Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy) |

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy

Uyu ndi Mozart wa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, talente yowala kwambiri ya nyimbo, yomwe imamvetsetsa bwino kwambiri zotsutsana za nthawiyo ndipo koposa zonse zimagwirizanitsa. R. Schumann

F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy ndi woimba wachijeremani wa m'badwo wa Schumann, wochititsa, mphunzitsi, woimba piyano, ndi wophunzitsa nyimbo. Zochita zake zosiyanasiyana zidayang'aniridwa ndi zolinga zabwino kwambiri komanso zazikulu - zidathandizira kukwera kwa moyo wanyimbo ku Germany, kulimbikitsa miyambo yadziko, maphunziro a anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino komanso akatswiri ophunzira.

Mendelssohn anabadwira m'banja lomwe linali ndi chikhalidwe chautali. Agogo a wopeka wamtsogolo ndi wafilosofi wotchuka; bambo - mkulu wa nyumba ya banki, munthu wowunikiridwa, wodziwa bwino zaluso - adapatsa mwana wake maphunziro abwino kwambiri. Mu 1811, banjali linasamukira ku Berlin, kumene Mendelssohn adaphunzira kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi olemekezeka kwambiri - L. Berger (piyano), K. Zelter (zolemba). G. Heine, F. Hegel, TA Hoffmann, abale a Humboldt, KM Weber anapita ku nyumba ya Mendelssohn. JW Goethe anamvetsera masewera a woyimba piyano wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Misonkhano ndi wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu ku Weimar idakhalabe zikumbukiro zabwino kwambiri zaunyamata wanga.

Kuyankhulana ndi akatswiri ojambula kwambiri, zojambula zosiyanasiyana za nyimbo, kupita ku maphunziro ku yunivesite ya Berlin, malo owunikiridwa kwambiri omwe Mendelssohn anakulira - zonsezi zinathandizira kuti chitukuko chake chikhale chofulumira komanso chauzimu. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 9, Mendelssohn wakhala akuchita nawo konsati kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. zolemba zake zoyamba zikuwonekera. Kale mu unyamata wake anayamba ntchito maphunziro Mendelssohn. Kuimba kwa JS Bach's Matthew Passion (1829) motsogozedwa ndi iye kunakhala chochitika chosaiwalika m'moyo wanyimbo wa ku Germany, kunatumikira monga chisonkhezero cha kutsitsimula kwa ntchito ya Bach. Mu 1833-36. Mendelssohn ali ndi udindo wa wotsogolera nyimbo ku Düsseldorf. Chikhumbo chokweza kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito, kubwezeretsanso zolemba zakale ndi ntchito zachikale (oratorios ndi GF Handel ndi I. Haydn, ma opera a WA ​​Mozart, L. Cherubini) adathamangira kusayanjanitsika kwa akuluakulu a mzindawo, kusakhazikika kwa Anthu aku Germany.

Zochita za Mendelssohn ku Leipzig (kuyambira 1836) ngati wotsogolera gulu la oimba la Gewandhaus zidathandizira kutukuka kwatsopano kwa moyo wanyimbo wamzindawu, womwe uli kale m'zaka za zana la 100. wotchuka chifukwa cha miyambo yake ya chikhalidwe. Mendelssohn ankafuna kukopa chidwi cha omvera ku ntchito zazikulu zaluso zakale (oratorios of Bach, Handel, Haydn, Solemn Mass ndi Beethoven's Ninth Symphony). Zolinga zamaphunziro zidatsatiridwanso ndi ma concert a mbiri yakale - mtundu wina wa chitukuko cha nyimbo kuchokera ku Bach kupita kwa oimba amakono a Mendelssohn. Ku Leipzig, Mendelssohn amapereka ma concerts a nyimbo za piyano, amaimba nyimbo za Bach mu Tchalitchi cha St. Thomas, kumene "woimba wamkulu" adatumikira zaka 1843 zapitazo. Mu 38, pa ntchito ya Mendelssohn, Conservatory yoyamba ku Germany inatsegulidwa ku Leipzig, pa chitsanzo chomwe ma Conservatory analengedwa m'mizinda ina ya Germany. M'zaka za Leipzig, ntchito ya Mendelssohn inafika pachimake chamaluwa, kukhwima, luso (Violin Concerto, Scottish Symphony, nyimbo za Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, zolemba zomaliza za Nyimbo zopanda Mawu, oratorio Eliya, ndi zina zotero). Kukangana kosalekeza, mphamvu ya kuchita ndi kuphunzitsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono kufooketsa mphamvu ya wolembayo. Kugwira ntchito mopambanitsa, imfa ya okondedwa (imfa yadzidzidzi ya mlongo wa Fanny) inabweretsa imfa pafupi. Mendelssohn anamwalira ali ndi zaka XNUMX.

