Giuditta Pasta |

Giuditta Pasta

Ndemanga za Giuditta Pasta, amene VV Stasov anamutcha "wanzeru Chitaliyana", masamba a zisudzo a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya anali odzaza. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa Pasta ndi m'modzi mwa ochita masewero odziwika bwino a nthawi yake. Iye ankatchedwa "yekhayo", "inimitable". Bellini ananena za Pasta kuti: “Amaimba moti misozi imagwetsa m’maso mwake; Anandipangitsa kulira.

Wosuliza wotchuka wachifalansa Castile-Blaz analemba kuti: “Kodi wamatsenga ameneyu ndi mawu odzaza ndi njira ndi nzeru, akuchita zolengedwa zazing’ono za Rossini mwamphamvu ndi mokopa mofananamo, limodzinso ndi masukulu akale odzazidwa ndi kukongola ndi kuphweka? Ndani, atavala zida zankhondo ndi zovala zokongola za mfumukazi, akuwoneka kwa ife tsopano ngati wokondedwa wa Othello, yemwe tsopano ndi ngwazi yachivalidwe ya Syracuse? Ndani adagwirizanitsa talente ya virtuoso ndi tsoka mumgwirizano wodabwitsa wotero, wokopa ndi masewera odzaza mphamvu, mwachibadwa ndi kumverera, ngakhale wokhoza kukhalabe wosayanjanitsika ndi phokoso la nyimbo? Ndaninso amatiyamikira ndi khalidwe lamtengo wapatali la chikhalidwe chake - kumvera malamulo a kalembedwe kokhwima ndi kukongola kwa maonekedwe okongola, ogwirizana pamodzi ndi chithumwa cha mawu amatsenga? Ndani amene amalamulira kaŵirikaŵiri siteji yanyimbo, kuchititsa bodza ndi kaduka, kudzaza moyo ndi chiyamikiro chaulemu ndi mazunzo achisangalalo? Uyu ndi Pasitala… Amadziwika kwa aliyense, ndipo dzina lake limakopa anthu okonda nyimbo zoseketsa. ”

Giuditta Pasta (née Negri) adabadwa pa Epulo 9, 1798 ku Sartano, pafupi ndi Milan. Kale ali mwana, iye bwinobwino kuphunzira motsogozedwa ndi limba Bartolomeo Lotti. Pamene Giuditta anali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, adalowa ku Milan Conservatory. Apa Pasta anaphunzira ndi Bonifacio Asiolo kwa zaka ziwiri. Koma chikondi cha nyumba ya zisudzo chinapambana. Giuditta, akuchoka ku Conservatory, amayamba kutenga nawo mbali pazochita zamasewera. Kenako analowa siteji akatswiri, kuchita mu Brescia, Parma ndi Livorno.

kuwonekera koyamba kugulu ake pa siteji akatswiri sanali bwino. Mu 1816, adaganiza zogonjetsa anthu akunja ndikupita ku Paris. Zomwe anachita ku Italy Opera, kumene Catalani ankalamulira kwambiri panthawiyo, sizinawonekere. M'chaka chomwecho Pasta, pamodzi ndi mwamuna wake Giuseppe, komanso woimba, anapita ku London. Mu Januwale 1817, adayimba koyamba ku Royal Theatre ku Penelope ya Cimarosa. Koma ngakhale izi kapena ma opera ena sanamuthandize bwino.

Koma kulephera kunangolimbikitsa Giuditta. "Nditabwerera kwawo," akulemba VV Timokhin, - mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi Giuseppe Scappa, anayamba kugwira ntchito pa mawu ake ndi kulimbikira kwapadera, kuyesera kuti apereke kuwala kwakukulu ndi kuyenda, kuti akwaniritse phokoso lomveka popanda kusiya. panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kufufuza kozama kwa mbali zochititsa chidwi za mbali za zisudzo.

Ndipo ntchito yake sinali pachabe - kuyambira 1818, wowonera amatha kuona Pasitala yatsopano, yokonzeka kugonjetsa Ulaya ndi luso lake. Zochita zake ku Venice, Rome ndi Milan zinali zopambana. M'dzinja la 1821, anthu a ku Paris anamvetsera mwachidwi kwa woimbayo. Koma, mwinamwake, chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano - "nthawi ya pasitala" - inali ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri ku Verona mu 1822.

"Mawu a wojambulayo, akunjenjemera ndi mwachidwi, odziwika ndi mphamvu zapadera ndi kachulukidwe ka mawu, kuphatikizapo luso lapamwamba komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, adachititsa chidwi kwambiri," analemba motero VV Timokhin. - Atangobwerera ku Paris, Pasta adalengezedwa ngati woyimba woyamba wanthawi yake ...

