Rhythm |

Greek rytmos, kuchokera ku reo - flow

Mawonekedwe owoneka akuyenda kwa njira zilizonse munthawi yake. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonetseredwe a R. mu decomp. mitundu ndi masitayelo a zojambulajambula (osati akanthawi, komanso malo), komanso zakunja zaluso. magawo (R. ya kulankhula, kuyenda, njira zogwirira ntchito, ndi zina zotero) zinayambitsa matanthauzo ambiri omwe nthawi zambiri amatsutsana a R. (omwe amalepheretsa mawuwa kumveka bwino). Pakati pawo, magulu atatu osankhidwa mwachisawawa amatha kudziwika.

M'lingaliro lalikulu, R. ndi dongosolo lakanthawi la njira zilizonse zomwe zimaganiziridwa, chimodzi mwa zitatuzo (pamodzi ndi nyimbo ndi mgwirizano) zoyambira. zinthu za nyimbo, kugawa mogwirizana ndi nthawi (malinga ndi PI Tchaikovsky) melodic. ndi harmonic. kuphatikiza. R. kupanga kamvekedwe ka mawu, kuyimirira, kugawikana m'magawo (magawo anyimbo amisinkhu yosiyana mpaka kamvekedwe kake), kagulu kawo, kayezedwe ka nthawi, ndi zina zotero; m'lingaliro lochepetsetsa - kutsatizana kwa nthawi ya phokoso, yotengedwa kuchokera kutalika kwake (chitsanzo cha rhythmic, mosiyana ndi melodic).

Njira yofotokozerayi imatsutsidwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa rhythm monga khalidwe lapadera lomwe limasiyanitsa mayendedwe a rhythmic kuchokera kwa omwe alibe. Khalidweli limapatsidwa matanthauzo otsutsana ndi diametrically. Mn. ofufuza amamvetsa R. monga kusintha nthawi zonse kapena kubwerezabwereza ndi kufanana potengera iwo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, R. mu mawonekedwe ake oyera kwambiri ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa pendulum kapena kugunda kwa metronome. Phindu la Aesthetic R. limafotokozedwa ndi kuyitanitsa kwake ndi "chuma cha chidwi", kuthandizira kuzindikira ndikuthandizira kusinthika kwa ntchito ya minofu, mwachitsanzo. poyenda. Mu nyimbo, kumvetsetsa koteroko kwa R. kumatsogolera ku chizindikiritso chake ndi tempo yunifolomu kapena ndi kugunda - muses. mita.

Koma mu nyimbo (monga ndakatulo), kumene udindo wa R. ndi waukulu kwambiri, nthawi zambiri umatsutsana ndi mita ndipo umagwirizanitsidwa osati ndi kubwerezabwereza kolondola, koma ndi zovuta kufotokoza "lingaliro la moyo", mphamvu, ndi zina zotero. "Rhythm ndiye mphamvu yaikulu , mphamvu yaikulu ya vesilo. Sizingafotokozedwe "- VV Mayakovsky). Cholinga cha R., malinga ndi E. Kurt, ndicho “kupita patsogolo, kayendedwe kameneka ndi mphamvu zolimbikira.” Mosiyana ndi matanthauzo a R., kutengera commensurability (kulingalira) ndi kubwereza kokhazikika (statics), maganizo ndi mphamvu zikugogomezera apa. chikhalidwe cha R., chomwe chingadziwonetsere chokha popanda mita ndi kusakhalapo mu mawonekedwe olondola.

M'malo mwa kumvetsetsa kwa R. amalankhula chiyambi cha mawu awa kuchokera ku verebu "kuyenda", komwe Heraclitus adalongosola zake zazikulu. udindo: "zonse zimayenda." Heraclitus moyenerera angatchedwe "wanzeru wa dziko R." ndi kutsutsa "wafilosofi wa mgwirizano wa dziko" Pythagoras. Afilosofi onsewa amafotokoza malingaliro awo adziko lapansi pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a zikhazikitso ziwiri. mbali za chiphunzitso chakale cha nyimbo, koma Pythagoras akutembenukira ku chiphunzitso cha chiŵerengero chokhazikika cha phokoso la phokoso, ndi Heraclitus - ku chiphunzitso cha mapangidwe a nyimbo mu nthawi, filosofi yake ndi antich. ma rhythms amatha kufotokozerana. Kusiyanitsa kwa Main R. kuchokera kuzinthu zosatha ndizopadera: "simungathe kulowa mumtsinje womwewo kawiri." Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu "dziko R." Heraclitus alternate "njira yokwera" ndi "pansi", mayina omwe - "ano" ndi "kato" - amagwirizana ndi mawu a antich. rhythm, kutanthauza magawo awiri a rhythmic. mayunitsi (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "arsis" ndi "thesis"), ma ratios omwe nthawi yayitali amakhala R. kapena "logos" ya unit iyi (mu Heraclitus, "world R." imafanananso ndi "world Logos"). Chifukwa chake, filosofi ya Heraclitus imaloza njira yopita ku kaphatikizidwe kamphamvu. Kumvetsetsa kwa R. za zomveka, zomwe zimafala m'nthawi zakale.

