Gusli: kufotokoza kwa chida, mbiri, mitundu, phokoso, kapangidwe, ntchito

Chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera m'maganizo ndi mawu akuti "Chida cha nyimbo cha ku Russia" ndi gusli. Popeza adawonekera zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, samataya malo: chidwi chawo kuchokera ku mbali ya ochita masewera chimangowonjezeka pazaka.

Gusli ndi chiyani

Ghouls amatchedwa zida zakale zaku Russia zomwe zili m'gulu la zida zodulira zingwe.

Kale, panali mitundu yambiri ya zida zoimbira zofanana ndi zeze:

• zeze;
• chithunzi;
• Akula;
• psaltery;
• zeze;
• santoor waku Irani;
• Lithuanian kankle;
• Latvian kokle;
• Armenian canon.

Zeze wamakono ndi mawonekedwe a trapezoidal okhala ndi zingwe zotambasuka. Iwo ali ndi phokoso, sonorous, koma mofewa. Matayala akusefukira, olemera, amakumbukira kulira kwa mbalame, kung'ung'udza kwa mtsinje.

Chopangidwa chakale cha ku Russia ndi gawo lofunikira la oimba amtundu wa anthu, magulu oimba, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba a magulu a anthu.

Chida chipangizo

Ngakhale pali mitundu yambiri, mitundu yonse imakhala ndi mapangidwe ofanana, mfundo zake zazikulu ndi izi:

• Chimango. Zopangira - nkhuni. Lili ndi zigawo zitatu: sitima yapamwamba, pansi, chipolopolo chogwirizanitsa mapepala pambali. Sitima yapamwamba imapangidwa ndi spruce, thundu, ili ndi dzenje la resonator pakati, lomwe limathandiza kuti phokoso likhale lotalika, likhale lamphamvu, lolemera. Pansi pake amapangidwa ndi mapulo, birch, mtedza. Kutsogolo kwake kuli ndi mbale yokhala ndi mapini, polowera zikhomo, ndi choyimira. Kuchokera mkati, thupilo limakhala ndi timitengo tamatabwa tomwe timamatira tomwe timawonjezera kukana komanso kugawa zomveka bwino.
• Zingwe. Chidacho chimakhala ndi zingwe zingati zimatengera mtundu wake. Kuchuluka kwake kumasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zidutswa zingapo mpaka khumi ndi ziwiri. Zingwezo zimatambasula pafupifupi thupi lonse, zitakhazikika pazitsulo zachitsulo.
• Chogwirizira chingwe. Chipilala chamatabwa choyikidwa pakati pa zingwe zotambasulidwa ndi sitima yapamwamba. Imathandizira chingwe kugwedezeka momasuka, kumakulitsa mawu.

History

Gusli ndi chimodzi mwa zida zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mbiri yawo inayamba mu nthawi zakale, n'zosatheka kudziwa tsiku lenileni la kubadwa. Mwinamwake, lingaliro la kupanga chida choterocho cha anthu akale linalimbikitsidwa ndi chingwe cha uta: ndi kukanidwa kwamphamvu, kumapanga phokoso lokondweretsa khutu.

Russian gusli, mwachiwonekere, adapeza dzina lake kuchokera ku liwu la Slavic "gusla", lomwe limamasuliridwa ngati chingwe cha uta.

Pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi ali ndi zida za zingwe zofanana. Ku Russia Yakale, ngakhale zisanachitike umboni wolembedwa, ma guslars adawonetsedwa muzojambula. Zitsanzo zamakedzana zinapezeka zambiri panthawi yofukula mabwinja. Ngwazi za epic epic (Sadko, Dobrynya Nikitich) anali oyimba zeze odziwa.

Chida ichi ku Russia chinali chokondedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pansi pake ankavina, kuimba, kuchita zikondwerero, kuchita nkhonya, kunena nthano. Lusoli linaperekedwa kuchokera kwa bambo kupita kwa mwana. Mitengo yomwe imakonda kukhala maziko ake inali spruce, mapulo a mkuyu.

M'zaka za m'ma XV-XVII, zeze anakhala mabwenzi nthawi zonse a buffoons. Iwo ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zisudzo mumsewu. Nkhwangwa zitaletsedwa, zida zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito nazonso zinazimiririka. Chidziwitso cha ku Russia chinatsitsimutsidwa ndi kubwera kwa ulamuliro wa Peter Wamkulu.

