Zdeněk Fibich |

Zdenek Fibich

Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Czech Z. Fibich, pamodzi ndi B. Smetana ndi A. Dvorak, ali m'gulu la omwe anayambitsa sukulu ya nyimbo za dziko. Moyo ndi ntchito ya woimbayo zikugwirizana ndi kuwuka kwa gulu lokonda dziko la Czech Republic, kukula kwa kudzidalira kwa anthu ake, ndipo izi zinawonekera bwino kwambiri mu ntchito zake. Fiebich, wodziwa kwambiri mbiri ya dziko lake, nyimbo zake zoimba, adathandizira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha Czech komanso makamaka zisudzo.

Wopeka nyimboyo anabadwira m’banja la m’nkhalango. Fiebich anakhala ubwana wake pakati pa chikhalidwe chodabwitsa cha Czech Republic. Kwa moyo wake wonse, adakumbukira kukongola kwake kwandakatulo ndikujambula mu ntchito yake yachikondi, zithunzi zochititsa chidwi zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Mmodzi mwa anthu odziwa bwino kwambiri a nthawi yake, ali ndi chidziwitso chozama komanso chodziwika bwino pa nkhani ya nyimbo, mabuku ndi filosofi, Fibich anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo mwaukadaulo ali ndi zaka 14. Analandira maphunziro ake oimba ku Smetana Music School ku Prague, ndiye ku Leipzig Conservatory, ndipo kuyambira 1868 adachita bwino monga wolemba nyimbo, choyamba ku Paris ndipo, pambuyo pake, ku Mannheim. Kuyambira 1871 (kupatula zaka ziwiri - 1873-74, pamene ankaphunzitsa pa RMS School of Music ku Vilnius), wolemba nyimboyo ankakhala ku Prague. Apa iye anagwira ntchito monga wochititsa wachiwiri ndi woimba kwa Provisional Theatre, wotsogolera kwaya wa Russian Orthodox Church, ndi kuyang'anira repertory mbali ya gulu la zisudzo wa National Theatre. Ngakhale kuti Fibich sanaphunzitse m’masukulu oimba ku Prague, anali ndi ophunzira amene pambuyo pake anadzakhala oimira otchuka a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Czechoslovakia. Ena mwa iwo ndi K. Kovarzovits, O. Ostrchil, 3. Nejedly. Kuphatikiza apo, chothandizira chachikulu cha Fiebich pazaphunziro chinali kupanga sukulu yoimba piyano.

Miyambo ya chikondi cha nyimbo ku Germany inathandiza kwambiri pakupanga luso la nyimbo la Phoebech. Chofunikira kwambiri chinali chilakolako changa cha zolemba zachikondi za Czech, makamaka ndakatulo za J. Vrchlicki, zomwe ntchito zake zinapanga maziko a ntchito zambiri za wolemba. Monga wojambula, Fiebich adadutsa njira yovuta yosinthira kulenga. Ntchito zake zazikulu zoyambirira za 60-70s. odzazidwa ndi malingaliro okonda dziko lawo a gulu lachitsitsimutso la dziko, ziwembu ndi zithunzi zidabwerekedwa ku mbiri yakale ya Czech ndi ma epos amtundu wa anthu, zodzaza ndi njira zofotokozera za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ndi kuvina. Zina mwa ntchitozi, ndakatulo ya symphonic Zaboy, Slavoy ndi Ludek (1874), opera-ballad Blanik (1877), zojambula za symphonic Toman ndi Forest Fairy, ndi Spring zinali zina mwa ntchito zomwe zinabweretsa kutchuka kwa wolemba nyimbo kwa nthawi yoyamba. . Komabe, gawo la zilandiridwenso pafupi ndi Phoebe linali sewero lanyimbo. Ndi mmenemo, kumene mtunduwo umafuna mgwirizano wapamtima pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zojambulajambula, kuti chikhalidwe chapamwamba, luntha ndi luntha la wolembayo anapeza ntchito yawo. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale aku Czech amati, ndi Mkwatibwi wa Messina (1883), Fibich adalemeretsa opera yaku Czech ndi tsoka lanyimbo, lomwe silinafanane nawo panthawiyo potengera luso lake lochititsa chidwi. Chakumapeto kwa 80s - koyambirira 90-x gg pa. Fibich amadzipereka kugwira ntchito yake yopambana kwambiri - siteji ya melodrama-trilogy "Hippodamia". Zolembedwa ku lemba la Vrchlitsky, yemwe adayambitsa nthano zakale zachi Greek zodziwika bwino pano mu mzimu wa malingaliro afilosofi a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, ntchitoyi ili ndi luso lapamwamba laukadaulo, imatsitsimutsa ndikutsimikizira kuthekera kwa mtundu wa melodrama.

Zaka khumi zomalizira za ntchito ya Febeki zinali zobala zipatso kwambiri. Iye analemba 4 operas: "The Tempest" (1895), "Gedes" (1897), "Sharka" (1897) ndi "Kugwa kwa Arcana" (1899). Komabe, chilengedwe chofunika kwambiri cha nthawi imeneyi anali zikuchokera wapadera kwa dziko lonse limba mabuku - mkombero wa 376 zidutswa limba "Moods, masomphenya ndi kukumbukira". Mbiri ya chiyambi chake ikugwirizana ndi dzina la Anezka Schulz, mkazi wa wolemba. Kuzungulira kumeneku, kotchedwa Z. Nejedly "Diary ya chikondi cha Fiebich", sikunangokhala chithunzithunzi cha malingaliro aumwini ndi apamtima a wolembayo, koma anali mtundu wa labotale yolenga yomwe adajambulapo zinthu zambiri za ntchito zake. Zithunzi zazifupi za kuzungulirako zidasinthidwa mwanjira yachilendo mu Symphonies Yachiwiri ndi Yachitatu ndipo zidakhala ndi mantha apadera mu symphonic idyll Isanafike Madzulo. Zolemba za violin za nyimboyi, za woyimba zeze wodziwika bwino waku Czech J. Kubelik, zidadziwika kwambiri pansi pa dzina loti "ndakatulo".

I. Vetlitsyna