Mendelssohn adakopeka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mawonekedwe, kuchita njira. Ndi luso lofanana iye analemba kwa symphony oimba ndi piyano, kwaya ndi limba, chipinda ensemble ndi mawu, kuwulula zosunthika weniweni wa talente, ukatswiri wapamwamba kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa ntchito yake, ali ndi zaka 17, Mendelssohn adapanga chiwopsezo cha "A Midsummer Night Dream" - ntchito yomwe idakhudza anthu a m'nthawi yake ndi malingaliro achilengedwe, kukhwima kwa luso la wolemba komanso kutsitsimuka ndi malingaliro ochuluka. . "Kutukuka kwa unyamata kumamveka pano, chifukwa, mwina, palibe ntchito ina iliyonse ya wolemba nyimbo, mbuye womaliza adanyamuka nthawi yake yosangalatsa." Mu pulogalamu yachiwonetsero chimodzi, mouziridwa ndi nthabwala za Shakespeare, malire a dziko la nyimbo ndi ndakatulo za wolembayo adafotokozedwa. Izi ndi zongopeka zopepuka ndi kukhudza kwa scherzo, kuwuluka, kusewera modabwitsa (mavinidwe osangalatsa a elves); zithunzi zanyimbo zomwe zimaphatikiza chidwi chachikondi, chisangalalo ndi kumveka bwino, kumveka bwino; mitundu ya anthu ndi zithunzi, zithunzi za epic. Mtundu wa pulogalamu ya konsati yopangidwa ndi Mendelssohn idapangidwa mu nyimbo za symphonic zazaka za zana la 40. (G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky). Kumayambiriro kwa XNUMXs. Mendelssohn adabwerera ku sewero la Shakespearean ndikulemba nyimbo zamasewera. Manambala abwino kwambiri adapanga gulu la orchestral, lokhazikika mu nyimbo zamakonsati (Overture, Scherzo, Intermezzo, Nocturne, Ukwati Marichi).

Zomwe zili m'mabuku ambiri a Mendelssohn zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zenizeni za moyo kuchokera ku maulendo opita ku Italy (dzuwa, lodzaza ndi kuwala kwakum'mwera ndi kutentha kwa "Italian Symphony" - 1833), komanso ku mayiko a kumpoto - England ndi Scotland (zithunzi za nyanja. Element, epic yakumpoto mu "Phanga la Fingal" ("The Hebrides"), "Sea Silence and Happy Sailing" (onse 1832), mu "Scottish" Symphony (1830-42).

Maziko a ntchito ya piyano ya Mendelssohn inali "Nyimbo Zopanda Mawu" (zidutswa 48, 1830-45) - zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za tinyimbo tating'onoting'ono, mtundu watsopano wanyimbo zachikondi za piyano. Mosiyana ndi piyano yochititsa chidwi ya bravura yomwe inali ponseponse panthawiyo, Mendelssohn adapanga zidutswa mu kalembedwe ka chipinda, kuwulula pamwamba pa cantilena, mwayi womveka wa chidacho. Wolembayo adakopekanso ndi zinthu zamasewera a konsati - virtuoso brilliance, chikondwerero, chisangalalo chofanana ndi luso lake laluso (2 concertos for piyano ndi orchestra, Brilliant Capriccio, Brilliant Rondo, etc.). Concerto yotchuka ya Violin ku E minor (1844) inalowa mu thumba lachikale la mtunduwo pamodzi ndi ma concerto a P. Tchaikovsky, I. Brahms, A. Glazunov, J. Sibelius. The oratorios "Paul", "Eliya", cantata "The First Walpurgis Night" (malinga ndi Goethe) adathandizira kwambiri mbiri ya cantata-oratorio. Kukula kwa miyambo yapachiyambi ya nyimbo za ku Germany kunapitilizidwa ndi mawu oyamba a Mendelssohn ndi ma fugues a chiwalo.

