Zongopeka |

kuchokera ku Greek pantaoia - malingaliro; lat. ndi ital. fantasia, German Fantasia, French fantaisie, eng. zokongola, zokopa, zamatsenga, zongopeka

1) Mtundu wanyimbo zoimbira (zomveka nthawi zina), zomwe zimawonetsedwa mopatuka ku miyambo yomanga yomwe imadziwika nthawi yake, nthawi zambiri pamikhalidwe yophiphiritsa yachilendo. dongosolo la kupanga. Malingaliro okhudza F. anali osiyana mu nyimbo ndi mbiri yakale. nthawi, koma nthawi zonse malire a mtunduwo anakhalabe wosamveka: m'zaka za 16-17. F. kuphatikiza ndi ricercar, toccata, mu 2nd floor. Zaka za zana la 18 - ndi sonata, m'zaka za zana la 19. - ndi ndakatulo, ndi zina zotero Ph. nthawi zonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitundu ndi mitundu yodziwika pa nthawi yoperekedwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito yotchedwa F. ndi kuphatikiza kwachilendo kwa "mawu" (mapangidwe, omveka) omwe ali achizolowezi kwa nthawi ino. Mlingo wa kugawa ndi ufulu wa mtundu wa F. zimadalira kakulidwe ka muses. mawonekedwe mu nthawi yoperekedwa: nthawi zolamulidwa, mwanjira ina kapena kalembedwe kolimba (16 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 17, zojambula za baroque za theka la 1 la 18th century), zodziwika ndi "maluwa apamwamba" a F.; m'malo mwake, kumasulidwa kwa mawonekedwe okhazikika "olimba" (chikondi) komanso makamaka kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano (zaka za zana la 20) kumatsagana ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mafilosofi ndi kuwonjezeka kwa bungwe lawo lapangidwe. Kusintha kwa mtundu wa F. sikungasiyanitsidwe ndi chitukuko cha zida zonse: nthawi ya nthawi ya mbiri ya F. ikugwirizana ndi nthawi zonse za Western Europe. mlandu wanyimbo. F. ndi imodzi mwamitundu yakale kwambiri ya instr. nyimbo, koma, mosiyana ndi ambiri oyambirira instr. mitundu yomwe yapangidwa mogwirizana ndi ndakatulo. kulankhula ndi kuvina. mayendedwe (canzona, suite), F. imachokera pa nyimbo yoyenera. machitidwe. Kutuluka kwa F. kumatanthauza chiyambi. Zaka za zana la 16 Chimodzi mwazoyambira zake chinali kukonzanso. B. h oyambirira F. anafuna anakudzula zida: zambiri. F. za lute ndi vihuela zinalengedwa ku Italy (F. da Milano, 1547), Spain (L. Milan, 1535; M. de Fuenllana, 1554), Germany (S. Kargel), France (A. Rippe), England ( T. Morley). F. kwa clavier ndi limba zinali zochepa kwambiri (F. mu Organ Tablature ndi X. Kotter, Fantasia allegre ndi A. Gabrieli). Nthawi zambiri amasiyanitsidwa ndi contrapuntal, nthawi zambiri motsanzira. ulaliki; awa F. ali pafupi kwambiri ndi capriccio, toccata, tiento, canzone kuti sizingatheke kudziwa chifukwa chake masewerowa amatchedwa ndendende F. (mwachitsanzo, F. yoperekedwa pansipa ikufanana ndi richercar). Dzina pankhaniyi likufotokozedwa ndi mwambo wotcha F. ricercar yopangidwa mwaluso kapena yomangidwa mwaufulu (makonzedwe a mawu omveka, osiyanasiyana mu instr. spirit, ankatchedwanso).

F. da Milano. Zongopeka za lutes.

M'zaka za m'ma 16 F. si zachilendonso, momwe kugwiritsira ntchito mawu kwaulere (ogwirizana, makamaka, ndi mawonekedwe a mawu otsogolera pa zida zodulira) kumatsogolera ku nyumba yosungiramo katundu yokhala ndi ndime yowonetsera.

