Guillaume Dufay |

William Dufay

Wolemba nyimbo wa Franco-Flemish, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sukulu ya Dutch polyphonic (onani. Dutch school). Iye analeredwa mu metris (sukulu ya tchalitchi) pa tchalitchi chachikulu ku Cambrai, iye anaimba ndi chiyembekezo cha anyamata; adaphunzira kupanga ndi P. de Loqueville ndi H. Grenon. Nyimbo zoyamba (motet, ballad) zidalembedwa panthawi yomwe Dufay adakhala kukhothi la Malatesta da Rimini ku Pesaro (1420-26). Mu 1428-37 iye anali woyimba mu kwaya apapa ku Rome, anapita mizinda yambiri Italy (Roma, Turin, Bologna, Florence, etc.), France, ndi Duchy wa Savoy. Atalandira malamulo opatulika, ankakhala m’bwalo la Mtsogoleri wa Savoy (1437-44). Nthawi ndi nthawi ankabwerera ku Cambrai; pambuyo pa 1445 anakhala kumeneko kosatha, kuyang'anira zochitika zonse za nyimbo za tchalitchichi.

Dufay adapanga mtundu waukulu wa Dutch polyphony - 4-voice mass. Cantus firmus, yomwe ikuchitika mu gawo la tenor ndikugwirizanitsa mbali zonse za misa, nthawi zambiri amabwerekedwa ndi iye kuchokera ku nyimbo za anthu kapena zadziko ("Nkhope yake yaying'ono inasanduka yotumbululuka" - "Se la face au pale", ca. 1450). 1450-60s - pachimake pa ntchito ya Dufay, nthawi yopanga ntchito zazikulu zozungulira - misa. Magulu 9 athunthu amadziwika, komanso magawo osiyanasiyana a misa, ma motets (zauzimu ndi zadziko, nyimbo zomveka, nyimbo zamtundu uliwonse), nyimbo zama polyphonic zapagulu - nyimbo zaku France, nyimbo zaku Italy, ndi zina zambiri.

M'nyimbo za Dufay, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imafotokozedwa, maubwenzi otsogola amatuluka, mizere yoyimba imamveka bwino; mpumulo wapadera wa mawu apamwamba a melodic akuphatikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kutsanzira, njira zovomerezeka zapafupi ndi nyimbo zamtundu.

Luso la Dufay, lomwe lidatengera zopambana zambiri za nyimbo za Chingerezi, Chifalansa, Chiitaliya, zidadziwika ku Europe ndipo zidakhudza kwambiri chitukuko chotsatira cha sukulu ya Dutch polyphonic (mpaka Josquin Despres). Laibulale ya Bodleian ku Oxford ili ndi zolembedwa pamanja za masewero a 52 a ku Italy a Dufay, omwe nyimbo za 19 3-4-mawu zidasindikizidwa ndi J. Steiner mu Sat. Dufay ndi a m'nthawi yake (1899).

Dufay amadziwikanso kuti ndi wokonzanso nyimbo (amadziwika kuti ndi woyambitsa zolemba zokhala ndi mitu yoyera m'malo mwa zolemba zakuda zomwe zidagwiritsidwa kale ntchito). Ntchito zosiyana za Dufay zinasindikizidwa ndi G. Besseler mu ntchito zake za nyimbo zakale, komanso zikuphatikizidwa mu mndandanda wa "Denkmaler der Tonkunst ku Österreich" (VII, XI, XIX, XXVII, XXXI).