro.

Nthawi yachitatu ya malingaliro a neo-romantic a wolembayo adadziwika ndi opera "Moyo wa Orestes", ntchitoyo inalembedwa mu njira ya mizere yamtundu. "Charles V" - ntchito yoyamba ya Krenek, yomwe inapangidwa mu njira ya matani khumi ndi awiri, motero ndi ya ntchito za nthawi yachinayi. Mu 1950, Krenek anamaliza mbiri ya moyo wake, amene choyambirira amasungidwa mu Library of Congress (USA). Mu 1963, katswiriyo anapambana Austrian Grand Prix. Nyimbo zonse za Krenek zili ngati encyclopedia yolemba nyimbo za nthawiyo motsatira nthawi.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Lipuntsov, 2000