L. Milan. Zongopeka za vihuela.

M'zaka za zana la 17 F. akukhala otchuka kwambiri ku England. G. Purcell amamutchula (mwachitsanzo, "Zongopeka za phokoso limodzi"); J. Bull, W. Bird, O. Gibbons, ndi anamwali ena amabweretsa F. pafupi ndi mwambo. Chingelezi mawonekedwe - nthaka (ndikofunikira kuti kusinthika kwa dzina lake - zokongola - kumagwirizana ndi limodzi mwa mayina a F.). Nthawi yopambana ya F. m'zaka za zana la 17. Zogwirizana ndi org. nyimbo. F. pa J. Frescobaldi ndi chitsanzo cha ardent, temperamental improvisation; "Zongopeka za chromatic" za mbuye wa Amsterdam J. Sweelinck (amaphatikiza zinthu za fugue yosavuta komanso yovuta, ricercar, mitundu ya polyphonic) amachitira umboni za kubadwa kwa chida chachikulu. kalembedwe; S. Scheidt ankagwira ntchito mofananamo, to-ry yotchedwa F. contrapuntal. kupanga kwakwaya ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamakwaya. Ntchito ya oimba awa ndi azeze anakonza zopambana za JS Bach. Panthawiyi, maganizo a F. adatsimikiziridwa pa ntchito yosangalatsa, yokondwa kapena yodabwitsa. umunthu wokhala ndi ufulu wakusinthana ndi chitukuko kapena kusanja kwakusintha kwa muses. zithunzi; amakhala pafupifupi wovomerezeka improvisation. chinthu chomwe chimapanga chithunzithunzi cha kufotokoza kwachindunji, kutsogola kwa sewero lachidziwitso pamalingaliro opangidwa mwadala. Mu organ ndi clavier ntchito za Bach, F. ndiye womvetsa chisoni kwambiri komanso wachikondi kwambiri. mtundu. F. ku Bach (monga mu D. Buxtehude ndi GF Telemann, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya da capo mu F.) kapena amaphatikizidwa muzozungulira ndi fugue, kumene, monga toccata kapena prelude, amatumikira kukonzekera ndi mthunzi wotsatira. chidutswa (F. ndi fugue for organ g-moll, BWV 542), kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu oyamba. zigawo mu suite (kwa violin ndi clavier A-dur, BWV 1025), partita (kwa clavier a-minor, BWV 827), kapena, potsiriza, alipo ngati palokha. prod. (F. kwa chiwalo G-dur BWV 572). Ku Bach, kukhwima kwa bungwe sikutsutsana ndi mfundo yaufulu F. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chromatic Fantasy ndi Fugue, ufulu wa kuwonetserako umasonyezedwa mwachisawawa chophatikizana chamitundu yosiyanasiyana - org. improvisation kapangidwe, recitative ndi ophiphiritsa processing wa chorale. Zigawo zonse zimagwiridwa pamodzi ndi ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka makiyi kuchokera ku T kupita ku D, kutsatiridwa ndi kuyimitsidwa pa S ndi kubwerera ku T (kotero, mfundo ya mawonekedwe akale a magawo awiri ikufalikira ku F.). Chithunzi chofananira ndi chikhalidwe cha malingaliro ena a Bach; ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala odzaza ndi zotsanzira, mphamvu yaikulu yowapanga mwa iwo ndi mgwirizano. Ladoharmonic. chimango cha mawonekedwe chikhoza kuwululidwa kudzera mu chimphona chachikulu. mfundo zomwe zimathandizira ma tonic a makiyi otsogolera.

Mitundu yapadera ya Bach's F. ndi makonzedwe ena akwaya (mwachitsanzo, "Fantasia super: Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott", BWV 651), mfundo zachitukuko zomwe siziphwanya miyambo yamtundu wanyimbo. Kutanthauzira kwaulere kwambiri kumasiyanitsa zongopeka, nthawi zambiri zopanda nzeru za FE Bach. Malinga ndi zomwe ananena (m'buku la "Zochitika panjira yolondola yosewera clavier", 1753-62), "zongopeka zimatchedwa zaulere pomwe makiyi ambiri amakhudzidwa kuposa chidutswa chopangidwa kapena chopangidwa mwamamita okhwima ... lili ndi ndime zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatha kuseweredwa m'mayimbi osweka kapena mitundu yonse ya mafananidwe… Zongopeka zopanda nzeru ndi zabwino kufotokoza zakukhosi.

Nyimbo yosokoneza. malingaliro a WA Mozart (clavier F. d-moll, K.-V. 397) amachitira umboni za chikondi. kutanthauzira kwa mtunduwo. M'mikhalidwe yatsopano amakwaniritsa ntchito yawo yayitali. zidutswa (koma osati kwa fugue, koma sonata: F. ndi sonata c-moll, K.-V. 475, 457), recreate mfundo ya alternating homophonic ndi polyphonic. zowonetsera (org. F. f-moll, K.-V. 608; chiwembu: AB A1 C A2 B1 A3, pomwe B ndi zigawo za fugue, C ndizosiyana). I. Haydn adayambitsa F. ku quartet (op. 76 No 6, part 2). L. Beethoven adagwirizanitsa mgwirizano wa sonata ndi F. popanga sonata yotchuka ya 14, op. 27 No 2 - "Sonata quasi una Fantasia" ndi 13th sonata op. 27 No 1. Anabweretsa kwa F. lingaliro la symphony. chitukuko, virtuoso makhalidwe instr. concerto, monumentality of the oratorio: in F. kwa piyano, kwaya ndi orchestra c-moll op. 80 monga nyimbo ya zaluso idamveka (m'chigawo chapakati cha C-dur, cholembedwa mwanjira yosiyana) mutuwo, womwe pambuyo pake unagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "mutu wa chisangalalo" kumapeto kwa symphony ya 9.