Kwa nthawi yaitali zeze ankaziona ngati zosangalatsa kwa anthu wamba. Anthu apamwamba ankakonda kumveka bwino kwa violin, zeze, harpsichord. Moyo watsopano unaperekedwa ku chida cha anthu m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi okonda V. Andreev, N. Privalov, O. Smolensky. Anapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa kiyibodi kupita ku zodulira, zomwe zidakhala mbali ya oimba omwe amaimba nyimbo zaku Russia.

Zosiyanasiyana

Kusintha kwa chidacho kwachititsa kuti pakhale mitundu yambiri, yosiyana ndi zingwe, mawonekedwe a thupi, ndi momwe phokoso limapangidwira.

Pterygoid (mawu)

Mitundu yakale kwambiri ya Russian gusli, yomwe mtengo wa mkuyu unagwiritsidwa ntchito (dzina lina la zitsanzo zakale zooneka ngati mapiko ndi mkuyu).

Zodziwika kwambiri masiku ano, khalani ndi zosankha zabwino kwambiri. Chiwerengero cha zingwe zimasiyanasiyana, kawirikawiri 5-17. Sikelo ndi diatonic. Zingwezo zimakhala ngati fan: mtunda pakati pawo umachepa pamene mukuyandikira tailpiece. Kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za mapiko - machitidwe a solo, komanso kutsagana.

Mawonekedwe a Lyre

Amatchedwa choncho chifukwa cha kufanana ndi zeze. Chinthu chosiyana ndi kukhalapo kwa zenera lamasewera, pomwe ochita masewerawa adayika dzanja lawo lachiwiri kuti awononge zingwe.

Chooneka ngati chisoti (psalter)

Zeze wooneka ngati chisoti anali ndi zingwe 10-26. Powaimba, woyimba zeze ankagwiritsa ntchito manja onse awiri: kudzanja lamanja ankaimba nyimbo yaikulu, ndi kumanzere ankapita nawo. Chiyambi cha chitsanzo ichi ndi zotsutsana: pali Baibulo limene anabwereka kwa anthu a dera Volga (pali ofanana Chuvash, Mari gusli mu Russian).

Zeze wamkulu wamtunduwu ankatchedwa "psalter": nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo m'makachisi.

Makiyibodi okhazikika

Zinapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 4, maziko ake ndi zeze wamakona anayi. Amawoneka ngati piyano: makiyi ali kumanzere, zingwe zili kumanja. Mwa kukanikiza makiyi, woimbayo amatsegula zingwe zomveka bwino zomwe ziyenera kumveka panthawiyo. Mtundu wa chidacho ndi 6-49 octaves, chiwerengero cha zingwe ndi 66-XNUMX. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazolinga zotsagana nawo, m'magulu oimba a zida zamtundu wa anthu.

Oyima adatsanulidwa

Ndizitsulo zachitsulo zazikulu kwambiri, mkati mwake momwe zingwe zimatambasulidwa pamiyeso iwiri. Chojambulacho chimayikidwa muzochitika zapadera zokhala ndi miyendo - izi zimalola kuti ayime pansi, woimbayo amaima pafupi.

Sikophweka kugwiritsa ntchito chida choterocho, koma chimakhala ndi mwayi wambiri wochita, zomwe zimakulolani kuchita zojambulajambula zamtundu uliwonse, nyimbo iliyonse.

Njira yamasewera

Kale ku Russia, zeze ankaimba atakhala pansi, ataika chida pa mawondo awo, kumapeto kwapamwamba kunali pachifuwa. Mbali yopapatiza ya kapangidwe kake imayang'ana kumanja, mbali yayikulu kumanzere. Zitsanzo zina zamakono zimasonyeza kuti woimbayo amaimba nyimboyo ataima.

Kutulutsa mawu kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe ndi zala kapena mkhalapakati. Dzanja lamanja limagwira zingwe zonse panthawi imodzimodzi, pamene dzanja lamanzere muffles limamveka mokweza kwambiri panthawiyi.

Njira zodziwika bwino zosewerera ndi glissando, rattling, harmonic, tremolo, bubu.

Kupanga kwa Gusli kumachitika ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono omwe amapanga zinthu kuyitanitsa. Woimba akhoza kuyitanitsa chida chomwe chili choyenera kukula kwake, kumanga - izi zimathandizira kwambiri kuimba zeze.