Malingaliro amalingaliro (amphamvu) ndi omveka (static) samapatula kwenikweni, koma amathandizirana. "Rhythmic" nthawi zambiri imazindikira kusuntha komwe kumayambitsa kumveka kwamtundu, kumvera chisoni kusunthako, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kuberekanso (zokumana nazo zamtundu wanyimbo zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukhudzidwa kwa minofu, komanso kuchokera ku zomverera zakunja kupita ku mawu, malingaliro omwe nthawi zambiri amatsagana nawo. ndi zomverera zamkati. kusewera). Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira, kumbali imodzi, kuti kayendetsedwe kake kasakhale kosokoneza, kuti kali ndi dongosolo linalake lodziwika, lomwe lingathe kubwerezedwa, kumbali inayo, kuti kubwereza sikuli makina. R. amakumana ndi kusintha kwa mikangano yamalingaliro ndi zigamulo, zomwe zimatha ndi kubwereza kofanana ndi pendulum. Mu R., motero, ma static amaphatikizidwa. ndi zamphamvu. zizindikiro, koma, popeza muyezo wa rhythm amakhalabe maganizo, choncho, mu tanthauzo. Mwanjira yokhazikika, malire omwe amalekanitsa mayendedwe anyimbo kuchokera ku chipwirikiti ndi makina sangathe kukhazikitsidwa mokhazikika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka komanso zofotokozera. njira yoyambira. maphunziro apadera a mawu onse (mu vesi ndi prose) ndi nyimbo. R.

Kusinthana kwa mikangano ndi zigamulo (magawo okwera ndi otsika) kumapereka momveka bwino. mapangidwe a periodics. khalidwe, zomwe ziyenera kumveka osati kubwerezabwereza zina. kutsatizana kwa magawo (yerekezerani ndi lingaliro la nthawi mu ma acoustics, ndi zina zotero), komanso ngati "kuzungulira" kwake, komwe kumapangitsa kubwerezabwereza, ndi kukwanira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti athe kuzindikira nyimbo popanda kubwerezabwereza. Mbali yachiwiriyi ndi yofunika kwambiri, ndipamwamba kwambiri mulingo wa rhythmic. mayunitsi. Mu nyimbo (komanso mukulankhula mwaluso), nthawiyo imatchedwa. kumanga kufotokoza lingaliro lathunthu. Nthawiyo ikhoza kubwerezedwa (mu mawonekedwe a couplet) kapena kukhala gawo lofunikira la mawonekedwe akuluakulu; panthawi imodzimodziyo imayimira maphunziro ang'onoang'ono, kudula kungakhale kodziimira. ntchito.

Rhythmic. chithunzicho chikhoza kupangidwa ndi zolemba zonse chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mikangano (kukwera gawo, arsis, tayi) chisankho (gawo lotsika, thesis, denouement) ndi kugawikana ndi caesuras kapena kupuma m'magulu (ndi arsis awo ndi malingaliro awo) . Mosiyana ndi zolembedwa, mawu ang'onoang'ono, odziwika mwachindunji nthawi zambiri amatchedwa rhythmic proper. Sizingatheke kuyika malire a zomwe zimawonedwa mwachindunji, koma munyimbo titha kuloza ku R. mawu ndi mayunitsi ofotokozera mkati mwa muses. nthawi ndi ziganizo, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa osati ndi semantic (syntactic), komanso zokhudza thupi. mikhalidwe ndi yofanana ndi kukula kwa thupi. periodicities, monga kupuma ndi kugunda, to-rye ndi prototypes a mitundu iwiri ya rhythmic. nyumba. Poyerekeza ndi kugunda kwa mtima, kupuma sikumangokhala kokha, kutali ndi makina. kubwerezabwereza komanso kuyandikira komwe kumachokera ku R., nthawi zake zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe omveka bwino ndipo zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino, koma kukula kwake, nthawi zambiri kumagwirizana ndi pafupifupi. 4 kugunda kwa pulse, kumapatuka mosavuta ku chikhalidwe ichi. Kupuma ndiko maziko a mawu ndi nyimbo. mawu, kudziwa mtengo waukulu. chigawo cha mawu - ndime (mu nyimbo nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "mawu", komanso, mwachitsanzo, A. Reika, M. Lucy, A. F. Lvov, "rhythm"), kupanga kupuma ndi chilengedwe. mawonekedwe a melodic. cadences (kwenikweni "kugwa" - gawo lotsika la rhythmic. mayunitsi), chifukwa cha kutsika kwa mawu kumapeto kwa mpweya. Pakusinthana kwa kukwezedwa koyimbidwa ndi kutsitsa ndiko tanthauzo la "free, asymmetrical R." (Lvov) popanda nthawi zonse mtengo rhythmic. mayunitsi, chikhalidwe cha ambiri. Folklore mitundu (kuyambira akale ndi kutha ndi Russian. nyimbo yotsalira), nyimbo ya Gregorian, nyimbo ya znamenny, ndi zina zotero. etc. Izi zanyimbo kapena zapadziko lonse za R. (omwe mzerewo osati mbali ya modal ya nyimboyo) umakhala wofanana chifukwa cha kuwonjezera kwa pulsating periodicity, zomwe zimawonekera makamaka mu nyimbo zokhudzana ndi mayendedwe a thupi (kuvina, masewera, ntchito). Kubwerezabwereza kumapitilira muyeso ndi kugawa kwa nthawi, kutha kwa nthawi ndi chilimbikitso chomwe chimayamba nthawi yatsopano, kugunda, poyerekeza ndi Crimea, nthawi zina zonse, monga zopanda kupsinjika, ndi zachiwiri. ikhoza kusinthidwa ndi kupuma. Pulsating periodicity ndi chikhalidwe cha kuyenda, mayendedwe odzichitira okha, mukulankhula ndi nyimbo kumatsimikizira tempo - kukula kwa nthawi pakati pa kupsinjika. Kugawikana ndi pulsation wa chiyambi rhythmic intonations. mayunitsi amtundu wa kupuma kukhala magawo ofanana, opangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mfundo yamagalimoto, kumapangitsanso machitidwe amagalimoto panthawi yozindikira komanso momveka bwino. zinachitikira. T. o., kale m'magawo oyambirira a nthano, nyimbo zamtundu wochedwa zimatsutsidwa ndi nyimbo "zofulumira", zomwe zimatulutsa mawu omveka kwambiri. malingaliro. Chifukwa chake, kale, kutsutsa kwa R. ndi nyimbo (zoyambira “zachimuna” ndi “zachikazi”), ndi mawu enieni a R. kuvina kumadziwika (Aristotle, "Poetics", 1), ndipo mu nyimbo kumalumikizidwa ndi kuvina ndi zida zodulira. Rhythmic masiku ano. character imatchedwanso preim. kuguba ndi kuvina nyimbo, ndi lingaliro la R. nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugunda kuposa kupuma. Komabe, kutsindika kwa mbali imodzi pa pulsation periodicity kumabweretsa kubwereza kwa makina ndikusintha kusinthana kwa mikangano ndi zigamulo ndi mikwingwirima yofanana (motero kusamvetsetsana kwazaka zambiri za mawu oti "arsis" ndi "thesis", kutanthauza mphindi zazikuluzikulu, ndi kuyesa kuzindikira chimodzi kapena chimzake ndi kupsinjika maganizo). Zovuta zingapo zimawonedwa ngati R.

