Henry Purcell (Henry Purcell) |

Henry Purcell

Purcell. Chiyambi (Andres Segovia)

… Kuchokera ku kukongola kwake, kukhalapo kwakanthawi kotereku, panali nyimbo zoimbidwa, zatsopano, zochokera pansi pamtima, imodzi mwa kalirole koyera ka mtima wa Chingerezi. R. Rollan

"British Orpheus" amatchedwa H. Purcell contemporaries. Dzina lake m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha Chingerezi likuyimira pafupi ndi mayina akuluakulu a W. Shakespeare, J. Byron, C. Dickens. Ntchito ya Purcell inayamba mu nthawi ya Kubwezeretsa, mu chikhalidwe cha kukwezedwa kwauzimu, pamene miyambo yodabwitsa ya luso la Renaissance inabwereranso ku moyo (mwachitsanzo, kutchuka kwa zisudzo, zomwe zinazunzidwa mu nthawi ya Cromwell); mitundu ya demokalase ya moyo wanyimbo inayambika - makonsati olipidwa, mabungwe amasewera adziko, oimba nyimbo zatsopano, ma chapel, ndi zina zotero. Kukulira pa nthaka yolemera ya chikhalidwe cha Chingerezi, kutengera miyambo yabwino kwambiri ya nyimbo za ku France ndi Italy, luso la Purcell linakhalabe kwa mibadwo yambiri ya anthu amtundu wake pachimake chosungulumwa, chosatheka .

Purcell anabadwira m'banja la woyimba khothi. Maphunziro a nyimbo za woyimba mtsogolo adayamba ku Royal Chapel, adadziwa bwino kuyimba kwa violin, organ ndi harpsichord, adayimba kwaya, adatenga maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera kwa P. Humphrey (prev.) ndi J. Blow; zolemba zake zachinyamata zimasindikizidwa nthawi zonse. Kuyambira 1673 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Purcell anali muutumiki wa khoti la Charles II. Kugwira ntchito zambiri (wolemba nyimbo 24 za Violin of the King, woyimba nyimbo yotchuka ya Louis XIV, woimba wa Westminster Abbey ndi Royal Chapel, woyimba zeze wa mfumu), Purcell adalemba zambiri zaka zonsezi. Ntchito ya Wopeka inakhalabe ntchito yake yaikulu. Ntchito yamphamvu kwambiri, zotayika kwambiri (ana atatu a Purcell adamwalira ali wakhanda) adachepetsa mphamvu ya woipeka - adamwalira ali ndi zaka 3.

Luso lopanga la Purcell, yemwe adapanga ntchito zaluso kwambiri mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, adawululidwa bwino kwambiri pankhani yanyimbo za zisudzo. Wolembayo adalemba nyimbo zamagulu 50 a zisudzo. Dera lochititsa chidwi kwambiri la ntchito yake likugwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya zisudzo za dziko; makamaka, ndi mtundu wa chigoba womwe udayamba ku bwalo la Stuarts mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX. (Masque ndi sewero lamasewera momwe masewera, zokambirana zimasinthidwa ndi manambala anyimbo). Kulumikizana ndi dziko la zisudzo, mgwirizano ndi olemba aluso, kukopa ziwembu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kudalimbikitsa malingaliro a wolembayo, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti afufuze zowoneka bwino komanso zamitundumitundu. Chotero, sewero la The Fairy Queen (lotengera kwaulere la Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, wolemba nkhaniyo, pref. E. Setl) limasiyanitsidwa ndi chuma chapadera cha zithunzithunzi zanyimbo. Zongopeka ndi zodziwikiratu, zongopeka komanso mawu apamwamba, magawo amtundu wa anthu ndi ma buffoonery - chilichonse chikuwonetsedwa mu ziwerengero zanyimbo zamatsengawa. Ngati nyimbo ya The Tempest (kukonzanso sewero la Shakespeare) ikugwirizana ndi kalembedwe ka opera ku Italy, ndiye kuti nyimbo za King Arthur zimasonyeza bwino chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha dziko (mu sewero la J. Dryden, miyambo yankhanza ya Saxons. amasiyanitsidwa ndi ulemu ndi kuuma kwa Britons).