... Omvera atangosokonezedwa ndi mafananidwe awa ndikuyamba kutsata chitukuko cha zochitika pa siteji, pomwe sanawone wojambula yemweyo ndi njira zonyansa zosewerera, kungosintha zovala zamtundu wina, koma ngwazi yamoto Tancred ( Rossini's Tancred), Medea yoopsa ("Medea" yolembedwa ndi Cherubini), Romeo wodekha ("Romeo ndi Juliet" wolembedwa ndi Zingarelli), ngakhale osunga zakale kwambiri adawonetsa chisangalalo chawo chowonadi.

Pasta adachita gawo la Desdemona (Othello lolemba Rossini), komwe adabwerera mobwerezabwereza, nthawi iliyonse akupanga kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunachitira umboni za kudzikweza kwa woimbayo, chikhumbo chake chofuna kumvetsetsa mozama ndikufotokozera khalidwe lake. wa heroine wa Shakespeare.

Wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu wazaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi wakubadwa Francois Joseph Talma, yemwe adamva woimbayo, adatero. “Madamu, mwakwaniritsa maloto anga, malingaliro anga. Muli ndi zinsinsi zomwe ndakhala ndikuzifunafuna mosalekeza kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito yanga yochitira zisudzo, kuyambira pomwe ndimaona kuti luso lofika pamtima ndicho cholinga chapamwamba kwambiri chaukadaulo.

Kuyambira 1824 Pasta nayenso anachita ku London kwa zaka zitatu. Mu likulu la England, Giuditta anapeza anthu ambiri osilira monga ku France.

Kwa zaka zinayi, woimbayo anakhalabe soloist ndi Italy Opera ku Paris. Koma panali mkangano ndi wopeka wotchuka ndi wotsogolera zisudzo, Gioacchino Rossini, amene ambiri zisudzo anachita bwino. Pasta anakakamizika mu 1827 kuchoka likulu la France.

Chifukwa cha chochitika ichi, omvera ambiri akunja adatha kudziwa luso la pasitala. Pomaliza, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 30, Italy adazindikira wojambulayo ngati woimba woyamba wanthawi yake. Kupambana kwathunthu kunayembekezera Giuditta ku Trieste, Bologna, Verona, Milan.

Wolemba nyimbo wina wotchuka, Vincenzo Bellini, anali wokonda kwambiri luso la wojambulayo. Mu umunthu wake, Bellini adapeza wochita bwino kwambiri wa maudindo a Norma ndi Amina mu masewero a Norma ndi La sonnambula. Ngakhale kuti panali anthu ambiri okayikira, Pasta, yemwe adadzipangira yekha kutchuka potanthauzira anthu odziwika bwino muzochita za Rossini, adakwanitsa kunena mawu ake olemetsa potanthauzira mawonekedwe a Bellini odekha, odekha.

M'chilimwe cha 1833 woimba anapita ku London ndi Bellini. Giuditta Pasta adadzipatsa yekha ku Norma. Kupambana kwake paudindowu kunali kwakukulu kuposa maudindo onse am'mbuyomu omwe woimbayo adachita kale. Chisangalalo cha anthu chinali chopanda malire. Mwamuna wake, Giuseppe Pasta, adalembera apongozi ake kuti: "Ndikuthokoza kuti ndinatsimikizira Laporte kuti apereke zobwereza zambiri, komanso chifukwa chakuti Bellini mwiniwakeyo anatsogolera kwaya ndi oimba, opera inakonzedwa ngati ayi. nyimbo zina za ku Italy ku London, choncho kupambana kwake kunaposa zonse zomwe Giuditta ankayembekezera komanso chiyembekezo cha Bellini. M’kati mwa seŵerolo, “misozi yambiri inakhetsedwa, ndipo kuombera m’manja modabwitsa kunamveka m’sewero lachiŵiri. Giuditta akuwoneka kuti wabadwanso kwathunthu monga heroine wake ndipo adayimba ndi chidwi chotere, chomwe amatha kuchita pokhapokha atalimbikitsidwa kutero ndi chifukwa china chodabwitsa. M'kalata yomweyi kwa amayi a Giuditta, Pasta Bellini akutsimikizira mu postscript zonse zomwe mwamuna wake adanena: "Dzulo Giuditta wanu adakondweretsa aliyense amene analipo pabwalo la zisudzo misozi, sindinamuwonepo wamkulu, wodabwitsa, wouziridwa ... "

Mu 1833/34, Pasitala adayimbanso ku Paris - ku Othello, La sonnambula ndi Anne Boleyn. "Kwa nthawi yoyamba, anthu ankaona kuti wojambulayo sakhala pa siteji kwa nthawi yaitali popanda kuwononga mbiri yake," analemba VV Timokhin. - Mawu ake adazimiririka kwambiri, adataya kutsitsimuka kwake ndi mphamvu zake zakale, kumveka kudakhala kosatsimikizika, magawo amunthu payekha, ndipo nthawi zina gulu lonse, Pasitala nthawi zambiri ankaimba theka la kamvekedwe, kapena ngakhale kutsitsa. Koma monga wochita masewero, anapitirizabe kusintha. Anthu a ku Parisi adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi luso lodziwonera, lomwe wojambulayo adachita bwino, komanso kunyengerera modabwitsa komwe adapereka mawonekedwe a Amina wodekha, wokongola komanso wamkulu, womvetsa chisoni Anne Boleyn.

