Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina |

Giovanni Pierluigi wochokera ku Palestrina

Wolemba nyimbo wachi Italiya wodziwika bwino wazaka za zana la XNUMX, mbuye wosayerekezeka wa nyimbo zamakwaya, G. Palestrina, limodzi ndi O. Lasso, ndi m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri panyimbo zakumapeto kwa Renaissance. Mu ntchito yake, wochuluka kwambiri mu voliyumu komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu, luso lakwaya la polyphony, lomwe linayamba zaka mazana angapo (makamaka ndi oimba a sukulu yotchedwa Franco-Flemish School), linafika pa ungwiro wake wapamwamba kwambiri. Nyimbo za Palestrina zidapeza luso lapamwamba kwambiri laukadaulo komanso zofuna za nyimbo. Kuphatikizika kovuta kwambiri kwa mawu a nsalu ya polyphonic kumawonjezera chithunzi chomveka bwino komanso chogwirizana: kukhala ndi luso la polyphony kumapangitsa kuti nthawi zina zisawonekere khutu. Ndi imfa ya Palestrina, nthawi yonse yotukula nyimbo zaku Western Europe idapita m'mbuyomu: koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. anabweretsa mitundu yatsopano ndi dziko latsopano.

Moyo wa Palestrina unagwiritsidwa ntchito mokhazikika komanso mokhazikika kwa luso lake, mwa njira yakeyake amafanana ndi malingaliro ake aluso okhazikika komanso ogwirizana. Palestrina anabadwira m'dera la ku Roma lotchedwa Palestrina (nthawi zakale malo awa ankatchedwa Prenesta). Dzina la wolembayo limachokera ku dzina la malo awa.

Pafupifupi moyo wake wonse Palestrina ankakhala ku Rome. Ntchito yake ikugwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya nyimbo ndi miyambo ya matchalitchi akuluakulu atatu a Roma: Santa Maria della Maggiore, St. John Lateran, St. Kuyambira ndili mwana, Palestrina ankaimba kwaya tchalitchi. Mu 1544, akadali mnyamata wamng'ono kwambiri, anakhala woimba ndi mphunzitsi mu tchalitchi cha mzinda wa kwawo ndipo anatumikira kumeneko mpaka 1551. Umboni wolembedwa wa ntchito ya kulenga ya Palestrina pa nthawiyi kulibe, koma, mwachiwonekere, analipo kale. nthawi inayamba kudziwa miyambo yamtundu wa misa ndi motet, yomwe idzatenga malo akuluakulu mu ntchito yake. N’kutheka kuti ena mwa unyinji wake, wofalitsidwa pambuyo pake, anali atalembedwa kale m’nthaŵi imeneyi. Mu 154250 Bishopu wa mzinda wa Palestrina anali Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte, pambuyo pake anasankhidwa kukhala papa. Uyu anali mtsogoleri woyamba wamphamvu wa Palestrina, ndipo zinali zikomo kwa iye kuti woimba wachinyamatayo anayamba kuonekera nthawi zambiri ku Roma. Mu 1554 Palestrina adasindikiza buku loyamba la anthu ambiri operekedwa kwa wothandizira wake.

Pa September 1, 1551, Palestrina anasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Giulia Chapel ku Rome. Nyumba yopemphererayi inali malo oimba a St. Peter's Cathedral. Chifukwa cha khama la Papa Julius Wachiwiri, idakonzedwanso mu nthawi yake ndipo idasandulika kukhala malo ofunikira ophunzitsira oimba a ku Italy, mosiyana ndi Sistine Chapel, kumene alendo adakhalapo. Posakhalitsa Palestrina amapita kukatumikira ku Sistine Chapel - tchalitchi chovomerezeka cha Papa. Papa Julius Wachiwiri atamwalira, Marcellus Wachiwiri anasankhidwa kukhala papa watsopano. Ndi munthu uyu kuti imodzi mwa ntchito zodziwika bwino za Palestrina, zomwe zimatchedwa "Misa ya Papa Marcello", yofalitsidwa mu 1567, ikugwirizana. Malinga ndi nthano, mu 1555 papa anasonkhanitsa oimba ake pa Lachisanu Lachisanu ndikuwadziwitsa za kufunika kopangitsa kuti nyimbo za Sabata la Passion zikhale zoyenera kwambiri chochitikachi, ndi mawu omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino.