Romantics, mwachitsanzo. F. Schubert (mndandanda wa F. wa pianoforte mu manja a 2 ndi 4, F. wa violin ndi pianoforte op. 159), F. Mendelssohn (F. wa pianoforte op. 28), F. Liszt (org. ndi pianoforte . F. .) ndi ena, adalemeretsa F. ndi mikhalidwe yambiri yofananira, kukulitsa mawonekedwe a pulogalamu yomwe idawonetsedwa kale mumtundu uwu (R. Schumann, F. kwa piyano C-dur op. 17). Komabe, n’zochititsa chidwi kuti “zachikondi. ufulu”, mawonekedwe a mitundu ya zaka za zana la 19, mpaka pamlingo wocheperako F. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe wamba - sonata (AN Skryabin, F. kwa piyano mu h-moll op. 28; S. Frank, org. F. A. -dur), kuzungulira kwa sonata (Schumann, F. kwa piyano C-dur op. 17). Kawirikawiri, kwa F. 19th century. Makhalidwe, kumbali imodzi, ndi kuphatikizika ndi mawonekedwe aulere ndi osakanikirana (kuphatikiza ndakatulo), ndi kwina, ndi ma rhapsodies. Mn. nyimbo zimene zilibe dzina F., kwenikweni, ndizo (S. Frank, “Prelude, Chorale and Fugue”, “Prelude, Aria and Final”). Rus. olemba amalowetsa F. mu gawo la wok. (MI Glinka, "Venetian Night", "Night Review") ndi symphony. nyimbo: mu ntchito yawo panali yeniyeni. orc. mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu ndi zongopeka za symphonic (SV Rachmaninov, The Cliff, op. 7; AK Glazunov, The Forest, op. 19, Nyanja, op. 28, etc.). Amapereka F. chinachake chodziwika bwino cha Chirasha. khalidwe (MP Mussorgsky, "Night on Bald Mountain", mawonekedwe omwe, malinga ndi wolemba, ndi "Russian ndi original"), ndiye okonda kum'maŵa (MA Balakirev, kum'mawa F. "Islamey" kwa fp. ), ndiye zokongola (AS Dargomyzhsky, "Baba Yaga" kwa oimba oimba); perekani ziwembu zofunika kwambiri zafilosofi (PI Tchaikovsky, "Mkuntho", F. kwa oimba kutengera sewero la dzina lomweli ndi W. Shakespeare, op. 18; "Francesca da Rimini", F. kwa oimba pa chiwembu cha Nyimbo yoyamba ya Gahena kuchokera ku "Divine Comedy" yolembedwa ndi Dante, op.1).

M'zaka za m'ma 20 F. monga wodziimira. mtundu ndi wosowa (M. Reger, Choral F. kwa organ; O. Respighi, F. kwa piyano ndi orchestra, 1907; JF Malipiero, Zongopeka za Tsiku Lililonse za orchestra, 1951; O. Messiaen, F. kwa violin ndi piyano; M. Tedesco, F. wa gitala ndi piyano ya zingwe 6; A. Copland, F. wa piyano; A. Hovaness, F. wochokera ku Suite for piyano “Shalimar”; N (I. Peiko, Concert F. ya hutala ndi chipinda orchestra, etc.). Nthawi zina zizolowezi za neoclassical zimawonekera mu F. (F. Busoni, "Counterpoint F."; P. Hindemith, sonatas for viola ndi piano - mu F, 1st part, mu S., 3rd part; K. Karaev, sonata ya violin ndi piyano, finale, J. Yuzeliunas, concerto for organ, 1st movement) Nthawi zambiri, nyimbo zatsopano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu F. njira za m'zaka za zana la 20 - dodecaphony (A. Schoenberg, F. violin ndi piyano; F. Fortner, F. pamutu wakuti "BACH" pa piano 2, zida 9 zoimbira payekha komanso okhestra), njira za sonor-aleatoric. (SM Slonimsky, "Coloristic F." ya piyano).

Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 20 chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri za filosofi - kupanga munthu payekha, molunjika (nthawi zambiri ndi chizolowezi chopita patsogolo) mawonekedwe - ndi khalidwe la nyimbo zamtundu uliwonse, ndipo m'lingaliro ili, nyimbo zambiri zaposachedwa (za Mwachitsanzo, 4th and 5th pianos sonatas yolembedwa ndi BI Tishchenko) kuphatikiza ndi F.

2) Wothandizira. tanthauzo losonyeza kutha kwa ufulu wina womasulira. Mitundu: waltz-F. (MI Glinka), Impromptu-F., Polonaise-F. (F. Chopin, op. 66,61), sonata-F. (AN Scriabin, op. 19), overture-F. (PI Tchaikovsky, "Romeo ndi Juliet"), F. Quartet (B. Britten, "Fantasy quartet" ya oboe ndi zingwe. trio), recitative-F. (S. Frank, sonata ya violin ndi piyano, gawo 3), F.-burlesque (O. Messiaen), etc.

3) Wamba muzaka za 19-20. mtundu instr. kapena orc. nyimbo, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwaulere mitu yomwe idabwerekedwa kuchokera ku nyimbo zawo kapena zolemba za olemba ena, komanso kuchokera ku nthano (kapena zolembedwa mwachikhalidwe cha anthu). Malinga ndi mlingo wa zilandiridwenso. kukonzanso mitu ya F. mwina kumapanga luso latsopano laluso kenako ndikuyandikira mawu ofotokozera, rhapsody (zongopeka zambiri za Liszt, "Serbian F." kwa oimba a Rimsky-Korsakov, "F. pamitu ya Ryabinin" ya piano ndi oimba a Arensky, "Cinematics" F. ” pamitu ya nyimbo zoimbira "Bull on the Roof" ya violin ndi orchestra Milhaud, etc.), kapena ndi "montage" yosavuta ya mitu ndi ndime, yofanana ndi potpourri (F. pamitu a operettas akale, F. pamitu ya oimba nyimbo otchuka, ndi zina zotero).

4) Zongopeka za chilengedwe (German Phantasie, Fantasie) - kuthekera kwa chidziwitso chaumunthu kuyimira (masomphenya amkati, kumva) zochitika zenizeni, maonekedwe ake omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi anthu. chidziwitso ndi zochitika za anthu, komanso ku chilengedwe chamalingaliro mwa kuphatikiza ndi kukonza malingalirowa (pamagulu onse a psyche, kuphatikizapo zomveka komanso zosadziwika) za luso. zithunzi. Kuvomerezedwa mu akadzidzi. sayansi (psychology, aesthetics) kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha kulenga. F. yazikidwa pa kaimidwe ka Marx pa mbiri yakale. ndi magulu. chikhalidwe cha chidziwitso chaumunthu komanso pa chiphunzitso cha Leninist cha kulingalira. M'zaka za zana la 20 pali malingaliro ena pa chikhalidwe cha kulenga. F., zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu ziphunzitso za Z. Freud, CG Jung ndi G. Marcuse.

Zothandizira: 1) Kuznetsov KA, Musical ndi mbiri zithunzi, M., 1937; Mazel L., Fantasia f-moll Chopin. Chochitika cha kusanthula, M., 1937, chimodzimodzi, m'buku lake: Research on Chopin, M., 1971; Berkov VO, chromatic fantasy J. Sweelinka. Kuchokera mu mbiri ya mgwirizano, M., 1972; Miksheeva G., zongopeka za Symphonic za A. Dargomyzhsky, m'buku: From the history of Russian and Soviet music, vol. 3, M., 1978; Protopopov VV, Essays kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya zida za 1979 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

3) Marx K. ndi Engels R., On Art, vol. 1, M., 1976; Lenin VI, Kukonda Zinthu Zakuthupi ndi Empirio-Kutsutsa, Poln. coll. soch., 5th ed., v. 18; ake, Philosophical Notebooks, ibid., vol. 29; Ferster NP, Creative fantasy, M., 1924; Vygotsky LS, Psychology of art, M., 1965, 1968; Averintsev SS, "Analytical Psychology" K.-G. Jung ndi njira zongopeka, mu: On Modern Bourgeois Aesthetics, vol. 3, M., 1972; Davydov Yu., Marxist historicism ndi vuto lavuto la luso, muzosonkhanitsa: Zojambula zamakono zamakono, M., 1975; ake, Art in the social philosophy of G. Marcuse, mu: Critique of modern bourgeois sociology of art, M., 1978.

TS Kyuregyan