Kuwunika kokhazikika kwa nthawi kumatengera kugunda kwa mtima (komwe kumakwaniritsa kulondola kwakukulu kokhudzana ndi zikhalidwe pafupi ndi nthawi ya kugunda kwanthawi yake, 0,5-1 sec) ndipo, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka (kuyesa nthawi) rhythm yomangidwa pazigawo za nthawi, zomwe zidalandira zachikale. mawu akale. Komabe, gawo lofunikira momwemo limaseweredwa ndi ntchito zathupi zomwe sizodziwika ndi ntchito ya minofu. mayendedwe, ndi zokongoletsa. zofunika, kufanana apa si stereotype, koma luso. kanoni. Kufunika kwa kuvina kwa kachulukidwe kakuchulukira sikumakhala chifukwa cha mota yake, koma chifukwa cha pulasitiki yake, yolunjika ku masomphenya, omwe ndi a rhythmic. kuzindikira chifukwa cha psychophysiological. zifukwa zimafuna discontinuity ya kusuntha, kusintha zithunzi, chokhalitsa nthawi inayake. Izi ndi momwe zinthu zakale zinalili. kuvina, R. to-rogo (malinga ndi umboni wa Aristides Quintilian) kunaphatikizapo kusintha kwa magule. kaimidwe (“madongosolo”) olekanitsidwa ndi “zizindikiro” kapena “madontho” (“semeyon” m’Chigiriki ali ndi matanthauzo onse aŵiri). Kumenya munjira yochulukitsa sikutanthauza, koma malire a magawo ofanana ofanana, nthawi yomwe imagawidwa. Lingaliro la nthawi pano likuyandikira laling'ono, ndipo lingaliro la rhythm limayandikira symmetry (lingaliro la rhythm monga kufanana ndi mgwirizano zimachokera kumayendedwe akale). Kufanana kwa zinthu zosakhalitsa kumakhala gawo lapadera la kufanana kwawo, pamodzi ndi Crimea, pali "mitundu ina ya R". (chiwerengero cha 2 magawo a rhythmic unit - arsis ndi thesis) - 1: 2, 2: 3, etc. Kugonjera ku zolemba zomwe zimakonzeratu kuchuluka kwa nthawi, zomwe zimasiyanitsa kuvina ndi mayendedwe ena a thupi, kumasamutsidwanso ku vesi la nyimbo. mitundu, mwachindunji ndi kuvina kosagwirizana (mwachitsanzo, kwa epic). Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa utali wa silabo, lemba la vesi lingatumikire monga “muyeso” wa R. (mita), koma kokha monga kutsatizana kwa masilabo aatali ndi aafupi; kwenikweni R. ("kutuluka") kwa vesilo, kugawidwa kwake kukhala abulu ndi mfundo komanso katchulidwe kawo (osagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutsindika kwa mawu) ndi nyimbo ndi kuvina. mbali ya mlandu wa syncretic. Kusagwirizana kwa magawo a rhythmic (mu phazi, vesi, stanza, etc.) kumachitika kawirikawiri kusiyana ndi kufanana, kubwerezabwereza ndi squareness kumapereka njira zomangira zovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimatikumbutsa za zomangamanga.

Makhalidwe a nthawi ya syncretic, koma nthano zakale, ndi prof. art-va quantitative R. ilipo, kuwonjezera pa zakale, mu nyimbo zingapo za kummawa. mayiko (Indian, Arab, etc.), mu Middle Ages. nyimbo zachimuna, limodzinso ndi miyambo ya anthu ena ambiri. anthu, momwe angatengere chikoka cha Prof. ndi luso laumwini (bards, ashugs, troubadours, etc.). Kuvina. nyimbo zamasiku ano zimatengera nthano iyi mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza dec. nthawi mu dongosolo linalake, kubwereza (kapena kusinthasintha mkati mwa malire ena) to-rykh kumadziwika ndi kuvina kwina. Koma kwa kayimbidwe kanzeru kofala m’nthaŵi zamakono, mavinidwe onga ngati waltz ali odziwika kwambiri, kumene kulibe magawano m’zigawo. "mawonekedwe" ndi magawo awo anthawi yofananira a nthawi inayake.