Mu Seputembala 1555, kulimbikitsidwa kwa njira zolimba m'tchalitchicho kunapangitsa kuti Palestrina achotsedwe ndi oimba ena awiri: Palestrina anali atakwatiwa panthawiyo, ndipo lumbiro la kusakwatira linali gawo la ma charter a chapel. Mu 1555-60. Palestrina amatsogolera tchalitchi cha Tchalitchi cha St. John Lateran. M’zaka za m’ma 1560 anabwerera ku Cathedral ya Santa Maria della Maggiore, kumene anaphunzirapo. Panthawiyi, ulemerero wa Palestrina unali utafalikira kale kupitirira malire a Italy. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti mu 1568 adaperekedwa m'malo mwa Emperor Maximilian II kuti asamukire ku Vienna ngati mtsogoleri wa gulu lachifumu. Pazaka izi, ntchito ya Palestrina ikufika pachimake: mu 1567 buku lachiwiri la anthu ake linasindikizidwa, mu 1570 lachitatu. Malemba ake a magawo anayi ndi magawo asanu amasindikizidwanso. M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, Palestrina adabwerera ku udindo wa mutu wa Giulia Chapel ku St. Peter's Cathedral. Anayenera kupirira zovuta zambiri zaumwini: imfa ya mchimwene wake, ana aamuna aŵiri ndi mkazi wake. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Palestrina anaganiza zobwerera kumudzi kwawo kukhala mkulu wa kwaya ya tchalitchi, kumene anatumikira zaka zambiri zapitazo. Kwa zaka zambiri, kugwirizana kwa Palestrina ku malo ake kunakula kwambiri: kwa zaka zambiri sanachoke ku Roma.

Nthano za Palestrina zinayamba kuumbika pa moyo wake ndipo zinapitiriza kukula pambuyo pa imfa yake. Tsogolo la cholowa chake cholenga chinakhala chosangalatsa - pafupifupi sanadziwe kuiwalika. Nyimbo za Palestrina ndizokhazikika pamitundu yauzimu: ndiye mlembi wa misa yopitilira 100, ma motets opitilira 375. 68 offertorias, 65 hymns, litanies, lamentations, etc. Komabe, adaperekanso ulemu ku mtundu wa madrigal, womwe unali wotchuka kwambiri ku Italy kumapeto kwa Renaissance. Ntchito ya Palestrina inakhalabe m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga chitsanzo chosayerekezeka cha luso la polyphonic: m'zaka mazana otsatirawa, nyimbo zake zinakhala chitsanzo chabwino pophunzitsa oimba luso la polyphony.

