Giacomo Meyerbeer |

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Tsogolo la J. Meyerbeer, woyimba opera wamkulu kwambiri wazaka za zana la XNUMX. – anatulukira mosangalala. Sanafunikire kupeza ndalama, monga momwe adachitira WA Mozart, F. Schubert, M. Mussorgsky ndi ojambula ena, chifukwa anabadwira m'banja la banki wamkulu wa Berlin. Sanateteze ufulu wake wachinyamata paunyamata wake - makolo ake, anthu owunikira kwambiri omwe ankakonda komanso kumvetsetsa luso, anachita zonse kuti ana awo alandire maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Aphunzitsi abwino kwambiri ku Berlin anakhomereza mwa iwo kukonda mabuku akale, mbiri yakale, ndi zinenero. Meyerbeer ankadziwa bwino Chifalansa ndi Chitaliyana, ankadziwa Chigiriki, Chilatini, Chiheberi. Abale a Giacomo analinso ndi mphatso: Wilhelm pambuyo pake adakhala katswiri wa zakuthambo wotchuka, mchimwene wake, yemwe adamwalira molawirira, anali wolemba ndakatulo waluso, wolemba za tsoka la Struensee, pomwe Meyerbeer adalemba nyimbo.

Giacomo, yemwe anali wamkulu pa abale, anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo ali ndi zaka 5. Atapita patsogolo kwambiri, ali ndi zaka 9 anachita nawo konsati yapoyera ndi sewero la Concerto ya Mozart mu D minor. M. Clementi wotchuka akukhala mphunzitsi wake, ndipo woimba wotchuka ndi theorist Abbot Vogler wochokera ku Darmstadt, atamvetsera kwa Meyerbeer wamng'ono, amamulangiza kuti aphunzire zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi wophunzira wake A. Weber. Pambuyo pake, Vogler mwiniyo akuitana Meyerbeer ku Darmstadt (1811), kumene ophunzira ochokera ku Germany konse adadza kwa mphunzitsi wotchuka. Kumeneko Meyerbeer anakhala bwenzi ndi KM Weber, mlembi wamtsogolo wa The Magic Shooter ndi Euryanta.

Zina mwa zoyeserera zodziyimira pawokha za Meyerbeer ndi cantata "Mulungu ndi Chilengedwe" ndi 2 operas: "Lumbiro la Yefita" pa nkhani ya m'Baibulo (1812) ndi nthano, pa chiwembu cha nthano ya "A Thousand and One Nights" , "Wolandira ndi Mlendo" (1813). Opera adawonetsedwa ku Munich ndi Stuttgart ndipo sanachite bwino. Otsutsawo anadzudzula wolemba nyimboyo chifukwa chouma ndi kusowa kwa mphatso yanyimbo. Weber adatonthoza bwenzi lake lomwe adagwa, ndipo wodziwa bwino A. Salieri adamulangiza kuti apite ku Italy kuti akawone kukongola ndi kukongola kwa nyimbo zochokera kwa ambuye ake akuluakulu.

Meyerbeer amakhala ku Italy zaka zingapo (1816-24). Nyimbo za G. Rossini zimalamulira pazigawo za zisudzo za ku Italy, zoyambira za opera zake Tancred ndi The Barber of Seville ndizopambana. Meyerbeer amayesetsa kuphunzira kalembedwe katsopano. Ku Padua, Turin, Venice, Milan, masewera ake atsopano amasewera - Romilda and Constanza (1817), Semiramide Recognized (1819), Emma wa Resburg (1819), Margherita waku Anjou (1820), Exile from Grenada (1822) ndi, potsiriza, opera yochititsa chidwi kwambiri zaka zimenezo, The Crusader in Egypt (1824). Sizikuyenda bwino ku Europe kokha, komanso ku USA, ku Brazil, zina mwazomwe zimatchuka.

"Sindinafune kutsanzira Rossini," akutero Meyerbeer ndipo akuwoneka kuti akudzilungamitsa, "ndi kulemba mu Chitaliyana, monga amanenera, koma ndinayenera kulemba choncho ... chifukwa cha kukopa kwanga mkati." Zowonadi, abwenzi ambiri achijeremani a wolembayo - ndipo makamaka Weber - sanalandire kusinthika uku kwa Italy. Kupambana pang'ono kwa nyimbo za ku Italy za Meyerbeer ku Germany sikunafooketse wolembayo. Anali ndi cholinga chatsopano: Paris - malo akuluakulu a ndale ndi chikhalidwe panthawiyo. Mu 1824, Meyerbeer anaitanidwa ku Paris ndi maestro Rossini, amene sanaganize kuti akutenga sitepe yakupha kutchuka kwake. Amathandizira ngakhale kupanga The Crusader (1825), kuthandizira wolemba nyimbo wachinyamatayo. Mu 1827, Meyerbeer anasamukira ku Paris, kumene anapeza nyumba yake yachiwiri ndi kumene kutchuka padziko lonse kunabwera kwa iye.