Kusintha kwa wotchi, m'zaka za zana la 17. m'malo mwa mensural kwathunthu, ndi wachitatu (pambuyo intonational ndi quantitative) mtundu R. - kamvekedwe ka mawu, mawonekedwe a siteji pomwe ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zidasiyana (komanso kuvina) ndipo chilichonse chidapanga kayimbidwe kake. Zofanana ndi ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. R. ndikuti onsewo sanamangidwe pa kuyeza kwa nthawi, koma potengera kamvekedwe ka mawu. Nyimbo makamaka. mita ya wotchi, yopangidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwamphamvu (yolemetsa) ndi yofooka (yopepuka), imasiyana ndi ma vesi onse (onse a syncretic nyimbo-mawu ndi mawu olankhula mita) mosalekeza (kupanda kugawanika kukhala mavesi, metric. mawu); Muyeso uli ngati kutsagana kosalekeza. Monga metering m'makina a kamvekedwe ka mawu (syllabic, syllabo-tonic ndi tonic), mipiringidzo ya bar ndi yocheperako komanso yowopsa kuposa yochulukira ndipo imapereka mipata yochulukirapo ya rhythmic. kusiyana kopangidwa ndi kusintha kwa mutu. ndi syntax. mawonekedwe. Mu kamvekedwe ka mawu, sikuli kuyeza (kumvera mita) komwe kumabwera patsogolo, koma mbali za R. Mosiyana ndi mita, kwenikweni R. zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa zigawo za kamangidwe kakanthawi, to-rye sizimayendetsedwa ndi metric. chiwembu. Mu nyimbo, ili ndi gulu la miyeso (onani p. Malangizo a Beethoven “R. 3 mipiringidzo", "R. 4 mipiringidzo”; "rythme ternaire" mu Duke's The Sorcerer's Apprentice, ndi zina zotero. etc.), mawu (kuyambira nyimbo. mita sichimalamula magawano m'mizere, nyimbo zamtunduwu zili pafupi ndi prose kusiyana ndi kulankhula kwa vesi), kudzaza bar decomp. nthawi yolemba - rhythmic. kujambula, ku Krom it. ndi mabuku oyambira achi Russia (motengera X. Riman ndi G. Konyus) amachepetsa lingaliro la R. Chifukwa chake R. ndi mita nthawi zina amasiyanitsidwa ngati kuphatikiza kwa nthawi ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu, ngakhale zikuwonekeratu kuti kutsatizana komweku kwa nthawi ndi dec. kalembedwe ka katchulidwe ka mawu sikungaganizidwe kuti ndi kofanana. tsutsani R. mita ndizotheka kokha ngati mawonekedwe odziwika bwino a dongosolo lokhazikitsidwa, chifukwa chake, kumveketsa kwenikweni, komwe kumayenderana ndi wotchi, ndikuyitsutsa, kumatanthawuza R. Kulumikizana kwa nthawi mu kamvekedwe ka mawu kumataya ufulu wawo. kutanthauza ndikukhala imodzi mwa njira zofotokozera - mawu aatali amamveka bwino poyerekeza ndi aafupi. Makhalidwe abwino a nthawi yokulirapo amakhala pa kumenyedwa kwamphamvu kwa muyeso, kuphwanya lamuloli kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chisokonezo (chomwe sichidziwika ndi kachulukidwe kanyimbo ndi kuvina kochokera pamenepo. mitundu ya mazurka). Pa nthawi yomweyi, zolemba zanyimbo za kuchuluka zomwe zimapanga rhythmic. kujambula, sikuwonetsa nthawi yeniyeni, koma magawano a muyeso, to-rye mu nyimbo. ntchito amatambasulidwa ndi wothinikizidwa mu lonse osiyanasiyana. Kuthekera kwa magogics ndichifukwa choti maubwenzi anthawi yeniyeni ndi njira imodzi yokha yofotokozera momveka bwino. kujambula, komwe kumatha kuzindikirika ngakhale kutalika kwake sikufanana ndi zomwe zasonyezedwa muzolemba. A metronomically ngakhale tempo mu kayimbidwe kamvekedwe sikovomerezeka kokha, koma makamaka kupewa; kuyandikira izo nthawi zambiri kumasonyeza zizolowezi zamagalimoto (kuguba, kuvina), zomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri mu classical.

Motority imawonekeranso m'mapangidwe apakati, "kulondola" komwe kunapatsa Riemann ndi otsatira ake chifukwa chowonera zakale. mita, yomwe, ngati mita ya vesi, imatsimikizira kugawa kwa nthawiyo kukhala malingaliro ndi mawu. Komabe, kulondola komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha machitidwe a psychophysiological, m'malo motsatira zina. malamulo, sangathe kutchedwa mita. Palibe malamulo ogawaniza mawu mu bar rhythm, chifukwa chake izo (mosasamala kanthu za kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa squareness) sizikugwira ntchito ku metric. Mawu a Riemann savomerezedwa ngakhale mwa iye. musicology (mwachitsanzo, F. Weingartner, kusanthula ma symphonies a Beethoven, amatcha dongosolo la rhythmic zomwe sukulu ya Riemann imatanthauzira ngati dongosolo la metric) ndipo silivomerezedwa ku Great Britain ndi France. E. Prout amatcha R. "dongosolo malinga ndi zomwe ma cadenza amaikidwa mu nyimbo" ("Musical Form", Moscow, 1900, p. 41). M. Lussy amasiyanitsa katchulidwe ka mawu a metrical (wotchi) ndi rhythmic - phrasal, ndipo mu gawo loyambira la mawu ("rhythm", m'mawu a Lussy; adatcha lingaliro lathunthu, nthawi "mawu") nthawi zambiri amakhala awiri a iwo. Ndikofunika kuti ma rhythmic mayunitsi, mosiyana ndi ma metric, asapangidwe ndi kugonjera kwa ch imodzi. kupsyinjika, koma mwa kugwirizanitsa zofanana, koma zosiyana mu ntchito, kamvekedwe ka mawu (mita imasonyeza momwe iwo amakhalira, ngakhale kuti si udindo wawo; choncho, mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kumenya kawiri). Ntchito izi zitha kudziwika ndi zazikulu. mphindi chibadidwe mu R. - arsis ndi thesis.