A. Pilgun

Wolemba nyimbo wa Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (wa ku Italy), wamkulu wa polyphony yaku Roma. masukulu. Mu 1537-42 iye anaimba mu kwaya anyamata mu tchalitchi cha Santa Maria Maggiore, kumene iye anaphunzira mu mzimu wa polyphony. miyambo ya sukulu ya Dutch. Mu 1544-51 woimba nyimbo ndi bandmaster wa tchalitchi chachikulu cha St. Palestrina. Kuyambira 1551 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, iye ankagwira ntchito ku Rome - anatsogolera chapels wa Cathedral wa St. Peter (1551-55 ndi 1571-94, Julius Chapel), mipingo ya San Giovanni ku Laterano (1555-60) ndi Santa Maria Maggiore (1561-66). Anatengamo mbali m’misonkhano yachipembedzo ya wansembe Wachiroma F. Neri (wolemba op. kwa iwo), wotsogolera mpingo (society) wa oimba, anali mkulu wa sukulu yoimba pa tchalitchi cha Santa Maria Maggiore, ndipo ankatsogolera nyumba yopemphereramo ya Cardinal d'Este. Anatsogolera makwaya, oimba ophunzitsidwa, analemba misa, ma motets, nthawi zambiri madrigals. Maziko a P. - nyimbo zopatulika zakwaya ndi cappella. Madrigals ake akudziko samasiyana kwenikweni ndi nyimbo zatchalitchi. Pokhala ku Roma, kufupi kosalekeza ku Vatican, P. Monga wolemba nyimbo ndi woimba, ndinamva mwachindunji chikoka cha mlengalenga wa Counter-Reformation. Msonkhano wa ku Trent (1545-63), umene unapanga malingaliro a Akatolika. Iye anaganiziranso mwapadera mafunso a tchalitchi. nyimbo zochokera m'malo otsutsana ndi Renaissance humanism. Ulemerero wa mpingo umene unakwaniritsidwa panthaŵiyo. art-va, zovuta zodabwitsa za polyphonic. chitukuko (nthawi zambiri ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa zida) adakumana kusankha. kukana kwa oyimilira a Counter-Reformation. Pofuna kulimbitsa chisonkhezero cha Tchalitchi pa khamu la anthu, iwo anafuna kumveketsa bwino mfundo zachikhulupiriro. zolemba za liturgy, zomwe iwo anali okonzeka kuthamangitsa zolinga zambiri. nyimbo. Komabe, malingaliro owopsa awa sanapeze chithandizo chogwirizana: chikhumbo chofuna "kulongosola" kalembedwe ka polyphony, kukana mwachiwonekere zisonkhezero zadziko, kusiyanitsa bwino mawu mu polyphony, pafupifupi anapambana. kupanga cappella. A mtundu wa nthano anauka kuti "mpulumutsi" polyphony mu Catholic. tchalitchi chinali P., yemwe adapanga zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zowonekera, osabisa mawu a polyphony pa harmonic. maziko (chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri ndi "Misa ya Papa Marcello", 1555, yoperekedwa kwa abambo awa). Ndipotu izi zinali mbiri yakale. Kukula kwa polyphonic art-va, kupita ku kumveka bwino, pulasitiki, umunthu wa zaluso. image, ndi P. ndi kukhwima kwachikale kunawonetsa izi mkati mwa gulu lochepa la kwaya. nyimbo zauzimu. M'mabuku ake ambiri a Op. mlingo wa kumveka kwa polyphony ndi kumveka kwa mawu ndi kutali kwambiri. Koma P. mosakayika amakokera ku malire a polyphonic. ndi harmonic. nthawi zonse, "horizontals" ndi "verticals" mu nyimbo. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, ku bata lamtendere lonse. Ndemanga P. ogwirizana ndi mitu yauzimu, koma amatanthauzira m'njira yatsopano, monga Chitaliyana chachikulu kwambiri. ojambula a High Renaissance. Kumverera kokulirapo kwa AP, sewero, kusiyanitsa kwakukulu ndi zachilendo (zomwe zimachitikira ambiri a m'nthawi yake). Nyimbo zake ndi zamtendere, zachisomo, zoganizira, chisoni chake ndi choyera komanso choletsedwa, ukulu wake ndi wolemekezeka komanso wokhwima, mawu ake ndi olowa mkati ndi odekha, kamvekedwe kake ndi koyenera komanso kopambana. AP imakonda nyimbo yocheperako yakwaya (mawu 4-6 akuyenda mosalala modabwitsa pang'ono). Nthawi zambiri mutu-tirigu wa op wauzimu. imakhala nyimbo ya chorale, nyimbo yotchuka, nthawi zina ngati hexachord, yomveka mu polyphony. chiwonetserocho ndi chokhazikika komanso choletsedwa. Muzika P. mosamalitsa diatonic, kapangidwe kake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi ma consonances (ma consonance dissonance amakhala okonzeka nthawi zonse). Kukula kwa lonse (gawo la misa, motet) kumatheka ndi kutsanzira kapena ovomerezeka. kuyenda, ndi zinthu za vnutr. kusintha ("kumera" kwa nyimbo zofanana pakukula kwa nyimbo za mawu). Izi ndichifukwa. kukhulupirika kwa zophiphiritsa ndi nyimbo. nyumba yosungiramo zinthu m'kati mwake. Mu theka lachiwiri. 16 mkati. mu zolengedwa zosiyanasiyana. Sukulu za Zap Ku Ulaya, kunali kufunafuna kwambiri kwatsopano - mu gawo la sewero. kumveka kwa nyimbo, virtuoso instrumentalism, zolemba zokongola zamakwaya ambiri, kusinthasintha kwa mawu. chinenero, etc. AP kwenikweni idatsutsa izi. Komabe, popanda kukulitsa, koma m'malo mochepetsera njira zake zaluso, adapeza mawonekedwe omveka bwino komanso omveka bwino apulasitiki, mawonekedwe ogwirizana amalingaliro, ndipo adapeza mitundu yoyera mu polyphony. nyimbo. Kuti achite izi, adasintha mawonekedwe a wok. polyphony, kuwulula harmonics mmenemo. Yambani. Chifukwa chake, P., akupita njira yake, adayandikira nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi malangizo ndi Mtaliyana. mawu auzimu ndi atsiku ndi tsiku (lauda) ndipo, pamapeto pake, pamodzi ndi ena. Olemba a nthawiyo adakonza kusintha kwa stylistic komwe kunachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 17. pakakhala monody ndi kutsagana. Zojambula zodekha, zokhazikika, zogwirizana za P. wodzala ndi zotsutsana za mbiri yakale. Kujambula Art. Malingaliro a Renaissance pakukhazikitsa kwa Counter-Reformation, mwachibadwa amakhala ndi malire pa nkhani, mitundu ndi njira zofotokozera. AP sasiya malingaliro aumunthu, koma mwa njira yake, mkati mwa mitundu yauzimu, amawapititsa mu nthawi yovuta yodzaza masewero. AP anali woyambitsa m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri pazatsopano. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira za P. ndi polyphony wake tingachipeze powerenga okhwima kulemba pa m'nthawi ndi otsatira anali kwambiri, makamaka Italy ndi Spain. Katolika. tchalitchicho, komabe, chinakhetsa magazi ndikuchotsa kalembedwe ka Palestina, ndikuchisintha kuchoka ku chikhalidwe chamoyo kukhala choyimba choyimba. nyimbo ya cappella. Otsatira apamtima a P. anali J. M. ndi J. B. Nani, F. ndi J.

