Quarter tone system |

Makina amtundu wa kotala, nyimbo zamtundu wa kotala

German Vierteltonmusik, English. nyimbo za quarter-tone, French musicque en quarts de ton, ital. nyimbo ndi quarti di tono

Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa ma microchromatics, dongosolo la phokoso (nthawi), mulingo wake womwe umapangidwa ndi mawu opangidwa mu kotala matani. Octave ku Ch. imaphatikizapo magawo 24 a phokoso (monga momwe MV Matyushin amafotokozera, "Dongosolo la double chromatism"). Kufotokozera. Ch. s intervals, kuwonjezera pa kotala-toni zosavuta, zikuphatikizapo zotumphukira (zophatikizika) zazing'ono zazing'ono - 3/4 toni, 5/4 toni, 7/4 toni, etc. Polemba ma microtones a Ch. zilembo zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (onani tebulo).

Palinso makiyi apadera:

("makiyi apamwamba") - machitidwe a chimodzi mwa zigawo za chidutswa cha 1/4 toni yapamwamba,

("chifungulo chotsika") - 1/4 toni yotsika. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya matanthauzidwe a chis ndi: melismatic (ma microtones ngati chokongoletsera choyimba, kuyimba kwa maziko akulu), kuponderezedwa (ma microtones ngati masitepe odziyimira pawokha komanso ofanana a dongosolo), sonoristic (ma microtones ngati gawo la ma timbre-sound complexes omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito magawo ang'onoang'ono odziyimira pawokha; onani Sonorism).

Zinthu Ch. poyamba anakula kukhala nyimbo. mchitidwe ndipo ankazindikiridwa theoretically m'nthawi zakale monga enharmonic microintervals. mtundu (onani Enarmonics). Matoni a kotala adatanthauziridwa mu nyimbo zoyambira. modabwitsa. (Kachitsanzo cha liwu lachigiriki lakale lakuti “enbrmona”, onani nkhani yakuti Melodiya) Intervals Ch. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo zachikhalidwe za ku East. anthu (Aarabu, Turkey, Irani).

Mu Middle Ages, zinthu za Ch. nthawi zina amapezeka ngati echo ya zakale. enarmonics. Kuyesera kusamutsa Greek frets (ndi genera) masiku ano. mchitidwewu unabweretsedwa ndi oimba ena azaka za 16th-17th. pakugwiritsa ntchito matani a kotala (mu kutanthauzira kwabwino, onani tebulo, komanso popondapo, onani chitsanzo mu gawo 524). Eve wazaka za zana la 20 adadziwika ndi chidwi chatsopano cha Ch. ndi ma microchromatics ambiri (pakati pa zoyamba ndi zoyeserera za AJ Gruss). Mu 1892 buku la GA Behrens-Zenegalden lonena za Ch. (kutanthauziridwa kale m'lingaliro latsopano, monga dongosolo la 24), momwe chida chofananira ("achromatisches Klavier") chinaperekedwanso, mu 1898 J. Fulds anapanga quartet ya chingwe cha kotala. Mu 1900-1910s. ku ch. Olemba R. Stein, W. Möllendorff, IA Vyshnegradsky, C. Ives, ndi ena anagwiritsa ntchito. Wolemba nyimbo wachi Czech ndi theorist A. Khaba. Nthawi yomweyo, woyamba amagwira ntchito za Ch. ku Russia (MV Matyushin, AS Lurie). Mu 20s. Zaka za m'ma 20 Ch. s. anaphunzira ndi luso la kadzidzi. olemba ndi theorists (zolemba za GM Rimsky-Korsakov, AA Kenel, NA Malakhovskii; ntchito zongopeka za GM Rimsky-Korsakov, VM Belyaev, AM Avraamov ndi ena.). Ntchito zosiyanasiyana Ch. analandira pambuyo 2 Nkhondo Yadziko 1939-45: mu chimango chamakono. chromatic tonality (ma semitone 12 amapanga mtundu wa "diatonic" poyerekezera ndi kotala-toni), muzomwe zimatchedwa. ufulu atonality, mogwirizana ndi serial, makamaka sonoristic kutanthauzira Ch. P. Boulez, M. Kagel, S. Bussotti, A. Zimmerman, ndi opeka angapo a Soviet Union analankhula naye. Chitsanzo Ch. (kumveka kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za zingwe zokhala ndi mawu omveka bwino):

EV Denisov. Trio ya violin, cello ndi pianoforte, kayendedwe ka 1, mipiringidzo 28-29.

Zothandizira: Matyushin MV, Kalozera pakuphunzira kwa nyimbo za kotala za violin, ..., 1915; Lurie A., Ku nyimbo za chromatism yapamwamba, mu Sat.: "Sagittarius", P., 1915; Belyaev VM, nyimbo za Quarter-tone, "Moyo wa Art", 1925, No 18; Rimsky-Korsakov GM, Kulungamitsidwa kwa dongosolo la nyimbo za kotala, "De musica", Sat. 1, L., 1925; Kapelyush BN, Archives of MV Matyushin ndi EG Guro, m’buku lakuti: Yearbook of the Manuscript Department of the Pushkin House for 1974, L., 1976; Vicentino N., L antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, Roma, 1555, facsimile. ed., Kassel, 1959; Behrens-Senegalden GA, Die Vierteltöne in der Musik, B., 1892; Wellek A., Viertelton ndi Fortschritt, “NZfM”, 1925, Jahrg. 92; Wyschnegradsky I., Quartertonal nyimbo…, “Pro Musica Quarterly”, 1927; ake, Manuel d harmonie a quarts de ton, P., (1932); Haba A., Flügel ndi Klavier der Vierteltonmusik, “Die Musik”, 1928, Jahrg. 21, H. 3; wake, Mein Weg zur Viertel- und Sechstelton-Musik, Düsseldorf, 1971; Schneider S., Mikrotöne in der Musik des 20. Jahrhunderts, Bonn, 1975; Gojowy D., Neue sowjetische Musik der 20-en Jahre, (Laaber), 1980; Ludvová J., Anton Joseph Gruss (1816-1893) ndi jeho ctvrttуny, "Hudebnin veda", 1980, No2.

Yu. N. Kholopov