Muse. R., monga vesi, imapangidwa ndi kuyanjana kwa semantic (thematic, syntactic) kapangidwe ndi mita, yomwe imathandizira gawo lothandizira mumayendedwe a wotchi, komanso machitidwe a mavesi.

Kuwongolera, kufotokozera, komanso kusagawanitsa kwa mita ya wotchi, yomwe imayendetsa (mosiyana ndi ma vesi mamita) kutsindika kokha, osati zizindikiro zolembera (caesuras), zikuwonekera mu mikangano pakati pa rhythmic (zenizeni) ndi metric. kamvekedwe ka mawu, pakati pa ma semantic caesuras ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa metric yolemetsa ndi yopepuka. mphindi.

M'mbiri ya wotchi rhythm 17 - oyambirira. Zaka za zana la 20 tingasiyanitse mfundo zazikulu zitatu. nthawi. Anamalizidwa ndi ntchito ya JS Bach ndi G. f. Nthawi ya Baroque ya Handel imakhazikitsa DOS. mfundo za nyimbo yatsopano yokhudzana ndi homophonic harmonic. kuganiza. Chiyambi cha nthawiyi chimadziwika ndi kupangidwa kwa mabass ambiri, kapena bass mosalekeza (basso continuo), yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko zotsatizana zosagwirizanitsidwa ndi caesuras, zosintha zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi metric. kutanthauzira, koma akhoza kupatuka kwa icho. Melodica, m’mene “mphamvu ya kinetic” imagonjetsa “rhythmic” (E. Kurt) kapena “R. awo" pa "wotchi R." (A. Schweitzer), amadziwika ndi ufulu wa kutsindika (mogwirizana ndi luso) ndi tempo, makamaka pobwerezabwereza. Ufulu wa tempo umasonyezedwa muzosiyana zamaganizo kuchokera ku tempo yolimba (K. Monteverdi amasiyanitsa tempo del'-affetto del animo ndi mechanical tempo de la mano), pomaliza. decelerations, zomwe J. Frescobaldi adalemba kale, mu tempo rubato ("chobisika tempo"), amamveka ngati kusintha kwa nyimbo zokhudzana ndi kutsagana. Kutentha kokhazikika kumakhala kosiyana, monga zikuwonekera ndi zizindikiro monga mesurй ndi F. Couperin. Kuphwanya kulumikizana kwenikweni pakati pa zolemba za nyimbo ndi nthawi yeniyeni kumawonetsedwa pakumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa nthawi yotalikirapo: kutengera nkhaniyo.

Angathe kutanthauza

ndi, a

Kupitilira kwa nyimbo. nsalu imapangidwa (pamodzi ndi basso continuo) polyphonic. kutanthauza - kusagwirizana kwa ma cadences m'mawu osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, mayendedwe opitilira amawu otsagana nawo kumapeto kwa masitepe a nyimbo zakwaya za Bach), kutha kwa nyimbo zapayekha. kujambula mumayendedwe ofanana (mitundu yonse yamayendedwe), mumutu umodzi. mzere kapena mungoli wowonjezera, kudzaza malo oima a liwu limodzi ndi kayendedwe ka mawu ena.

etc.), pomangirira zolinga, onani, mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizika kwa cadence yotsutsa ndi chiyambi cha mutu wa 15 wa Bach:

Nthawi ya classicism ikuwonetsa rhythmic. mphamvu, yomwe imasonyezedwa m'mawu omveka bwino, mu kufanana kwakukulu kwa tempo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa gawo la mita, zomwe, komabe, zimangotsindika zamphamvu. tanthauzo la muyeso, womwe umasiyanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa mita. Uwiri wa kukhudzidwa-kukhudzidwa kumawonekeranso kuti nthawi yamphamvu ya kugunda ndi malo omaliza a muses. mgwirizano wa semantic ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, kulowa kwa mgwirizano watsopano, kapangidwe kake, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala nthawi yoyamba ya mipiringidzo, magulu a bar ndi zomangamanga. Kuphwanyidwa kwa nyimbo (b. Zigawo za khalidwe la kuvina-nyimbo) zimagonjetsedwa ndi zotsatizana, zomwe zimapanga "zomangira ziwiri" ndi "intruding cadenzas". Mosiyana ndi mapangidwe a mawu ndi ma motifs, muyeso nthawi zambiri umatsimikizira kusintha kwa tempo, mphamvu (mwadzidzidzi f ndi p pa mzere wa bar), magulu ofotokozera (makamaka, ligi). Khalidwe sf, kutsindika metric. pulsation, yomwe m'ndime zofananira ndi Bach, mwachitsanzo, muzongopeka za Chromatic Fantasy ndi Fugue cycle) zimabisika kwathunthu.

Mamita odziwika bwino a nthawi amatha kutulutsa mitundu yonse yamayendedwe; classical kalembedwe amakhala ndi zosiyanasiyana ndi wolemera chitukuko cha rhythmic. chiwerengero, chogwirizana nthawi zonse, komabe, ndi metric. amathandiza. Kuchuluka kwa phokoso pakati pawo sikudutsa malire omveka bwino (nthawi zambiri 4), kusintha kwachirengedwe. magawano (katatu, quintuplets, etc.) kulimbitsa mfundo zolimba. Metric activation. zothandizira zimapangidwanso ndi ma syncopations, ngakhale ngati zothandizirazi sizikumveka kwenikweni, monga kumayambiriro kwa gawo limodzi la mapeto a symphony ya 9 ya Beethoven, kumene rhythmic imasowa. inertia, koma kuzindikira kwa nyimbo kumafuna ext. kuwerengera metric yolingalira. malankhulidwe:

Ngakhale kutsindika kwa bar nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi tempo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa zizolowezi ziwirizi mu nyimbo zachikale. mayendedwe. Ku WA ​​Mozart, chikhumbo chofanana ndi metric. kugawana (kubweretsa kuchulukira kwake) kunawonetsedwa bwino mu minuet kuchokera ku Don Juan, komwe nthawi yomweyo. kuphatikiza kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kumapatula agogych. kuwonetsa nthawi zamphamvu. Beethoven ali ndi metric yotsindikira. kutsindika kumapereka mwayi wochulukirapo ku agogics, ndi kutsika kwa metric. kupsinjika nthawi zambiri kumapitilira muyeso, kupanga masinthidwe anthawi zonse amphamvu ndi zofooka; mokhudzana ndi izi, udindo wa Beethoven wa masikweya apakati ukuwonjezeka, ngati "mipiringidzo yapamwamba", momwe syncope ndi zotheka. amatsindika pa miyeso yofooka, koma, mosiyana ndi miyeso yeniyeni, kusintha koyenera kumatha kuphwanyidwa, kulola kukulitsa ndi kutsika.

M'nthawi ya chikondi (mozama kwambiri), mawonekedwe omwe amasiyanitsa mawu accentual ndi kuchuluka (kuphatikiza gawo lachiwiri la maubwenzi osakhalitsa ndi mita) amawululidwa mokwanira. Int. kugawanika kwa ma beats kumafika pamtengo wocheperako kotero kuti osati nthawi ya ind yokha. phokoso, koma chiwerengero chawo sichidziwika mwachindunji (zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga zithunzi za nyimbo za kayendedwe ka mphepo, madzi, ndi zina zotero). Kusintha kwa magawo a intralobar sikugogomezera, koma kufewetsa ma metric. kumenyedwa: kuphatikiza kwa awiri awiri okhala ndi mapatatu (

) amawonedwa ngati ma quintuplets. Syncopation nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito yochepetsera yomweyi pakati pa okondana; kugwirizana kopangidwa ndi kuchedwa kwa nyimbo (yolembedwa rubato m'lingaliro lakale) ndi khalidwe kwambiri, monga mu ch. mbali za Chopin's Fantasy. Mu nyimbo zachikondi zikuwoneka "zazikulu" katatu, quintuplets, ndi zina za rhythmic yapadera. magawano osagwirizana ndi amodzi, koma angapo. magawo a metric. Kuchotsa malire a metric kumawonetsedwa m'makona omwe amadutsa pamzere wa bar. Pakusemphana kwa zolinga ndi muyeso, katchulidwe ka zolinga kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira ma metric (izi ndizofala kwambiri pa "nyimbo yolankhula" ya I. Brahms'). Kaŵirikaŵiri kusiyana ndi kalembedwe kachikale, kugunda kumachepetsedwa kukhala kugunda kongoganizira, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi Beethoven (onani chiyambi cha symphony ya Liszt ya Faust). Kufooketsa kwa pulsation kumakulitsa mwayi wa kuphwanya kufanana kwake; Kukondana komwe kumagwirako kumakhala ndi ufulu wambiri wa tempo, kugunda kwa bar pakatha nthawi kumatha kupitilira kuchuluka kwa kumenyedwa kuwiri kotsatira. Kusagwirizana kotereku pakati pa nthawi yeniyeni ndi zolemba zanyimbo kumazindikiridwa mukuchita kwa Scriabin. prod. pomwe palibe zisonyezo za kusintha kwa tempo muzolemba. Popeza, malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, masewera a AN Scriabin adasiyanitsidwa ndi "rhythm. kumveka”, apa chikhalidwe cha rhythmic chikuwululidwa. kujambula. Chidziwitso sichikuwonetsa nthawi, koma "kulemera", komwe, pamodzi ndi nthawi, kungasonyezedwe ndi njira zina. Chifukwa chake kuthekera kwa kalembedwe kodabwitsa (makamaka pafupipafupi ku Chopin), mu fn. kuwonetsera kwa phokoso limodzi kumasonyezedwa ndi zolemba ziwiri zosiyana; mwachitsanzo, pamene phokoso la liwu lina likugwera pa 1st ndi 3rd manotsi a katatu a liwu limodzi, pamodzi ndi kalembedwe "zolondola"

zotheka kalembedwe

. Dr. mtundu wa paradoxical kalembedwe lagona chakuti ndi kusintha rhythmic. kugawaniza wolembayo kuti akhalebe ndi kulemera kofanana, mosiyana ndi malamulo a muses. kalembedwe, sasintha nyimbo (R. Strauss, SV Rachmaninov):

R. Strauss. "Don Juan".

Kugwa kwa gawo la mita mpaka kulephera kwa muyeso mu instr. recitatives, cadences, etc., zimagwirizana ndi kufunikira kowonjezereka kwa nyimbo-semantic kapangidwe ndi kugonjera kwa R. kuzinthu zina za nyimbo, khalidwe la nyimbo zamakono, makamaka nyimbo zachikondi. chinenero.

