Farinelli |

Farinelli

Woyimba wodziwika bwino kwambiri wanyimbo, ndipo mwina woyimba wodziwika kwambiri nthawi zonse, ndi Farinelli.

“Dziko,” malinga ndi kunena kwa Sir John Hawkins, “silinawonepo oimba aŵiri onga Senesino ndi Farinelli pabwalo panthaŵi imodzi; Woyamba anali wosewera wowona mtima komanso wodabwitsa, ndipo, malinga ndi oweruza apamwamba, mawu ake anali abwino kuposa Farinelli, koma zabwino zachiwiri zinali zosatsutsika kotero kuti ochepa sakanamutcha woimba wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Wolemba ndakatulo Rolli, mwa njira, wosilira wamkulu wa Senesino, analemba kuti: “Ubwino wa Farinelli sundilola kuti ndileke kuvomereza kuti anandimenya. Ngakhale kwa ine zinkawoneka kuti kufikira tsopano ndinali nditangomva kachigawo kakang’ono ka mawu a munthu, koma tsopano ndinalimva lonse. Komanso, ali ndi khalidwe laubwenzi ndiponso lomasuka kwambiri, ndipo ndinasangalala kwambiri kucheza naye.

Koma maganizo a SM Grishchenko: "Mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a bel canto, Farinelli anali ndi mphamvu zomveka komanso zomveka (3 octaves), mawu osinthasintha, osuntha a timbre yofewa, yowala komanso kupuma kwautali. Masewero ake anali odziwika chifukwa cha luso lake la virtuoso, mawu omveka bwino, nyimbo zotsogola, kukongola kodabwitsa, kudabwa ndi kulowa kwake m'malingaliro komanso kumveka bwino. Anadziwa bwino luso la coloratura improvisation.

… Aulis ”, “Mithridates”, “Onorio” Porpora), Oreste (“Astianact” Vinci), Araspe (“Abandoned Dido” Albinoni), Hernando (“Faithful Luchinda” Porta), Nycomed (“Nycomede” Torri), Rinaldo (“ Abandoned Armida” Pollaroli), Epitide (“Meropa” Throws), Arbache, Siroy (“Artaxerxes”, “Syroy” Hasse), Farnaspe (“Adrian in Syria” Giacomelli), Farnaspe (“Adrian in Syria” Veracini).

Farinelli (dzina lenileni Carlo Broschi) anabadwa pa January 24, 1705 ku Andria, Apulia. Mosiyana ndi oimba ambiri achichepere omwe akuyenera kuthena chifukwa chakusauka kwa mabanja awo, omwe adawona izi ngati gwero la ndalama, Carlo Broschi amachokera kubanja lolemekezeka. Bambo ake, Salvatore Broschi, panthaŵi ina anali bwanamkubwa wa mizinda ya Maratea ndi Cisternino, ndipo pambuyo pake anali mtsogoleri wa gulu la Andria.

Woyimba wodziwika yekha, adaphunzitsa luso kwa ana ake aamuna awiri. Wamkulu, Ricardo, pambuyo pake anakhala mlembi wa zisudzo khumi ndi zinayi. Wamng’ono kwambiri, Carlo, poyamba anasonyeza luso lodabwitsa loimba. Pausinkhu wa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, mnyamatayo anafulidwa kuti mawu ake asamveke bwino. pseudonym Farinelli amachokera ku mayina a abale a Farin, omwe adalimbikitsa woimbayo paunyamata wake. Carlo anaphunzira kuimba poyamba ndi bambo ake, kenako ku Neapolitan Conservatory "Sant'Onofrio" ndi Nicola Porpora, mphunzitsi wotchuka kwambiri wa nyimbo ndi nyimbo panthawiyo, yemwe adaphunzitsa oimba monga Caffarelli, Porporino ndi Montagnatza.

Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Farinelli adawonekera pagulu ku Naples mu opera ya Porpora Angelica ndi Medora. Woimba wachinyamatayo adadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha machitidwe ake ku Aliberti Theatre ku Rome mu nyengo ya 1721/22 mu opera Eumene ndi Flavio Anichio Olibrio yolemba Porpora.

