Mitundu ya nyimbo zoimbira

Tonse tazolowera kuti pali zolemba 12 mu octave: makiyi 7 oyera ndi 5 akuda. Ndipo nyimbo zonse zomwe timamva, kuchokera ku classical mpaka hard rock, zimapangidwa ndi zolemba 12 izi.

Kodi nthawi zonse zinali chonchi? Kodi nyimbo zinkamveka chonchi mu nthawi ya Bach, ku Middle Ages kapena ku Antiquity?

Msonkhano wamagulu

Mfundo ziwiri zofunika:

• zojambulira zoyamba zomveka m'mbiri zidapangidwa mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX;
• mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, liwiro lachangu kwambiri lomwe chidziwitso chitha kufalitsidwa chinali kuthamanga kwa kavalo.

Tsopano tiyeni tipite patsogolo zaka mazana angapo zapitazo.

Tiyerekeze kuti abbot wa nyumba ina ya amonke (tiyeni timutchule kuti Dominic) adabwera ndi lingaliro lakuti ndikofunikira kuyimba nyimbo ndikuchita ma canon kulikonse komanso nthawi yomweyo. Koma sangatchule nyumba ya amonke yoyandikana nayo ndi kuyimba cholembera chake "A" kwa iwo kuti ayambe kuyimba yawo. Kenako abale onse amapanga foloko yokonza, yomwe imapanganso zolemba zawo "la". Dominic akuitanira novice yemwe ali ndi luso loimba kwambiri kumalo ake. Wophunzira yemwe ali ndi mphanda m'thumba lakumbuyo la cassock yake amakhala pahatchi ndipo kwa masiku awiri usana ndi usiku, kumvetsera mluzu wa mphepo ndi kuwomba kwa ziboda, akuthamanga kupita ku nyumba ya amonke yoyandikana nayo kuti agwirizanitse nyimbo zawo. Zachidziwikire, mphanda wokhotakhota kuchokera pakudumpha, ndikulemba "la" molakwika, ndipo novice mwiniwake, atayenda ulendo wautali, samakumbukira bwino ngati zolembazo ndi nthawi zimamveka ngati izi m'nyumba ya amonke.

Chotsatira chake, m'nyumba ziwiri zoyandikana nazo, zoimbira za zida zoimbira ndi mawu oimba zimakhala zosiyana.

Ngati tifulumira kuzaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX, tipeza kuti ngakhale zolembazo kunalibe panthawiyo, ndiye kuti, panalibe zolemba zotere pamapepala zomwe aliyense akanatha kudziwa momveka bwino zoti aimbe kapena kusewera. Zolemba mu nthawi imeneyo sizinali zamaganizo, kuyenda kwa nyimbo kumangosonyezedwa pafupifupi. Kenako, ngakhale Dominic wathu watsoka atatumiza kwaya yonse ku nyumba ya amonke yoyandikana nayo kuti akakambirane za kusinthana kwa zochitika zanyimbo, sizikanatheka kujambula zomwe zachitikazi, ndipo pakapita nthawi zolumikizana zonse zitha kusintha mbali imodzi.

Kodi n'zotheka, ndi chisokonezo chotero, kunena za nyimbo zilizonse za nthawi imeneyo? Zodabwitsa, ndizotheka.

Pythagorean system

Anthu atayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoimbira za zingwe zoyambirira, adapeza zida zosangalatsa.

Ngati mutagawaniza kutalika kwa chingwe pakati, ndiye kuti phokoso lomwe limapanga limagwirizana kwambiri ndi phokoso la chingwe chonse. Patapita nthawi, nthawi imeneyi (kuphatikiza mawu awiri otere) idatchedwa octave (chithunzi 1).

Ambiri amawona chachisanu kukhala chophatikiza chotsatira chogwirizana. Koma mwachionekere izi sizinali choncho m’mbiri. Ndikosavuta kupeza kuphatikiza kwina kogwirizana. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kungogawanitsa chingwecho osati 2, koma mu magawo atatu (mkuyu 3).

Chiŵerengerochi tsopano chikudziwika kwa ife monga duodecima  (nthawi yamagulu).