ku Paris kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1820. moyo wovuta wandale ndi waluso. Kusintha kwa ma bourgeois kwa 1830 kunali kuyandikira. Ma bourgeoisie omasuka anali kukonza pang'onopang'ono kuthetsedwa kwa ma Bourbons. Dzina la Napoleon lazunguliridwa ndi nthano zachikondi. Malingaliro a utopian socialism akufalikira. Young V. Hugo m'mawu oyamba otchuka a sewero "Cromwell" akulengeza malingaliro a luso latsopano la zojambulajambula - chikondi. M'malo oimba nyimbo, pamodzi ndi ma opera a E. Megul ndi L. Cherubini, ntchito za G. Spontini ndizodziwika kwambiri. Zithunzi za Aroma akale omwe adalenga m'maganizo a Afalansa ali ndi zofanana ndi ngwazi za nthawi ya Napoleon. Pali zisudzo za G. Rossini, F. Boildieu, F. Aubert. G. Berlioz akulemba nyimbo yake yatsopano ya Fantastic Symphony. Olemba opita patsogolo ochokera kumayiko ena amabwera ku Paris - L. Berne, G. Heine. Meyerbeer amayang'anitsitsa moyo wa Parisian, amalumikizana ndi zaluso komanso zamabizinesi, amapita kumawonetsero owonetserako zisudzo, mwa omwe ali ndi ntchito ziwiri zodziwika bwino za zisudzo zachikondi - Aubert's The Mute from Portici (Fenella) (1828) ndi Rossini's William Tell (1829). Chofunikira kwambiri chinali msonkhano wa wolemba nyimbo ndi womasulira wamtsogolo E. Scribe, katswiri wodziwa bwino za zisudzo komanso zokonda za anthu, katswiri wazopanga masewero. Chotsatira cha mgwirizano wawo chinali opera yachikondi Robert the Devil (1831), yomwe inali yopambana kwambiri. Kusiyanitsa kowoneka bwino, zochitika zamoyo, manambala ochititsa chidwi a mawu, nyimbo za orchestra - zonsezi zimakhala zodziwika bwino pamasewera ena a Meyerbeer.

Chiwonetsero choyambirira chachipambano cha The Huguenots (1836) potsiriza chinaphwanya onse otsutsana naye. Kutchuka kwakukulu kwa Meyerbeer kumalowanso kudziko lakwawo - Germany. Mu 1842, Mfumu ya Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV inamuitanira ku Berlin monga wotsogolera nyimbo. Ku Berlin Opera, Meyerbeer amalandira R. Wagner kuti apange The Flying Dutchman (wolembayo amachitira), akuyitanitsa Berlioz, Liszt, G. Marschner ku Berlin, ali ndi chidwi ndi nyimbo za M. Glinka ndipo amachita atatu kuchokera kwa Ivan Susanin. . Nayenso Glinka analemba kuti: “Gulu la oimba loimba linkatsogozedwa ndi Meyerbeer, koma tiyenera kuvomereza kuti iye ndi woimba bwino kwambiri m’mbali zonse.” Kwa Berlin, wolembayo amalemba opera Camp ku Silesia (gawo lalikulu likuchitidwa ndi J. Lind wotchuka), ku Paris, Mneneri (1849), The North Star (1854), Dinora (1859) amapangidwa. Opera yomaliza ya Meyerbeer, The African Woman, adawona siteji patatha chaka chimodzi atamwalira, mu 1865.

Mu ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri, Meyerbeer akuwoneka ngati mbuye wamkulu kwambiri. Luso la nyimbo zapamwamba, makamaka m'munda wa orchestration ndi nyimbo, silinatsutsidwe ngakhale ndi adani ake R. Schumann ndi R. Wagner. Kukhoza bwino kwa gulu la oimba kumapangitsa kuti ikwaniritse zowoneka bwino komanso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri (zochitika m'tchalitchi chachikulu, gawo la maloto, kuguba kwachifumu mu opera ya Mneneri, kapena kupatulidwa kwa malupanga mu The Huguenots). Osachepera luso komanso kukhala ndi makwaya ambiri. Chikoka cha ntchito ya Meyerbeer chinachitikira ambiri a m'nthawi yake, kuphatikizapo Wagner mu zisudzo za Rienzi, The Flying Dutchman, ndipo zina ku Tannhäuser. Anthu a m'nthawi yake adakopekanso ndi ndale zamasewera a Meyerbeer. Mu ziwembu za mbiri yakale, adawona kulimbana kwa malingaliro amasiku ano. Wolembayo adatha kumva mochenjera nthawiyo. Heine, yemwe ankasangalala ndi ntchito ya Meyerbeer, analemba kuti: “Iye ndi munthu wa m’nthaŵi yake, ndipo nthaŵi, amene nthaŵi zonse amadziŵa kusankha anthu ake, anam’kweza mopanda phokoso n’kulengeza ulamuliro wake.”