Apa iye anaimba waukulu wamkazi mbali Predieri a opera Sofonisba. Madzulo aliwonse, Farinelli ankapikisana ndi woyimba lipenga m'gulu la oimba, akutsagana naye akuimba momveka bwino kwambiri. C. Berni akusimba za zopambanitsa za Farinelli wachichepere: “Pausinkhu wa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri, anasamuka ku Naples kupita ku Roma, kumene, mkati mwa sewero lina la opera, anapikisana madzulo aliwonse ndi woimba lipenga wotchuka mu aria, amene anatsagana nawo. pa chida ichi; poyamba zinkawoneka ngati mpikisano wosavuta komanso waubwenzi, mpaka owonerera adakondwera ndi mkanganowo ndipo adagawidwa m'magulu awiri; atatha kuchita mobwerezabwereza, pamene onse awiri adapanga phokoso lofanana ndi mphamvu zawo zonse, kusonyeza mphamvu ya mapapo awo ndikuyesera kuti apambane mwanzeru ndi nyonga, nthawi ina ankagwedeza phokosolo ndi trill mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kwa nthawi yaitali kotero kuti. omvera anayamba kuyembekezera kusamuka, ndipo onse ankawoneka otopa kotheratu; ndipo ndithudi, woyimba lipenga, atatopa kotheratu, anaima, poganiza kuti mdani wake anali wotopa mofanana ndi kuti machesi anathera mu chikoka; ndiye Farinelli, akumwetulira monga chizindikiro kuti mpaka tsopano iye anali chabe nthabwala naye, anayamba, mu mpweya womwewo, ndi mphamvu zatsopano, osati mphero phokoso trills, komanso kuchita zokongoletsa zovuta kwambiri ndi yachangu mpaka iye. potsiriza anakakamizika kuletsa kuwomba m'manja kwa omvera. Tsikuli likhoza kukhala chiyambi cha kupambana kwake kosasintha kwa anthu onse a m'nthawi yake.

Mu 1722, Farinelli anachita kwa nthawi yoyamba mu opera Metastasio Angelica, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo panali ubwenzi wabwino ndi ndakatulo wamng'ono, amene anamutcha "caro gemello" ("wokondedwa mbale"). Ubale woterewu pakati pa ndakatulo ndi "nyimbo" ndizomwe zimachitika panthawiyi pakukula kwa zisudzo zaku Italy.

Mu 1724, Farinelli anachita gawo lake loyamba lachimuna, komanso kupambana mu Italy, yomwe panthawiyo ankamudziwa dzina lake Il Ragazzo (Mnyamata). Ku Bologna, amaimba ndi nyimbo yotchuka Bernacchi, yemwe ali wamkulu kuposa iye zaka makumi awiri. Mu 1727, Carlo anapempha Bernacchi kuti amupatse maphunziro oimba.

Mu 1729, anaimba limodzi ku Venice ndi castrato Cherestini mu opera ya L. Vinci. Chaka chotsatira, woimbayo adachita bwino ku Venice mu opera ya mchimwene wake Ricardo Idaspe. Pambuyo pa sewero la ma virtuoso arias awiri, omvera ayamba chipwirikiti! Ndi nzeru zomwezo, akubwereza kupambana kwake ku Vienna, m'nyumba ya Mfumu Charles VI, akuwonjezera "mawu ake acrobatic" kuti awonetsere Ukulu Wake.

Mfumu yaubwenzi kwambiri ikulangiza woimbayo kuti asatengeke ndi machenjera a virtuoso kuti: “Kudumpha kwakukulu kumeneku, zolemba ndi ndime zosatha zimenezi, ces notes qui ne finisent jamais, nzodabwitsa chabe, koma nthaŵi yafika yakuti mukope; ndinu opambanitsa mu mphatso zimene chilengedwe chinakumwetulirani; ngati mukufuna kufika pamtima, muyenera kutenga njira yosalala ndi yosavuta.” Mawu ochepawa pafupifupi anasintha kotheratu mmene ankaimba. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, iye anaphatikiza zomvetsa chisoni ndi zamoyo, zosavuta ndi zapamwamba, mwakutero kukondweretsa ndi kudabwitsa omvera mofanana.

Mu 1734 woimbayo anabwera ku England. Nicola Porpora, mkati mwa nkhondo yake ndi Handel, adapempha Farinelli kuti apange kuwonekera kwake ku Royal Theatre ku London. Carlo amasankha opera Artaxerxes yolembedwa ndi A. Hasse. M’menemonso akuphatikizamo awiri opambana a m’bale wake.