Pamodzi ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri. mawonekedwe a kamvekedwe ka mawu mu nyimbo zazaka za zana la 19. munthu amatha kuzindikira chidwi chamitundu yakale ya kayimbidwe kogwirizana ndi kukopa kwa nthano (kugwiritsa ntchito kayimbidwe ka nyimbo zachikale, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Russia, kachulukidwe kake kamene kamasungidwa m'mbiri ya Chisipanishi, Chihangare, Chisilavo Chakumadzulo, anthu angapo a Kum'mawa) ndikuwonetseratu kukonzanso kwa rhythm m'zaka za zana la 20

MG Harlap

Ngati mu 18-19 zaka. mu prof. Nyimbo za ku Ulaya. orientation R. adatenga udindo wocheperako, kenako m'zaka za zana la 20. mu njira nambala. masitayelo, chakhala chinthu chofotokozera, chofunikira kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 20 mungoli ngati chinthu chofunika kwambiri chinayamba kugwirizana ndi rhythmic. zochitika m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya. nyimbo, monga Middle Ages. modes, isorhythm 14-15 zaka. Mu nyimbo za nthawi ya classicism ndi romanticism, mtundu umodzi wokha wa nyimbo ungafanane ndi gawo lake logwira ntchito ndi mapangidwe a nyimbo zazaka za zana la 20. - "nthawi yabwinobwino ya 8-stroke", momveka bwino ndi Riemann. Komabe, nyimbo za 20th century rhythm yosiyana kwambiri ndi rhythmic. zochitika zakale: ndizokhazikika ngati muses weniweni. chodabwitsa, osadalira kuvina ndi nyimbo. kapena nyimbo zandakatulo. R.; akutanthauza. muyeso umachokera pa mfundo ya kusakhazikika, asymmetry. Ntchito yatsopano ya rhythm mu nyimbo zazaka za zana la 20. zimawululidwa mu ntchito yake yopangira, mu maonekedwe a rhythmic. thematic, rhythmic polyphony. Pankhani ya zovuta zamapangidwe, adayamba kuyandikira mgwirizano, nyimbo. Vuto la R. ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kwake monga chinthu chinayambitsa machitidwe angapo ophatikizira, kuphatikizapo stylistically payekha, okhazikika pang'ono ndi olemba muzongopeka. zolemba.

Mtsogoleri wanyimbo. R. Zaka za m'ma 20 mfundo ya kusalongosoka inadziwonetsera yokha mu kusinthasintha kokhazikika kwa siginecha ya nthawi, makulidwe osakanikirana, kutsutsana pakati pa zolinga ndi kugunda, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya rhythmic. zojambula, zopanda masikweya, ma polyrhythms okhala ndi magawano anyimbo. mayunitsi angapo ang'onoang'ono, polymetry, polychronism ya zolinga ndi mawu. Woyambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayimbidwe kosakhazikika ngati dongosolo anali IF Stravinsky, akunola zizolowezi zamtunduwu zomwe zidachokera kwa MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, komanso waku Russia. Folk vesi ndi Russian kulankhula palokha. Kutsogola m'zaka za m'ma 20 Stylistically, kutanthauzira rhythm amatsutsidwa ndi ntchito ya SS Prokofiev, amene anaphatikiza zinthu zokhazikika (kusasinthika kwanzeru, squareness, multifaceted wokhazikika, etc.) khalidwe la masitaelo a m'ma 18 ndi 19. . Nthawi zonse monga ostinato, kukhazikika kosiyanasiyana kumakulitsidwa ndi K. Orff, yemwe samachoka ku classical. Prof. miyambo, koma kuchokera ku lingaliro lakukonzanso zakale. kuvina kofotokozera. zowoneka bwino

Stravinsky a asymmetric rhythm system (mongoyerekeza, sizinaululidwe ndi wolemba) zimachokera ku njira zakusintha kwakanthawi komanso kamvekedwe kazinthu komanso pakupanga polymetry ya zigawo ziwiri kapena zitatu.

Dongosolo la rhythmic la O. Messiaen la mtundu wosawoneka bwino (womwe adalengeza m'bukulo: "Njira ya Chiyankhulo Changa Choyimba") imachokera ku kusiyana kwakukulu kwa muyeso ndi machitidwe aperiodic a miyeso yosakanikirana.

A. Schoenberg ndi A. Berg, komanso DD Shostakovich, ali ndi rhythmic. kusalongosoka kunasonyezedwa mu mfundo ya “nyimbo. prose", mu njira zopanda squareness, kusintha koloko, "peremetrization", polyrhythm (Novovenskaya School). Kwa A. Webern, kusinthasintha kwa zolinga ndi mawu, kusalowerera ndale kwanzeru ndi rhythmic kunakhala chikhalidwe. kujambula mogwirizana ndi kutsindika, muzopanga zamtsogolo. - rhythmic. canons.

M'masitayilo angapo aposachedwa, 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 20 pakati pa mitundu ya rhythmic. mabungwe malo otchuka anali rhythmic. mndandanda nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi mndandanda wa magawo ena, makamaka phula magawo (kwa L. Nono, P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, AG Schnittke, EV Denisov, AA Pyart, ndi ena). Kuchoka ku dongosolo la wotchi ndi kusinthasintha kwaulere kwa magawo a rhythmic. mayunitsi (ndi 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc.) adatsogolera ku mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya R. notation: notation mumasekondi ndi notation popanda nthawi yokhazikika. Mogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka super-polyphony ndi aleatoric. kalata (mwachitsanzo, mu D. Ligeti, V. Lutoslavsky) ikuwoneka ngati static. R., wopanda kugunda kwa mawu komanso kutsimikizika kwa tempo. Rhythmich. mawonekedwe a masitaelo aposachedwa Prof. nyimbo n'zosiyana kwenikweni ndi rhythmic. katundu wa nyimbo zazikulu, nyumba ndi estr. nyimbo za m'zaka za m'ma 20, m'malo mwake, kusinthasintha kokhazikika ndi kutsindika, mawotchi amasungabe tanthauzo lake lonse.

VN Kholopova.