Wopeka nyimboyo ankafuna kuti nyimbo zakwaya zambiri ziziperekedwa ku magulu a kwaya osaphunzira ku Berlin, Düsseldorf ndi Leipzig; ndi nyimbo za m'chipinda (nyimbo, mawu ndi zida) - za anthu osaphunzira, zopanga nyimbo zapakhomo, zodziwika kwambiri ku Germany nthawi zonse. Kulengedwa kwa nyimbo zotere, zoperekedwa kwa anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, osati kwa akatswiri okha, kunathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa cholinga chachikulu cha kulenga cha Mendelssohn - kuphunzitsa zokonda za anthu, kufotokozera mwakhama ku cholowa chachikulu, chaluso kwambiri.

I. Okhalova

• Njira yopangira →
• Kupanga kwa Symphonic →
• Zotsatira →
• Oratorios →
• Kupanga piyano →
• "Nyimbo zopanda mawu" →
• Zingwe quartets →
• Mndandanda wa ntchito →

Malo ndi malo a Mendelssohn m'mbiri ya nyimbo za ku Germany adadziwika bwino ndi PI Tchaikovsky. Mendelssohn, m'mawu ake, "nthawi zonse adzakhala chitsanzo cha chiyero cha kalembedwe, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kudzadziwika bwino kwambiri nyimbo zaumwini, zotumbululuka pamaso pa kunyezimira kwa akatswiri ngati Beethoven - koma apamwamba kwambiri kuchokera ku gulu la oimba ambiri aluso. ya sukulu ya ku Germany.”

Mendelssohn ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri ojambula omwe malingaliro awo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwawo kwafika pamlingo wa umodzi ndi kukhulupirika komwe ena a m'nthawi yake a talente yowala komanso yokulirapo sanathe kukwaniritsa.

Njira yopangira ya Mendelssohn sadziwa kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi ndi zopangapanga zolimba, zovuta komanso kukwera kokwera. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti zidachitika mosaganizira komanso mopanda mitambo. "Kufunsira" kwake koyamba kwa mbuye ndi mlengi wodziyimira pawokha - kugwedezeka kwa "Loto la Usiku wa Midsummer" - ndi ngale ya nyimbo za symphonic, chipatso cha ntchito yayikulu komanso yothandiza, yokonzedwa ndi zaka zamaphunziro aukadaulo.

Kuzama kwa chidziwitso chapadera chomwe chinapezedwa kuyambira ali mwana, kukula kwaluntha kosunthika kunathandiza Mendelssohn kumayambiriro kwa moyo wake wolenga kuti afotokoze molondola kuzungulira kwa zithunzi zomwe zimamusangalatsa, zomwe kwa nthawi yaitali, ngati si kwanthawizonse, zinagwira malingaliro ake. M'dziko la nthano zokopa, zikuwoneka kuti adadzipeza yekha. Pojambula masewera amatsenga a zithunzi zonyenga, Mendelssohn anafotokoza mophiphiritsira masomphenya ake andakatulo a dziko lenileni. Zomwe zachitika pamoyo, chidziwitso chazaka mazana ambiri zachikhalidwe chinakhutitsa luntha, ndikuyambitsa "zowongolera" pakupanga luso laukadaulo, kukulitsa kwambiri zomwe zili mu nyimbo, kuziwonjezera ndi zolinga zatsopano ndi mithunzi.

Komabe, umphumphu wa Harmonic wa luso lanyimbo la Mendelssohn linaphatikizidwa ndi kuperewera kwa mitundu yake yolenga. Mendelssohn ali kutali ndi kukhudzika kwa Schumann, kukwezedwa kosangalatsa kwa Berlioz, tsoka ndi ngwazi zokonda dziko la Chopin. Kutengeka maganizo kwamphamvu, mzimu wotsutsa, kufunafuna kosalekeza kwa mitundu yatsopano, iye anatsutsa bata la ganizo ndi kutentha kwa kumverera kwaumunthu, dongosolo lokhazikika la mitundu.

Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuganiza mophiphiritsa kwa Mendelssohn, zomwe zili mu nyimbo zake, komanso mitundu yomwe amalenga, sizidutsa luso lachikondi.

Maloto a Midsummer Night kapena Hebrides sakhala achikondi pang'ono kuposa ntchito za Schumann kapena Chopin, Schubert kapena Berlioz. Izi ndizofanana ndi zokonda zanyimbo zambali zambiri, momwe mafunde osiyanasiyana amadutsa, poyang'ana koyamba amawoneka ngati polar.

Mendelssohn akugwirizana ndi phiko la chikondi cha German, chomwe chimachokera ku Weber. Kukongola ndi zongopeka za Weber, dziko lachilengedwe lachilengedwe, ndakatulo za nthano ndi nthano zakutali, zosinthidwa ndi kukulitsidwa, zonyezimira munyimbo za Mendelssohn zokhala ndi mawu owoneka bwino atsopano.

Pamitundu yambiri yankhani zachikondi zomwe Mendelssohn adachita, mitu yokhudzana ndi zongopeka idalandira mawonekedwe omaliza mwaluso kwambiri. Palibe chodetsa nkhawa kapena chiwanda muzongopeka za Mendelssohn. Izi ndi zithunzi zowala za chilengedwe, zobadwa ndi zongopeka za anthu komanso zobalalika m'nthano zambiri, nthano, kapena zouziridwa ndi nthano zamakedzana ndi mbiri yakale, pomwe zenizeni ndi zongopeka, zenizeni ndi ndakatulo zimalumikizana kwambiri.

Kuchokera ku magwero a zophiphiritsa - maonekedwe osawoneka bwino, momwe kupepuka ndi chisomo, mawu ofewa ndi kuthawa kwa nyimbo za "zosangalatsa" za Mendelssohn zimagwirizana mwachibadwa.

Mutu wachikondi wa chilengedwe siwocheperapo komanso wachilengedwe kwa wojambula uyu. Mendelssohn, mosatengera kutanthauzira kwakunja, amapereka "mawonekedwe" ena a malo ndi njira zabwino kwambiri zofotokozera, zomwe zimadzutsa kutengeka kwake.

Mendelssohn, katswiri wodziwika bwino wanyimbo zanyimbo, adasiya masamba abwino kwambiri anyimbo zazithunzi muzolemba monga The Hebrides, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Scottish Symphony. Koma zithunzi za chilengedwe, zongopeka (nthawi zambiri zimalukidwa mopanda malire) zimadzazidwa ndi nyimbo zofewa. Lyricism - chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa talente ya Mendelssohn - imakongoletsa ntchito yake yonse.

Ngakhale kuti adadzipereka ku luso lakale, Mendelssohn ndi mwana wa msinkhu wake. Nyimbo zapadziko lapansi, nyimbo zanyimbo zidakonzeratu komwe amafufuza mwaluso. Kugwirizana ndi kachitidwe kofala kameneka munyimbo zachikondi ndizochita chidwi ndi Mendelssohn mosalekeza ndi zida zazing'ono. Mosiyana ndi luso la classicism ndi Beethoven, amene anakulitsa zovuta kwambiri zipilala mitundu, commensurate ndi filosofi generalization wa njira za moyo, mu luso la Romantics, kutsogolo kumaperekedwa kwa nyimbo, kakang'ono chida kakang'ono. Kuti atenge mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso osakhalitsa, mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono adakhala achilengedwe kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi luso la tsiku ndi tsiku la demokarasi kunatsimikizira "mphamvu" ya mtundu watsopano wa luso la nyimbo, inathandiza kukhazikitsa mwambo wina wake. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, nyimbo zazing'ono zoimbira zakhala ngati imodzi mwamitundu yotsogola. Woyimiridwa kwambiri mu ntchito ya Weber, Field, makamaka Schubert, mtundu wa zida zazing'ono zakhala zikuyenda bwino, zikupitilizabe kukhalapo ndikukula m'mikhalidwe yatsopano yazaka za zana la XNUMX. Mendelssohn ndiye wolowa m'malo mwachindunji wa Schubert. Makanema owoneka bwino omwe amalumikizana ndi Schubert - nyimbo ya pianoforte yopanda mawu. Zidutswa izi zimakopa chidwi chawo chenicheni, kuphweka ndi kuwona mtima, kukwanira kwa mawonekedwe, chisomo chapadera ndi luso.