"Mu aria wotchuka "Son qual nave," yolembedwa ndi mchimwene wake, anayamba cholemba choyamba ndi chikondi choterocho ndipo pang'onopang'ono anawonjezera phokoso ku mphamvu yodabwitsa kwambiri, kenako anaifooketsa mofanana ndi mapeto omwe adamuwomba m'manja. mphindi zisanu zonse,” akutero Ch. Bernie. - Pambuyo pake, adawonetsa luntha ndi liwiro la ndime zomwe oimba nyimbo za nthawiyo sakanatha kukhala naye. Mwachidule, iye anali wapamwamba kuposa oimba ena onse monga kavalo wotchuka Childers anali wopambana mahatchi ena onse racehorse, koma Farinelli anasiyanitsidwa osati ndi kuyenda, tsopano kuphatikiza ubwino wa oimba onse aakulu. Panali mphamvu, kukoma, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mawu ake, ndi kukoma mtima, chisomo, ndi liwiro mu kalembedwe kake. Ndithu, iye adali ndi makhalidwe Osadziwika patsogolo pake, ndipo Sadapezeke pambuyo pake mwa munthu aliyense; makhalidwe osatsutsika ndi kugonjetsa womvera aliyense - wasayansi ndi mbuli, bwenzi ndi mdani.

Pambuyo pa sewerolo, omvera anafuula kuti: “Farinelli ndi Mulungu!” Mawuwa amawulukira ku London konse. “Mumzinda,” akulemba motero D. Hawkins, “mawu amene anthu amene sanamvepo Farinelli akuimba ndipo sanawonepo sewero la Foster ngwosayenera kuonekera m’chitaganya chakhalidwe labwino asanduka mwambi weniweni.”

Khamu la osilira amasonkhana m'bwalo la zisudzo, pomwe woimbayo wazaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu amalandira malipiro ofanana ndi malipiro a mamembala onse a gululo. Woimbayo adalandira ma Guinea zikwi ziwiri pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, Farinelli adapeza ndalama zambiri pazochita zake zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, analandira mphaka mazana awiri kuchokera kwa Kalonga wa Wales, ndi Guinea 100 kuchokera kwa kazembe waku Spain. Ponseponse, a ku Italy adalemera mu ndalama zokwana mapaundi zikwi zisanu pachaka.

Mu May 1737, Farinelli anapita ku Spain ndi cholinga chofuna kubwerera ku England, komwe adachita mgwirizano ndi akuluakulu, omwe adayendetsa masewero a opera, chifukwa cha zisudzo za nyengo yotsatira. Ali m'njira, adayimbira Mfumu ya France ku Paris, komwe, malinga ndi Riccoboni, adakondweretsa ngakhale a French, omwe panthawiyo ankadana ndi nyimbo za ku Italy.

Patsiku la kufika kwake, "nyimbo" inayimba pamaso pa Mfumu ndi Mfumukazi ya ku Spain ndipo sanayimbe pagulu kwa zaka zambiri. Anapatsidwa penshoni yokhazikika pafupifupi £3000 pachaka.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti mfumukazi ya ku Spain idaitana Farinelli ku Spain ndi chiyembekezo chachinsinsi kuti atulutse mwamuna wake Philip V kuchoka ku vuto la kuvutika maganizo lomwe lili m'malire ndi misala. Nthawi zonse ankadandaula za mutu woopsa, adadzitsekera m'chipinda chimodzi cha La Granja Palace, sanasambe ndipo sanasinthe nsalu, akudziona kuti wafa.

"Philip adadzidzimuka ndi nthabwala yoyamba yomwe Farinelli adachita," kazembe waku Britain Sir William Coca adatero mu lipoti lake. - Ndi kutha kwachiwiri, adatumiza woyimbayo, adamutamanda, ndikulonjeza kuti amupatsa chilichonse chomwe akufuna. Farinelli adamufunsa kuti adzuke, kuchapa, kusintha zovala ndikuchita msonkhano wa nduna. Mfumuyo inamvera ndipo yakhala ikuchira kuyambira pamenepo.”

Pambuyo pake, Filipo madzulo aliwonse amamuyitana Farinelli kumalo ake. Kwa zaka khumi, woimbayo sanachite pamaso pa anthu, monga tsiku lililonse ankaimba nyimbo zinayi zokondedwa kwa mfumu, ziwiri zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Hasse - "Pallido il sole" ndi "Per questo dolce ammplesso".

Pasanathe milungu itatu atafika ku Madrid, Farinelli amasankhidwa kukhala woimba wa mfumu. Mfumuyo inafotokoza kuti woimbayo amagonjera iye yekha ndi mfumukazi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Farinelli wakhala akusangalala ndi mphamvu zazikulu kukhothi la Spain, koma samazigwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Amangofuna kuchepetsa matenda a mfumu, kuteteza ojambula a bwalo lamilandu ndikupangitsa omvera ake kukonda zisudzo za ku Italy. Koma sangathe kuchiritsa Philip V, yemwe anamwalira mu 1746. Mwana wake wamwamuna Ferdinand VI, yemwe anabadwa m’banja lake loyamba, aloŵa ufumu. Amatsekera amayi ake omupeza m'nyumba yachifumu ya La Granja. Amafunsa Farinelli kuti asamusiye, koma mfumu yatsopanoyo ikufuna kuti woimbayo akhale kukhothi. Ferdinand VI amasankha Farinelli mtsogoleri wa zisudzo zachifumu. Mu 1750, mfumu inamupatsa Order of Calatrava.