Mu 1837, Pasta, atatha kuchita ku England, adapuma kwakanthawi kuchokera ku siteji ndipo amakhala makamaka m'nyumba yake yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Como. Kalelo mu 1827, Giuditta adagula ku Blevio, m'malo ang'onoang'ono kutsidya lina la nyanja, Villa Rhoda, yomwe nthawi ina inali ya wovala zovala wolemera kwambiri, Empress Josephine, mkazi woyamba wa Napoleon. Amalume a woimbayo, injiniya Ferranti, analangiza kugula villa ndi kubwezeretsa. M’chilimwe chotsatira, Pasitala anabwera kale kudzapuma. Villa Roda analidi gawo la paradaiso, "chisangalalo", monga momwe Milanese ankanenera nthawiyo. Nyumbayo inamangidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanjayo, yomwe inali ndi miyala yoyera ya marble mwadongosolo lachikale kwambiri. Oimba otchuka komanso okonda zisudzo adakhamukira kuno kuchokera ku Italy konse komanso kuchokera kumayiko ena kudzachitira umboni kulemekeza kwawo talente yoyamba yodabwitsa ku Europe.

Ambiri azolowereka kuti woimba potsiriza anasiya siteji, koma mu nyengo 1840/41 Pasta kachiwiri maulendo. Panthawiyi adapita ku Vienna, Berlin, Warsaw ndipo adakumana ndi phwando lodabwitsa kulikonse. Ndiye panali zoimbaimba ake ku Russia: mu St. Petersburg (November 1840) ndi Moscow (January-February 1841). Inde, pa nthawi imeneyo mwayi Pasta monga woimba anali ochepa, koma atolankhani Russian sakanakhoza kulephera kuzindikira luso lake kuchita bwino, kufotokoza ndi maganizo a masewera.

Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti ulendo ku Russia sanali wotsiriza mu luso moyo woimba. Patangotha ​​zaka khumi zokha, anamaliza ntchito yake yabwino kwambiri, akusewera ku London mu 1850 ndi mmodzi mwa ophunzira omwe ankawakonda kwambiri m'nkhani za opera.

Pasta anamwalira patatha zaka khumi ndi zisanu kunyumba yake ku Blavio pa Epulo 1, 1865.

Pakati pa maudindo ambiri a Pasitala, kudzudzula nthawi zonse kumasonyeza machitidwe ake ochititsa chidwi komanso otchuka, monga Norma, Medea, Boleyn, Tancred, Desdemona. Pasitala anachita mbali zake zabwino kwambiri ndi kukongola kwapadera, bata, pulasitiki. “M’maudindo ameneŵa, Pasta anali chisomo chenicheni,” akulemba motero mmodzi wa otsutsawo. "Masewero ake, mawonekedwe ankhope, manja anali olemekezeka, achilengedwe, achisomo kotero kuti mawonekedwe aliwonse adamukopa pawokha, mawonekedwe akuthwa ankhope adawonetsa kumverera kulikonse komwe amanenedwa ...". Komabe, Pasta, wochita masewero ochititsa chidwi, sanalamulire Pasta woimbayo: “sanaiwale kusewera mongofuna kuimba,” kukhulupirira kuti “woimbayo ayenera kupeŵa mayendedwe owonjezereka a thupi omwe amasokoneza kuyimba ndikungowononga.

Zinali zosatheka kusasirira kumveka komanso chidwi cha kuyimba kwa Pasta. M'modzi mwa omvera awa adakhala wolemba Stendhal: "Titasiya sewerolo ndi Pasta, ife, tadabwa, sitinakumbukire china chilichonse chodzazidwa ndi malingaliro akuya omwe woimbayo adatikokera. Zinali zopanda phindu kuyesa kufotokoza momveka bwino za chithunzithunzi champhamvu komanso chodabwitsa kwambiri. Ndizovuta kunena nthawi yomweyo chomwe chiri chinsinsi cha zotsatira zake pagulu. Palibe chodabwitsa mu timbre ya mawu a Pasitala; sizili ngakhale za kuyenda kwake kwapadera ndi voliyumu yosowa; chinthu chokha chimene iye amasilira ndi kusangalatsidwa nacho ndi kuphweka kwa kuyimba, kochokera pansi pamtima, kukopa ndi kukhudza mowirikiza kawiri ngakhale awo owonerera amene akhala akulira moyo wawo wonse kokha chifukwa cha ndalama kapena malamulo.