E. Illeva

Zolemba:

machitidwe – Lumbiro la Jephtha (The Jephtas Oath, Jephtas Gelübde, 1812, Munich), Host ndi mlendo, kapena nthabwala (Wirth und Gast oder Aus Scherz Ernst, 1813, Stuttgart; under the title two caliphs, Die beyden Kalifen, 1814, Kr. ”, Vienna; under the name Alimelek, 1820, Prague and Vienna), Brandenburg Gate (Das Brandenburger Tor, 1814, not permanent), Bachelor from Salamanca (Le bachelier de Salamanque, 1815 (?), not finished), Student from Strasbourg (L'etudiant de Strasbourg, 1815 (?), Osamaliza), Robert ndi Elisa (1816, Palermo), Romilda ndi Constanta (melodrama, 1817, Padua), Odziwika Semiramis (Semiramide riconsciuta, 1819, tr. "Reggio", Turin), Emma waku Resburg (1819, tr “San Benedetto”, Venice; pansi pa dzina lakuti Emma Lester, kapena Voice of Conscience, Emma von Leicester oder Die Stimme des Gewissens, 1820, Dresden), Margaret wa Anjou (1820, tr “ La Scala”, Milan), Almanzor (1821, did not finish), Exile from Grenada (L'esule di Granada, 1822, tr “La Scala”, Milan), Crusader in Egypt (Il crociato ku Egitto, 1824, tr Fenich e”, Venice), Ines di Castro, kapena Pedro waku Portugal (Ines di Castro o sia Pietro di Portogallo, melodrama, 1825, osamalizidwa), Robert the Devil (Robert le Diable, 1831, “Mfumu. Academy of Music and Dance, Paris), Huguenots (Les Huguenots, 1835, post. 1836, ibid; ku Russia pansi pa dzina lakuti Guelphs ndi Ghibellines), Phwando la Khoti ku Ferrara (Das Hoffest von Ferrara, chikondwerero cha carnival ya khoti chinavala zovala Ball, 1843, Royal Palace, Berlin), Camp ku Silesia (Ein Feldlager ku Schlesien, 1844, "King. Spectacle", Berlin), Noema, kapena Kulapa (Nolma ou Le repentir, 1846, sanathe.), Mneneri ( Le prophète, 1849, King's Academy of Music and Dance, Paris; ku Russia pansi pa dzina lakuti The Siege of Ghent, ndiye John wa Leiden), Northern Star (L'étoile du nord, 1854, Opera Comic, Paris); anagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za opera Camp ku Silesia), Judith (1854, sizinathe.), Ploermel kukhululukidwa (Le pardon de Ploërmel, poyamba ankatchedwa Treasure Seeker, Le chercheur du tresor; wotchedwanso Dinora, kapena Pilgrimage to Ploermel, Dinorah oder Die Wallfahrt nach Ploermel; 1859, tr Opera Comic, Paris), African (dzina loyambirira Vasco da Gama, 1864, post. 1865, Grand Opera, Steam izh); zosangalatsa - Kuwoloka Mtsinje, kapena Mkazi Wansanje (Le passage de la riviere ou La femme jalouse; amatchedwanso The Fisherman and the Milkmaid, kapena Phokoso Lambiri Chifukwa Chakupsompsona, 1810, tr "King of the Spectacle", Berlin) ; olankhula - Mulungu ndi chilengedwe (Gott und die Natur, 1811); za orchestra - Kuguba kwachikondwerero kupita ku ufumu wa William I (1861) ndi ena; kwaya - Masalimo 91 (1853), Stabat Mater, Miserere, Te Deum, masalimo, nyimbo za oimba payekha ndi kwaya (zosasindikizidwa); kwa mawu ndi piyano - Nyimbo za St. 40, zachikondi, ma ballads (pa mavesi a IV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Relshtab, E. Deschamps, M. Bera, etc.); nyimbo zowonetsera zisudzo, kuphatikizapo Struenze (sewero la M. Behr, 1846, Berlin), Youth of Goethe (La jeunesse de Goethe, sewero la A. Blaze de Bury, 1859, losasindikizidwa).