Ntchito za osangalatsidwa tsopano sizikhala zotopetsa komanso zotopetsa, chifukwa adakakamiza mfumuyi kuti iyambe sewero. Chotsatiracho chinali kusintha kwakukulu ndi kosangalatsa kwa Farinelli. Atasankhidwa kukhala wotsogolera yekha wa zisudzozi, adalamula kuchokera ku Italy olemba ndi oimba abwino kwambiri a nthawiyo, ndi Metastasio kwa libretto.

Mfumu ina ya ku Spain, Charles III, itatenga mpando wachifumu, inatumiza Farinelli ku Italy, kusonyeza mmene manyazi ndi nkhanza zinasakanizidwira ndi kupembedza kwa castrati. Mfumuyo inati: “Ndingofuna makapu patebulo.” Komabe, woimbayo anapitirizabe kulipidwa ndalama zabwino zapenshoni ndipo analoledwa kutenga katundu wake wonse.

Mu 1761, Farinelli anakhazikika m'nyumba yake yapamwamba pafupi ndi Bologna. Amatsogolera moyo wa munthu wolemera, wokhutiritsa zomwe amakonda pazaluso ndi sayansi. Nyumba ya woyimbayo yazunguliridwa ndi gulu labwino kwambiri la mabokosi a fodya, zodzikongoletsera, zojambula, zida zoimbira. Farinelli ankaimba harpsichord ndi viola kwa nthawi yaitali, koma ankaimba kawirikawiri, ndiyeno pokhapokha pempho la alendo apamwamba.

Koposa zonse, iye ankakonda kulandira ojambula anzake mwaulemu ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa munthu wapadziko lapansi. Mayiko onse a ku Ulaya anabwera kudzapereka ulemu kwa amene ankaona kuti ndi woimba wamkulu kwambiri kuposa wina aliyense: Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Mfumu ya Austria, mwana wamkazi wa Saxon, Duke wa Parma, Casanova.

Mu August 1770 C. Burney analemba m’buku lake kuti:

"Wokonda nyimbo aliyense, makamaka omwe adachita mwayi womva Signor Farinelli, adzasangalala kudziwa kuti akadali ndi moyo komanso ali ndi thanzi labwino komanso mzimu wabwino. Ndinapeza kuti akuwoneka wamng'ono kuposa momwe ndimayembekezera. Ndi wamtali ndi woonda, koma wosafowoka konse.

… Signor Farinelli sanayimbe kwa nthawi yayitali, komabe amasangalala kusewera harpsichord ndi viola lamour; ali ndi ma harpsichords ambiri opangidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndipo amatchulidwa ndi iye, malingana ndi kuyamikira kwake kwa ichi kapena chidacho, ndi mayina a ojambula akuluakulu a ku Italy. Zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi piyanoforte yopangidwa ku Florence mu 1730, pomwe palembedwa zilembo zagolide "Raphael d'Urbino"; kenako Correggio, Titian, Guido, ndi ena otero. Iye ankaimba Raphael wake kwa nthawi yaitali, mwaluso kwambiri ndi mochenjera, ndipo iye analemba zidutswa zingapo zokongola kwa chida ichi. Malo achiwiri amapita kwa harpsichord yomwe adapatsidwa ndi malemu Mfumukazi ya ku Spain, yemwe adaphunzira ndi Scarlatti ku Portugal ndi Spain… Chokonda chachitatu cha Signor Farinelli chimapangidwanso ku Spain motsogozedwa ndi iye; ili ndi kiyibodi yosunthika, monga ya Count Taxis ku Venice, momwe woimbayo amatha kusinthira chidutswacho mmwamba kapena pansi. M'ma harpsichords a Chisipanishi awa, makiyi akuluakulu ndi akuda, pamene makiyi athyathyathya ndi akuthwa amaphimbidwa ndi amayi-wa-ngale; amapangidwa motsatira zitsanzo za ku Italiya, zonse za mkungudza, kupatulapo mawu omveka, ndipo amaikidwa m'bokosi lachiwiri.

Farinelli anamwalira pa July 15, 1782 ku Bologna.