Pakati pa Op. P. - anthu opitilira 100, pafupifupi. 180 motets, litanies, nyimbo, masalimo, offertorias, magnificats, madrigals auzimu ndi akudziko. Sobr. op. P. ed. ku Leipzig ("Pierluigi da Palestrinas Werke", Bd 1-33, Lpz., 1862-1903) ndi Rome ("Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Le Opere Complete", v. 1-29, Roma, 1939-62, ed. ipitilira).

Zothandizira: Ivanov-Boretsky MV, Palestrina, M., 1909; wake, Musical-Historical Reader, vol. 1, M., 1933; Livanova T., Mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Western Europe mpaka 1789, M., 1940; Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 2, gawo 1, M., 1953; Protopopov Vl., Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri, (buku 2), Western European classics of the 1965th-2th Century, M., 1972; Dubravskaya T., Italy madrigal of the 1th century, mu: Mafunso amtundu wanyimbo, no. 2, M., 1828; Baini G., Memorie storico-critiche delila vita e delle opera di Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, v. 1906-1918, Roma, 1925; Brenet M., Palestrina, P., 1925; Casimiri R., Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Nuovi documenti biografici, Roma, 1; Jeppesen K., Der Pa-lestrinastil und die Dissonanz, Lpz., 1926; Cametti A., Palestrina, Mil., 1927; ake, Bibliografia palestriniana, “Bollettino bibliografico musicale”, t. 1958, 1960; Terry RR, G. da Palestrina, L., 3; Kat GMM, Palestrina, Haarlem, (1969); Ferraci E., Il Palestrina, Roma, 1970; Rasag-nella E., La formazione del linguaggio musicale, pt. 1971 - La parola ku Palestrina. Vuto, tecnici, estetici e storici, Firenze, 1; TsikuTh. C., Palestrina m'mbiri. Kuphunzira koyambirira kwa mbiri ya Palestrina ndi chikoka kuyambira imfa yake, NY, 1975 (Diss.); Bianchi L., Fellerer KG, GP da Palestrina, Turin, 11; Güke P., Ein "konservatives" Genie?, "Musik und Gesellschaft", XNUMX, No XNUMX.

TH Solovieva