Tsopano tilibe mawu awiri atsopano - octave ndi duodecimal - tsopano tili ndi njira ziwiri zopezera mawu atsopano. Ikugawanika ndi 2 ndi 3.

Titha kutenga, mwachitsanzo, phokoso la duodecimal (ie 1/3 ya chingwe) ndikugawa kale gawo ili la chingwe. Ngati tigawanitsa ndi 2 (tipeza 1/6 ya chingwe choyambirira), ndiye kuti padzakhala phokoso lomwe liri la octave kuposa duodecimal. Ngati tigawanitsa ndi 3, timapeza mawu omwe ali ndi duodecimal kuchokera ku duodecimal.

Simungathe kugawanitsa chingwecho, komanso kupita kumbali ina. Ngati kutalika kwa chingwe kumawonjezeka ndi nthawi 2, ndiye kuti timapeza phokoso la octave; Ngati muchulukitsa katatu, ndiye kuti duodecima ndiyotsika.

Mwa njira, ngati phokoso la duodecimal litsitsidwa ndi octave imodzi, ndiye. onjezani kutalika kwa nthawi 2 (timalandira 2/3 ya kutalika kwa chingwe choyambirira), ndiye tidzapeza gawo limodzi mwachisanu (mkuyu 3).

Monga mukuonera, gawo lachisanu ndi nthawi yochokera ku octave ndi duodecim.

Kawirikawiri, woyamba amene ankaganiza kuti agwiritse ntchito masitepe ogawa ndi 2 ndi 3 kuti apange zolemba amatchedwa Pythagoras. Ngati zili choncho ndizovuta kunena. Ndipo Pythagoras mwiniyo ndi pafupifupi munthu wanthano. Nkhani zakale kwambiri zolembedwa za ntchito yake zimene tikuzidziŵa zinalembedwa zaka 200 pambuyo pa imfa yake. Inde, ndipo n'zotheka kuganiza kuti oimba pamaso Pythagoras anagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimenezi, osati kupanga (kapena sanalembe) iwo. Mfundo zimenezi n’zachilengedwe chonse, zolamulidwa ndi malamulo a m’chilengedwe, ndipo ngati oimba a m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX zoyambirira za Nyengo Yathu Ino anayesetsa kuti azigwirizana, sakanatha kuzilambalala.

Tiyeni tiwone mtundu wa zolemba zomwe timapeza poyenda awiri kapena atatu.

Ngati tigawa (kapena kuchulukitsa) kutalika kwa chingwe ndi 2, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse tidzapeza cholemba chomwe chili chokwera kwambiri (kapena chotsika). Zolemba zomwe zimasiyana ndi octave zimatchedwa zofanana, tikhoza kunena kuti sitidzapeza zolemba "zatsopano" motere.

Mkhalidwewu ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi kugawanika ndi 3. Tiyeni titenge "kuchita" monga cholemba choyambirira ndikuwona komwe masitepe amatatu amatitsogolera.

Timayika pa axis duodecim ya duodecimo (mkuyu 4).

Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za mayina achilatini apa. Mlozera π m'munsi mwa cholembacho umatanthawuza kuti izi ndi zolemba za Pythagorean scale, kotero zidzakhala zosavuta kuti tisiyanitse ndi zolemba za masikelo ena.

Monga mukuonera, munali mu dongosolo la Pythagorean kuti zizindikiro za zolemba zonse zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito lero zinawonekera. Ndipo osati nyimbo zokha.

Ngati titenga zolemba zisanu zapafupi "kuchita" (kuchokera ku "fa" kupita ku "la"), timapeza zomwe zimatchedwa. pentatonic - dongosolo lapakati, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mpaka pano. Zolemba 7 zotsatirazi (kuchokera ku “fa” mpaka “si”) zipereka diatonic. Ndi zolemba izi zomwe tsopano zili pa makiyi oyera a piyano.

Mkhalidwe wokhala ndi makiyi akuda ndizovuta kwambiri. Tsopano pali kiyi imodzi yokha pakati pa "do" ndi "re", ndipo kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri, imatchedwa C-sharp kapena D-flat. M'dongosolo la Pythagorean, C-sharp ndi D-flat anali zolemba ziwiri zosiyana ndipo sakanakhoza kuikidwa pa fungulo lomwelo.

kukonza zachilengedwe

Nchiyani chinapangitsa anthu kusintha dongosolo la Pythagorean kukhala lachilengedwe? Chodabwitsa, ndi chachitatu.