Kufotokozera kwenikweni kwa ntchito ya Mendelssohn kwaperekedwa ndi Anton Grigorievich Rubinshtein: “… poyerekeza ndi olemba ena odziwika bwino, iye (Mendelssohn. – VG) analibe kuzama, kuzama, kukongola ... ", koma "...zolengedwa zake zonse ndi chitsanzo mwa ungwiro wa mawonekedwe, luso ndi mgwirizano ... "Nyimbo zake zopanda Mawu" ndi chuma chamtengo wapatali pa mawu ndi chithumwa cha piyano ... "Violin yake" Concerto” ndi yapadera pa kutsitsimuka, kukongola ndi ukoma wopambana ... Ntchitozi (zina zomwe Rubinstein akuphatikiza Loto la Midsummer Night ndi Phanga la Fingal. - VG) ... kumuyika iye pagulu ndi oimira apamwamba kwambiri pazaluso zanyimbo ... "

Mendelssohn analemba ntchito zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakati pawo pali ntchito zambiri zamitundu ikuluikulu: oratorios, symphonies, konsati overtures, sonatas, concertos (piyano ndi violin), nyimbo zambiri zoimbira chipinda: trios, quartets, quintets, octets. Pali nyimbo zauzimu ndi zadziko zoyimba ndi zida, komanso nyimbo zamasewera ochititsa chidwi. Msonkho wofunikira unaperekedwa ndi Mendelssohn ku mtundu wotchuka wa nyimbo za mawu; adalemba zida zambiri payekhapayekha (makamaka za piyano) ndi mawu.

Zofunika komanso zosangalatsa zili m'gawo lililonse la ntchito ya Mendelssohn, mumtundu uliwonse womwe watchulidwa. Momwemonso, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, amphamvu a wolembayo adawonekera m'malo awiri osalumikizana - m'mawu anyimbo zazing'ono za piyano komanso zongopeka za nyimbo zake zoyimba.

V. Galatskaya

Ntchito ya Mendelssohn ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Germany chazaka za zana la 19. Pamodzi ndi ntchito za ojambula ngati Heine, Schumann, Wagner wachichepere, zikuwonetsa kukwera kwaluso ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe komwe kunachitika pakati pa ziwonetsero ziwirizi (1830 ndi 1848).

Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha Germany, chomwe ntchito zonse za Mendelssohn zimagwirizana kwambiri, mu 30s ndi 40s zinali ndi chitsitsimutso chachikulu cha mphamvu za demokalase. Kutsutsa kwa magulu amphamvu, kutsutsana mosagwirizana ndi boma la absolutist, kunatenga njira zandale zowonekera ndikulowa m'magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo wauzimu wa anthu. Zizoloŵezi zotsutsa anthu m'mabuku (Heine, Berne, Lenau, Gutskov, Immermann) zinawonekera bwino, sukulu ya "ndakatulo ya ndale" inakhazikitsidwa (Weert, Herweg, Freiligrat), maganizo asayansi anakula, omwe cholinga chake chinali kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha dziko (maphunziro pa mbiri ya Chijeremani, nthano ndi zolemba za Grimm, Gervinus, Hagen).

