Giovanni Paisiello |

Giovanni Paisiello

G. Paisiello ndi a oimba a ku Italy omwe talente yawo inawululidwa momveka bwino mu mtundu wa opera-buffa. Ndi ntchito ya Paisiello ndi a m'nthawi yake - B. Galuppi, N. Piccinni, D. Cimarosa - nthawi ya maluwa okongola a mtundu uwu mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 1754 ikugwirizana. Maphunziro a pulaimale ndi luso loyamba loimba Paisiello analandira ku koleji ya Ajesuit. Zambiri za moyo wake zidakhala ku Naples, komwe adaphunzira ku San Onofrio Conservatory ndi F. Durante, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wa opera, mlangizi wa G. Pergolesi ndi Piccinni (63-XNUMX).

Atalandira mutu wa wothandizira mphunzitsi, Paisiello anaphunzitsa ku Conservatory, ndipo anathera nthawi yake yopuma polemba. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1760. Paisiello ndi wolemba nyimbo wotchuka kwambiri ku Italy; masewera ake (makamaka buffa) bwinobwino anachita mu zisudzo ku Milan, Rome, Venice, Bologna, etc., kukumana zokonda mwachilungamo lonse, kuphatikizapo kuunikira, anthu.

Choncho, wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wa Chingelezi C. Burney (mlembi wa "Maulendo Oimba" otchuka) adalankhula kwambiri za buffa opera "Intrigues of Love" yomwe inamveka ku Naples: "... Ndinkakonda kwambiri nyimbo; inali yodzaza ndi moto ndi zongopeka, ma ritornellos adadzaza ndi ndime zatsopano, ndi mbali zomveka zokhala ndi nyimbo zokongola komanso zosavuta zomwe zimakumbukiridwa ndikunyamulidwa ndi inu mutatha kumvetsera koyamba kapena zitha kuchitidwa mubwalo lanyumba ndi gulu laling'ono la oimba ndi oimba. ngakhale, popanda chida china, ndi harpsichord ".

Mu 1776, Paisiello anapita ku St. Petersburg, kumene anatumikira monga wolemba nyimbo m’khoti kwa zaka pafupifupi 10. (Mchitidwe woitanira anthu oimba a ku Italy unali utakhazikitsidwa kalekale m’bwalo la mfumu; Otsogolera Paisiello ku St. Petersburg anali katswiri woimba wotchuka wotchedwa B. Galuppi ndi T. Traetta.) Pakati pa zisudzo zambiri za m’nyengo ya “Petersburg” ndi The Servant-Mistress (1781), kutanthauzira kwatsopano kwa chiwembucho, zaka makumi asanu zapitazo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu opera yotchuka ya Pergolesi - kholo la mtundu wa buffa; komanso The Barber of Seville yochokera pa sewero lanthabwala la P. Beaumarchais (1782), lomwe lidachita bwino kwambiri ndi anthu aku Europe kwazaka makumi angapo. (Pamene G. Rossini wachichepere mu 1816 anatembenukiranso ku nkhani imeneyi, ambiri anaiona kukhala yolimba mtima kwambiri.)

Ma opera a Paisiello adawonetsedwa m'bwalo lamilandu komanso m'malo owonetserako anthu ambiri ademokalase - Bolshoi (Mwala) ku Kolomna, Maly (Volny) pa Tsaritsyn Meadow (tsopano Munda wa Mars). Ntchito za woyimba khothi zidaphatikizanso kupanga zida zoimbira zikondwerero zamakhothi ndi makonsati: mu cholowa cha Paisiello pali mitundu 24 ya zida zamphepo (ena ali ndi mayina a pulogalamu - "Diana", "Noon", "Sunset", "Sunset", etc.), zidutswa za clavier, chamber ensembles. M’makonsati achipembedzo ku St.

Kubwerera ku Italy (1784), Paisiello adalandira udindo monga wopeka ndi woimba nyimbo ku khoti la Mfumu ya Naples. Mu 1799, pamene asilikali a Napoleon, mothandizidwa ndi anthu a ku Italy osintha zinthu, anagonjetsa ufumu wa Bourbon ku Naples ndi kulengeza Republic of Parthenopean, Paisiello anatenga udindo wa mkulu wa nyimbo za dziko. Koma patapita miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, wolemba nyimboyo anachotsedwa ntchito yake. (Republic inagwa, mfumu inabwerera ku mphamvu, woyang'anira gululo anaimbidwa mlandu woukira boma - m'malo motsatira mfumu ku Sicily panthawi ya zipolowe, adapita kumbali ya opandukawo.)

Panthawiyi, pempho loyesa linachokera ku Paris - kutsogolera bwalo lamilandu la Napoleon. Mu 1802 Paisiello anafika ku Paris. Komabe, kukhala ku France sikunapite nthawi. Mosasamala analandiridwa ndi anthu French (opera seria Proserpina olembedwa ku Paris ndi interlude Camillette sanali bwino), iye anabwerera kwawo kale mu 1803. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, wopeka ankakhala payekha, payekha, kusunga kugwirizana yekha ndi ake. abwenzi apamtima.