Pakusintha kwa Pythagorean, gawo lalikulu lachitatu (mwachitsanzo, nthawi ya do-mi) silikhala losagwirizana. Mu chithunzi 4, tikuwona kuti kuti tichoke pacholemba "chitani" kupita ku "mi", tifunika kutenga masitepe 4 a duodecimal, kugawaniza kutalika kwa chingwe ndi 4 3 nthawi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mawu awiri oterowo sadzakhala ofanana pang'ono, consonance pang'ono , ndiko kuti, consonance.

Koma pafupi kwambiri ndi lachitatu la Pythagorean pali lachitatu lachilengedwe, lomwe limamveka ngati consonant kwambiri.

Pythagorean chachitatu

Chachitatu chachilengedwe

Oimba akwaya, pamene nthawiyi idawonekera, momveka bwino adatenga gawo lachitatu lachilengedwe.

Kuti mupeze gawo lachitatu lachirengedwe pa chingwe, muyenera kugawaniza kutalika kwake ndi 5, ndiyeno muchepetse phokoso lochokera ku 2 octaves, kotero kutalika kwa chingwe kudzakhala 4/5 (mkuyu 5).

Monga mukuonera, kugawidwa kwa chingwe m'zigawo 5 kunawonekera, zomwe sizinali mu dongosolo la Pythagorean. Ndicho chifukwa chake gawo lachitatu lachilengedwe silingatheke mu dongosolo la Pythagorean.

Kusintha kosavuta koteroko kunapangitsa kuti dongosolo lonse liwunikenso. Kutsatira chachitatu, ma intervals onse kupatula prima, masekondi, magawo anayi ndi asanu adasintha mawu awo. Anapangidwa achilengedwe (nthawi zina amatchedwa zedi) kapangidwe. Zinakhala zomveka kwambiri kuposa Pythagorean, koma sizinthu zokhazo.

Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chabwera ku nyimbo ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe ndi tonality. Zazikulu ndi zazing'ono (zonse ngati zotengera komanso ngati makiyi) zidakhala zotheka kokha pakukonza zachilengedwe. Ndiko kuti, mwamwayi, utatu waukulu ukhoza kusonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zolemba za dongosolo la Pythagorean, koma silidzakhala ndi khalidwe lomwe limakulolani kuti mukonzekere tonality mu dongosolo la Pythagorean. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti mu nyimbo zakale nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inali monody. Monody si nyimbo ya monophonic, m'lingaliro tinganene kuti ndi monophony, zomwe zimakana ngakhale kuthekera kwa kutsagana ndi harmonic.

Palibe chifukwa chofotokozera tanthauzo la zazikulu ndi zazing'ono kwa oimba.

Kwa osakhala oimba, kuyesera kotsatiraku kungapangidwe. Phatikizani chidutswa chilichonse chakale kuyambira zakale za Viennese mpaka pakati pazaka za 95th. Ndi kuthekera kwa 99,9% zikhala mwina zazikulu kapena zazing'ono. Yatsani nyimbo zamakono zotchuka. Zikhala zazikulu kapena zazing'ono ndi mwayi wa XNUMX%.

Sikelo yotentha

Pakhala pali zoyesayesa zambiri za kupsa mtima. Nthawi zambiri, kupsa mtima ndiko kupatuka kulikonse kwa nthawi kuchokera ku zoyera (zachilengedwe kapena za Pythagorean).

Njira yopambana kwambiri inali yofanana ndi temperament (RTS), pomwe octave idangogawidwa m'magawo 12 "ofanana". "Kulingana" apa kumamveka motere: cholemba chilichonse chotsatira ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha nthawi zambiri kuposa chakale. Ndipo titakweza mawuwo ka 12, tiyenera kubwera ku octave yoyera.

Titathetsa vuto lotere, timapeza zolemba 12 wofanana mtima (kapena RTS-12).

Koma n’chifukwa chiyani kupsa mtima kunali kofunika?