Zothandizira: Serov A. N., Rhythm ngati mawu otsutsana, St. Petersburg Gazette, 1856, June 15, chimodzimodzi m’buku lake: Critical Articles, vol. 1 St. Petersburg, 1892, p. 632-39; Lvov A. F., O free kapena asymmetrical rhythm, St. Petersburg, 1858; Westphal R., Art ndi Rhythm. Agiriki ndi Wagner, Russian Messenger, 1880, No 5; Bulich S., New Theory of Musical Rhythm, Warsaw, 1884; Melgunov Yu. N., Pakuimba kwanyimbo kwa Bach's fugues, mu kope lanyimbo: Ten Fugues for Piano lolemba I. C. Bach mu rhythmic edition lolemba R. Westphalia, M., 1885; Sokalsky P. P., nyimbo zamtundu wa Chirasha, Chirasha Chachikulu ndi Chirasha Chaching'ono, m'mawu ake omveka komanso omveka komanso kusiyana kwake ndi maziko a nyimbo zamakono zamakono, Har., 1888; Zokambirana za Musical and Ethnographic Commission …, vol. 3, ayi. 1 - Zipangizo pa nyimbo ya nyimbo, M., 1907; Sabaneev L., Rhythm, m'gulu: Melos, buku. 1 St. Petersburg, 1917; wake, Nyimbo zolankhula. Kafukufuku wokongoletsa, M., 1923; Teplov B. M., Psychology ya luso loimba, M.-L., 1947; Garbuzov H. A., Zonal chikhalidwe cha tempo ndi rhythm, M., 1950; Ambiri K. G., rhythmic discipline of woyimba zeze, M.-L., 1951; Mazel L., Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960, ch. 3 - Rhythm ndi mita; Nazaikinsky E. V., O tempo nyimbo, M., 1965; ake, Pa psychology of perception of musical, M., 1972, nkhani 3 - Zofunika zachilengedwe za nyimbo; Mazel L. A., Zuckerman V. A., Kusanthula ntchito zanyimbo. Zinthu za nyimbo ndi njira zowunikira mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, M., 1967, ch. 3 - mita ndi rhythm; Kholopova V., Mafunso a rhythm mu ntchito ya olemba theka loyamba la 1971th century, M., XNUMX; ake, Pa chikhalidwe cha sanali squareness, mu Sat: Pa nyimbo. Mavuto a kusanthula, M., 1974; Harlap M. G., Rhythm of Beethoven, mu bukhu: Beethoven, Sat: Art., Issue. 1, M., 1971; wake, Folk-Russian nyimbo dongosolo ndi vuto la chiyambi cha nyimbo m'gulu: Early mitundu ya luso, M., 1972; Kon Yu., Zolemba pa rhythm mu "The Great Sacred Dance" kuchokera ku "The Rite of Spring" lolemba Stravinsky, mu: Mavuto amalingaliro amitundu ndi mitundu, M., 1971; Elatov V. I., Pambuyo pa nyimbo imodzi, Minsk, 1974; Rhythm, malo ndi nthawi muzolemba ndi zojambula, zosonkhanitsa: st., L., 1974; Hauptmann M., Die Natur der Harmonik und der Metrik, Lpz., 1853, 1873; Westphal R., Allgemeine Theorie der musikalischen Rhythmik seit J. S. Bach, Lpz., 1880; Lussy M., Le rythme musical. Son origine, sa fonction et son accentuation, P., 1883; Mabuku К., ntchito ndi rhythm, Lpz., 1897, 1924 (рус. pa. - Bucher K., Ntchito ndi rhythm, M., 1923); Riemann H., System der musikalischen Rhythmik und Metrik, Lpz., 1903; Jaques-Dalcroze E., La rythmique, pt. 1-2, Lausanne, 1907, 1916 (Russian pa. Jacques-Dalcroze E., Rhythm. Phindu lake la maphunziro pa moyo ndi luso, trans. N. Gnesina, P., 1907, M., 1922); Wiemayer Th., Musikalische Rhythmik und Metrik, Magdeburg, (1917); Forel O. L., The Rhythm. Maphunziro a Psychological, "Journal fьr Psychologie und Neurology", 1921, Bd 26, H. 1-2; R. Dumesnil, Le rythme musical, P., 1921, 1949; Tetzel E., Rhythmus und Vortrag, B., 1926; Stoin V., nyimbo zamtundu waku Bulgaria. Метрика ndi ритмика, София, 1927; Maphunziro ndi zokambirana za vuto la rhythm…, "Journal for aesthetics and general art science", 1927, vol. 21, h. 3; Klages L., Vom Wesen des Rhythmus, Z.-Lpz., 1944; Messiaen O., Technique of my musical language, P., 1944; Saсhs C., Rhythm ndi Tempo. Kafukufuku mu mbiri ya nyimbo, L.-N. Y., 1953; Willems E., Musical Rhythm. Йtude psychological, P., 1954; Elston A., Zochita zina zamanyimbo munyimbo zamakono, «MQ», 1956, v. 42, Ayi. 3; Dahlhaus С., Pakuwonekera kwa makina amakono a wotchi m'zaka za zana la 17. Century, “AfMw”, 1961, chaka 18, No 3-4; его же, Probleme des Rhythmus in der neuen Musik, в кн .: Terminologie der neuen Musik, Bd 5, В., 1965; Lissa Z., kuphatikiza Rhythmic mu "Scythian Suite" lolemba S. Prokofiev, в кн .: Pa ntchito ya Sergei Prokofiev. Maphunziro ndi zipangizo, Kr., 1962; K. Stockhausen, Texte…, Bd 1-2, Kцln, 1963-64; Smither H. E., The rhythmic analysis of 20th century music, «The Journal of Music Theory», 1964, v. 8, 1; Wolemba W. M., Alban Berg's "Constructive Rhythm", "Perspectives of New Music", 1968, v. 7, Ayi. 1; Giuleanu V., The musical rhythm, (v.