Zaka zoposa 100 za ntchito ya Paisiello zidadzala ndi zochitika zambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana - adasiya ma opera opitilira 12, oratorios, cantatas, misa, ntchito zambiri za okhestra (mwachitsanzo, ma symphonies 1784 - XNUMX) ndi ma ensembles achipinda. Mbuye wamkulu wa opera-buffa, Paisiello adakweza mtundu uwu ku gawo latsopano lachitukuko, adakulitsa luso la sewero lanthabwala (nthawi zambiri ndi gawo lakuthwa konyodola) mawonekedwe anyimbo a otchulidwa, adalimbitsa gawo la oimba.

Ma opera ochedwa amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yophatikizira - kuchokera ku "zovomerezeka" zosavuta kwambiri mpaka zomaliza zazikulu, momwe nyimbo zimawonetsera zovuta zonse zamasewera. Ufulu pakusankha ziwembu ndi zolemba zolemba zimasiyanitsa ntchito ya Paisiello ndi ambiri a m'nthawi yake omwe amagwira ntchito mu mtundu wa buffa. Kotero, mu "Miller" wotchuka (1788-89) - imodzi mwa zisudzo zabwino kwambiri za m'zaka za XVIII. - mawonekedwe aubusa, ma idyll amalumikizidwa ndi nthabwala zamatsenga komanso zamatsenga. (Mitu ya opera iyi inapanga maziko a kusiyanasiyana kwa piyano ya L. Beethoven.) Njira zamwambo za opera yoopsa yanthano zikunyozedwa mu The Imaginary Philosopher. Paisiello, yemwe anali katswiri wa makhalidwe ochititsa chidwi, sananyalanyaze ngakhale Gluck's Orpheus (sewero la buffa lakuti The Deceived Tree ndi The Imaginary Socrates). Wolembayo adakopekanso ndi nkhani zakunja zakum'mawa zomwe zinali zowoneka bwino panthawiyo ("Polite Arab", "Chinese Idol"), komanso "Nina, kapena Wamisala ndi Chikondi" ali ndi sewero lanyimbo. Mfundo zopanga za Paisiello zidavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi WA ​​Mozart ndipo zidakhudza kwambiri G. Rossini. Mu 1868, m’zaka zake zocheperapo, mlembi wotchuka wa The Barber wa ku Seville analemba kuti: “M’bwalo lamasewero la ku Paris, panthaŵi ina panaperekedwa buku lakuti The Barber la Paisiello: ngale ya nyimbo zopanda luso ndi zisudzo. Chakhala chipambano chachikulu komanso choyenera.”

I. Okhalova

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Chatterbox (Il сiarlone 1764, Bologna), Chinese fano (L'idolo cinese, 1766, post. 1767, tr "Nuovo", Naples), Don Quixote (Don Chisciotte della Mancia, 1769, tr "Fiorentini"), Naples Artaxerxes (1771, Modena), Alexander ku India (Alessandro nelle Indie, 1773, ibid.), Andromeda (1774, Milan), Demophon (1775, Venice), Imaginary Socrates (Socrates immaginario, 1775, Naples), Nitteti, 1777 St. Petersburg), Achilles on Skyros (Achille in Sciro, 1778, ibid.), Alcides at the crossroads (Alcide al bivio, 1780, ibid.), Maid-mistress (La serva padrona, 1781, Tsarskoye Selo), Seville barber , kapena Vain precaution (Il barbiere di Siviglia ovvero La precauzione inutile, 1782, St. Petersburg), dziko la Lunar (Il mondo della luna, 1783, Kamenny tr, St. Petersburg), Mfumu Theodore ku Venice (Il re Teodoro ku Venezia, 1784 , Vienna), Antigonus (Antigono, 1785, Naples), Phanga la Trophonia (La grotta di Trofonio, 1785, ibid.), Phaedra (1788, ibid.), Miller's Woman (La molinara, 1789, ibid., original ed. - Chikondindi zopinga yanga, kapena Little Miller's Woman, L'arnor differentato o sia La molinara, 1788), Gypsies at the Fair (I zingari in fiera, 1789, ibid.), Nina, or Mad with Love (Nina o sia La pazza) per amore, 1789, Caserta), Anasiya Dido (Di-done abbandonata, 1794, Naples), Andromache (1797, ibid.), Proserpina (1803, Paris), Pythagoreans (I pittagorici, 1808, Naples) ndi ena; oratorios, cantatas, misa, Te Deum; za orchestra - 12 symphonies (12 sinfonie concertante, 1784) ndi ena; ma ensembles a chipinda, в т.ч. posv. великой кн. Марии Фёдоровне Zosonkhanitsidwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Rondeau ndi ma capriccio okhala ndi Violin ya p. fte, yopangidwira momveka bwino kwa SAI The Grand Duchess of the Russias onse, ndi др.