Ntchito za zisudzo za Purcell, kutengera kukula ndi kulemera kwa manambala anyimbo, zimayandikira mwina opera kapena zisudzo zenizeni ndi nyimbo. Opera yokhayo ya Purcell m’lingaliro lonse, kumene malemba onse a libretto amaikidwa kukhala nyimbo, ndi Dido ndi Aeneas (libretto lolembedwa ndi N. Tate lochokera pa Virgil’s Aeneid – 1689). Mawonekedwe amphamvu azithunzi zanyimbo, ndakatulo, zofooka, zamaganizidwe ozama, komanso kulumikizana kwa nthaka ndi nthano zachingerezi, mitundu yatsiku ndi tsiku (chiwonetsero cha kusonkhana kwa mfiti, makwaya ndi kuvina kwa oyendetsa sitima) - kuphatikiza uku kunatsimikizira mawonekedwe apadera a woyamba English national opera, imodzi mwa ntchito zabwino kwambiri wolemba. Purcell ankafuna kuti "Dido" azichitidwa osati ndi oimba akatswiri, koma ndi ana asukulu zogonera. Izi zikufotokozera momveka bwino malo osungiramo ntchitoyo - mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, kusowa kwa zigawo zovuta za virtuoso, mawu okhwima, omveka bwino. Dido's dying aria, chochitika chomaliza cha opera, chimake chake chomvetsa chisoni, chinali chodziwika bwino cha wolemba nyimboyo. Kugonjera ku choikidwiratu, pemphero ndi madandaulo, chisoni cha kutsazikana chimamveka mu nyimbo zakuya zovomereza. R. Rolland analemba kuti: “Mawonekedwe a kutsazikana ndi imfa ya Dido yekha angachititse kuti ntchitoyi isafe.

Kutengera miyambo yolemera kwambiri ya polyphony yamtundu wanyimbo, mawu a Purcell adapangidwa: nyimbo zomwe zidaphatikizidwa m'gulu lomwe lidasindikizidwa "British Orpheus", makwaya amtundu wa anthu, nyimbo (nyimbo zauzimu zachingerezi ku zolemba za Bayibulo, zomwe zidakonza mbiri yakale ya GF Handel. ), odes dziko, cantatas, nsomba (canons wofala English moyo), etc. Atagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ndi 24 Violins of the King ensemble, Purcell anasiya ntchito zodabwitsa kwa zingwe (15 fantasies, Violin Sonata, Chaconne ndi Pavane kwa 4 magawo, 5 pawan, etc.). Mothandizidwa ndi trio sonatas ndi oimba a ku Italy S. Rossi ndi G. Vitali, 22 trio sonatas kwa violin awiri, bass ndi harpsichord zinalembedwa. Ntchito ya Purcell ya clavier (ma suites 8, zidutswa zopitilira 40, zosintha ziwiri, toccata) zidapanga miyambo ya namwali achingerezi (virginel ndi harpsichord yachingerezi).

Zaka mazana awiri okha pambuyo pa imfa ya Purcell idafika nthawi yotsitsimutsa ntchito yake. Purcell Society, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 2, idakhala ndi cholinga chofufuza mozama za cholowa cha wolemba nyimbo komanso kukonzekera kusindikiza mabuku ake onse. M'zaka za XX. Oimba a Chingerezi ankafuna kukopa chidwi cha anthu ku ntchito za akatswiri oyambirira a nyimbo za ku Russia; Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuchita, kufufuza, ndi kulenga kwa B. Britten, woimba wachingelezi wodziwika bwino yemwe adakonzekera nyimbo za Purcell, kusindikiza kwatsopano kwa Dido, yemwe adapanga Variations ndi Fugue pamutu wa Purcell - gulu labwino kwambiri la okhestra, a. mtundu wa kalozera wa oimba a symphony.

I. Okhalova