Bungwe la zikondwerero zoyambirira za nyimbo za ku Germany, masewero a masewera a dziko la Weber, Spohr, Marschner, Wagner wamng'ono, kufalitsa utolankhani wa maphunziro a nyimbo omwe kulimbana kwa luso lopita patsogolo kunachitika (nyuzipepala ya Schumann ku Leipzig, A. Marx Berlin) - zonsezi, pamodzi ndi mfundo zina zambiri zofanana, analankhula za kukula kwa dziko kudzikonda. Mendelssohn ankakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu chikhalidwe cha zionetsero ndi kufufumitsa nzeru, amene anasiya chizindikiro pa chikhalidwe cha Germany mu 30s ndi 40s.

Polimbana ndi kuchepa kwa zokonda zapagulu, motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa gawo lazojambula, akatswiri opita patsogolo a nthawiyo adasankha njira zosiyanasiyana. Mendelssohn adawona kusankhidwa kwake pakutsitsimutsidwa kwa malingaliro apamwamba a nyimbo zachikale.

Mosasamala za ndale zankhondo, kunyalanyaza mwadala, mosiyana ndi anthu ambiri a m'nthawi yake, chida cha utolankhani wanyimbo, Mendelssohn anali komabe wojambula-wophunzitsa.

Ntchito zake zonse zambali zambiri monga woyimba, wochititsa, woyimba piyano, wokonza mapulani, mphunzitsi zidadzazidwa ndi malingaliro amaphunziro. Mu luso la demokarasi la Beethoven, Handel, Bach, Gluck, adawona chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha chikhalidwe chauzimu ndikumenyana ndi mphamvu zopanda malire kuti akhazikitse mfundo zawo mu moyo wamakono wa nyimbo wa Germany.

Zokhumba zopita patsogolo za Mendelssohn zinatsimikizira mtundu wa ntchito yake. Kutengera ndi nyimbo zamafashoni zopepuka za ma salons a bourgeois, siteji yotchuka ndi zisudzo, ntchito za Mendelssohn zidakopeka ndi kuzama kwawo, kudzisunga, "kuyera koyera" (Tchaikovsky).

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi nyimbo za Mendelssohn chinali kupezeka kwake. Pankhani imeneyi, wolemba nyimboyo anali ndi udindo wapadera kwambiri pakati pa anthu a m'nthawi yake. Luso la Mendelssohn linali logwirizana ndi zokonda zaluso zademokalase (makamaka Chijeremani). Mitu yake, zithunzi ndi mitundu yake zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chamakono cha Germany. Ntchito za Mendelssohn zikuwonetseratu zithunzi za ndakatulo za dziko, ndakatulo zaposachedwa za Chirasha ndi mabuku. Anadalira kwambiri mitundu ya nyimbo yomwe yakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali mu chikhalidwe cha demokarasi ya Germany.

Nyimbo zazikulu zakwaya za Mendelssohn zimalumikizidwa bwino ndi miyambo yakale yadziko yomwe imabwerera osati ku Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn, komanso kuzama kwa mbiri - mpaka Bach, Handel (ndi Schutz). Gulu lamakono, lodziwika bwino la "leaderthafel" silinawonekere m'makwaya ambiri a Mendelssohn, komanso m'magulu ambiri oimba, makamaka pa "Nyimbo Zopanda Ulemerero". Nthawi zonse ankakopeka ndi mitundu ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya nyimbo za m'tawuni ya ku Germany - zachikondi, gulu la chipinda, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo za piyano zapakhomo. Mawonekedwe amitundu yamakono amasiku ano adalowanso muzolemba za wolemba, wolembedwa modabwitsa-classicist.

Pomaliza, Mendelssohn anasonyeza chidwi kwambiri mu nyimbo wamba. M'mabuku ambiri, makamaka pazachikondi, adayesetsa kutsata miyambo yachi German.

Kumamatira kwa Mendelssohn ku miyambo yachikale kunamubweretsera chitonzo cha Conservatism kuchokera ku mbali ya oimba achichepere kwambiri. Panthawiyi, Mendelssohn anali kutali kwambiri ndi epigones ambiri aja omwe, monyengerera kuti ndi okhulupirika ku akale, adasokoneza nyimbozo ndi kukonzanso kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ntchito zakale.