Chowonadi ndi chakuti ngati mukukonzekera kwachilengedwe (ndiko kuti, idasinthidwa ndi kupsya mtima) kusintha tonic - mawu omwe "timawerengera" tonality - mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pa "chita" kupita ku cholemba " re", ndiye kuti maubwenzi onse apakati adzaphwanyidwa. Ichi ndiye chidendene cha Achilles cha zosintha zonse zoyera, ndipo njira yokhayo yokonzekera izi ndikupangitsa kuti magawo onse azikhala pang'ono, koma ofanana. Ndiye mukasamukira ku kiyi yosiyana, kwenikweni, palibe chomwe chidzasinthe.

The tempered system ali ndi ubwino wina. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kuimba nyimbo, zonse zolembedwa pamlingo wachilengedwe, komanso za Pythagorean.

Mwa minuses, chodziwikiratu ndi chakuti nthawi zonse kupatula octave mu dongosolo lino ndi zabodza. Zoonadi, khutu la munthu sililinso chida choyenera. Ngati bodzali ndi laling'ono, ndiye kuti sitingazindikire. Koma wachitatu wopsya mtima yemweyo ali kutali kwambiri ndi wachibadwa.

Chachitatu chachilengedwe

Kukwiya kwachitatu

Kodi pali njira zilizonse zothetsera vutoli? Kodi dongosololi lingawongoleredwe?

Kodi yotsatira?

Tiyeni tibwerere kwa Dominic wathu kaye. Kodi tinganene kuti m'nthaŵi isanajambulidwe zomveka panali nyimbo zokhazikika?

Lingaliro lathu likuwonetsa kuti ngakhale cholemba "la" chikasintha, ndiye kuti zomanga zonse (zogawa zingwezo kukhala magawo 2, 3 ndi 5) zidzakhala chimodzimodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti machitidwewo adzakhala ofanana. Zachidziwikire, nyumba ya amonke imodzi imatha kugwiritsa ntchito lachitatu la Pythagorean pochita zake, ndipo yachiwiri - yachilengedwe, koma pozindikira njira yomangidwira, titha kudziwa momveka bwino momwe nyimbo zimakhalira, chifukwa chake mwayi womwe nyumba za amonke zosiyanasiyana zidzachitike. kukhala ndi nyimbo.

Ndiye chotsatira ndi chiyani? Zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 12 zikuwonetsa kuti kusaka sikunayime pa RTS-12. Monga lamulo, kupanga ma tuning atsopano kumachitika ndikugawa octave osati 24, koma m'magawo ochulukirapo, mwachitsanzo, mu 36 kapena XNUMX. Njirayi ndi yamakina kwambiri komanso yopanda phindu. Tawona kuti zomangazo zimayambira m'dera la kugawanika kosavuta kwa chingwe, ndiko kuti, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo a sayansi, ndi kugwedezeka kwa chingwe chomwecho. Pokhapokha kumapeto kwa zomangazo, zolemba zomwe zidalandilidwa zidasinthidwa ndi zomveka bwino. Ngati, komabe, timakwiyitsa tisanapange chinthu chosavuta, ndiye kuti funso limakhala: kodi tikuwotcha chiyani, timapatuka kuchokera ku zolemba ziti?

Koma palinso uthenga wabwino. Ngati kuti mumangenso chiwalo kuchokera pa cholemba "chitani" mpaka "re", muyenera kupotoza mazana a mapaipi ndi machubu, tsopano, kuti mumangenso synthesizer, ingodinani batani limodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti sitiyenera kusewera mosagwirizana pang'ono, titha kugwiritsa ntchito ma ratios ndikuwasintha pakafunikanso.

Koma bwanji ngati tikufuna kusewera osati pazida zamagetsi, koma pa "analogi"? Kodi ndizotheka kupanga makina atsopano a harmonic, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ina, m'malo mwa kugawa kwa makina a octave?

Inde, mungathe, koma mutuwu ndi waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti tidzabwereranso nthawi ina.

Wolemba - Roman Oleinikov

Wolembayo akuthokoza woimba Ivan Soshinsky chifukwa cha zida zomvera zomwe zaperekedwa