Mendelssohn sanatsanzire akale, adayesetsa kutsitsimutsa mfundo zawo zogwira mtima komanso zapamwamba. Wolemba nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, Mendelssohn adapanga zithunzi zachikondi muzolemba zake. Pano pali "nthawi zoyimba", kuwonetsera dziko lamkati la wojambula, ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, zauzimu za chilengedwe ndi moyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mu nyimbo za Mendelssohn palibe zizindikiro zachinsinsi, nebula, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu azikondana kwambiri ndi German. Mu luso la Mendelssohn chirichonse chiri chomveka, chodziletsa, chofunikira.

“Kulikonse mukaponda pa nthaka yolimba, pa nthaka yotukuka ya ku Germany,” anatero Schumann ponena za nyimbo za Mendelssohn. Palinso chinachake cha Mozartian mu maonekedwe ake okongola, owonekera.

Kalembedwe ka nyimbo ka Mendelssohn ndithudi ndi payekha. Nyimbo zomveka bwino zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kalembedwe ka nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku, zamtundu ndi zovina, chizolowezi cholimbikitsa chitukuko, ndipo potsiriza, mawonekedwe abwino, opukutidwa amabweretsa nyimbo za Mendelssohn pafupi ndi luso lazojambula zachi German. Koma kuganiza kwa classicist kumaphatikizidwa mu ntchito yake ndi mawonekedwe achikondi. Chilankhulo chake cha harmonic ndi zida zoimbira zimadziwika ndi chidwi chowonjezeka cha mitundu. Mendelssohn ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mitundu yachipinda yofanana ndi yachikondi yaku Germany. Akuganiza motsatira mawu a piyano yatsopano, okhestra yatsopano.

Ndi zovuta zonse, ulemu, ndi chikhalidwe cha demokalase cha nyimbo zake, Mendelssohn sanakwaniritsebe kuzama kwa kulenga ndi mphamvu za omwe adatsogolera ake akuluakulu. Malo ang'onoang'ono-bourgeois, omwe adamenyana nawo, adasiya chizindikiro chodziwika pa ntchito yake. Kwa mbali zambiri, ilibe chilakolako, kulimba mtima kwenikweni, ilibe kuya kwa filosofi ndi maganizo, ndipo pali kusowa koonekera kwa mikangano yowopsya. Chithunzi cha ngwazi yamakono, ndi moyo wake wovuta kwambiri wamaganizo ndi wamaganizo, sichinawonekere mu ntchito za wolemba. Mendelssohn koposa zonse amakonda kuwonetsa mbali zowala za moyo. Nyimbo zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokongola, zomvera, zokhala ndi masewera ambiri aunyamata osasamala.

Koma potengera nyengo yanthawi yovuta, yotsutsana yomwe idakulitsa luso ndi chikondi chopanduka cha Byron, Berlioz, Schumann, bata la nyimbo za Mendelssohn limalankhula za malire ena. Wolembayo sanawonetse mphamvu zokha, komanso kufooka kwa chilengedwe chake cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Uwiriwu udakonzeratu tsogolo lachilendo la cholowa chake cholenga.

Pa nthawi ya moyo wake komanso kwa nthawi ndithu pambuyo pa imfa yake, maganizo a anthu ankakonda kufufuza woimbayo ngati woimba wofunika kwambiri pa nthawi ya Beethoven. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana, maganizo onyoza cholowa cha Mendelssohn anaonekera. Izi zidathandizidwa kwambiri ndi ma epigones ake, omwe ntchito zake zakale za nyimbo za Mendelssohn zidasinthidwa kukhala maphunziro, komanso nyimbo zake, zomwe zimakokera ku chidwi, kukhala malingaliro osabisa.

Ndipo komabe, pakati pa Mendelssohn ndi "Mendelssohnism" munthu sangathe kuyika chizindikiro chofanana, ngakhale kuti munthu sangatsutse zofooka zamaganizo zodziwika bwino za luso lake. Kuzama kwa lingaliro, ungwiro wakale wa mawonekedwe ndi kutsitsimuka komanso zachilendo za njira zaluso - zonsezi zimapangitsa ntchito ya Mendelssohn yokhudzana ndi ntchito zomwe zalowa mwamphamvu komanso mozama m'moyo wa anthu aku Germany, mu chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo.

V. Konen

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