Mbiri ya ephonium

Euphonium - chida choimbira champhepo chopangidwa ndi mkuwa, ndi cha banja la tubas ndi saxhorns. Dzina la chidacho ndi lachi Greek ndipo limatanthawuza "kumveka kwathunthu" kapena "kumveka kosangalatsa". Mu nyimbo za mphepo, amafanizidwa ndi cello. Nthawi zambiri imatha kumveka ngati mawu a tenor mumasewera amagulu ankhondo kapena amkuwa. Komanso, phokoso lake lamphamvu ndilokoma kwa oimba ambiri a jazz. Chidacho chimadziwikanso kuti "euphonium" kapena "tenor tuba".

Serpentine ndi kholo lakutali la euphonium

Mbiri ya chida choimbira imayamba ndi kholo lake lakutali, njoka, yomwe inakhala maziko a kulengedwa kwa zida zambiri zamakono zamakono. Dziko lakwawo njoka limatengedwa kuti ndi France, komwe Edme Guillaume adapanga m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Njoka imafanana ndi njoka m'mawonekedwe ake, yomwe idatchedwa dzina lake (lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku French, serpenti ndi njoka). Zida zosiyanasiyana zidagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga: mkuwa, siliva, zinki komanso zida zamatabwa zidapezekanso. Pakamwa pamakhala mafupa, nthawi zambiri akatswiri ankagwiritsa ntchito minyanga ya njovu. M’thupi la njoka munali mabowo 6. Patapita nthawi, zida zokhala ndi ma valve angapo zinayamba kuonekera. Poyamba, chida chomphepo chimenechi chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito poimba nyimbo za tchalitchi. Ntchito yake inali kukulitsa mawu achimuna poimba. Pambuyo pakusintha ndi kuwonjezera mavavu, idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'magulu oimba, kuphatikiza ankhondo. Ma tonal osiyanasiyana a njoka ndi ma octaves atatu, omwe amakulolani kuchita ntchito zonse za pulogalamu ndi mitundu yonse ya zosintha pa izo. Phokoso lopangidwa ndi chidacho ndi lamphamvu kwambiri komanso loyipa. Zinali zosatheka kuti munthu amene alibe khutu la nyimbo aphunzire kuyimba nyimbo mwaukhondo. Ndipo openda nyimbo anayerekezera kuyimba mosasamala kwa chida chovutachi ndi kubangula kwa nyama yanjala. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zimene zinabuka podziŵa bwino chidacho, kwa zaka zina 3, njokayo inapitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’nyimbo zatchalitchi. Kutchuka kwambiri kudabwera koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, pomwe pafupifupi ku Europe konse adasewera.

Zaka za zana la XNUMX: Kupangidwa kwa ophicleides ndi ephonium

Mu 1821, gulu la nyanga zamkuwa zokhala ndi mavavu linapangidwa ku France. Nyanga ya bass, komanso chida chomwe chinapangidwa pa maziko ake, chimatchedwa ophicleid. Chida choimbira chimenechi chinali chosavuta kuposa njoka, koma chinafunikabe kukhala ndi khutu labwino kwambiri loimbira kuti chilimbe bwino. Kunja, ophicleid koposa zonse amafanana ndi bassoon. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'magulu ankhondo.

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 30 za zaka za m'ma 1,5, makina apadera a mpope anapangidwa - valavu yomwe inachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa chida choimbira ndi theka la toni, toni yonse, 2,5 kapena XNUMX toni. Inde, zatsopanozi zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama popanga zida zatsopano.

Mu 1842, fakitale inatsegulidwa ku France, yopanga zida zoimbira zamphepo zamagulu ankhondo. Adolph Sachs, yemwe adatsegula fakitale iyi, adapanga zida zambiri momwe valavu yatsopano yapope idagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Patatha chaka chimodzi, mbuye wa ku Germany Sommer adapanga ndikupanga chida chamkuwa chokhala ndi mawu olemera komanso amphamvu, omwe amatchedwa "ephonium". Idayamba kutulutsidwa mosiyanasiyana, magulu a tenor, bass ndi contrabass adawonekera.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba za ephonium idapangidwa ndi A. Ponchielli chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Komanso, phokoso la chidacho linagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ntchito zawo ndi olemba nyimbo monga R. Wagner, G. Holst ndi M. Ravel.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ephonium mu nyimbo

Ephonium idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu gulu la mkuwa (makamaka, lankhondo), komanso mu symphony, pomwe chidacho chimaperekedwa kuti chichite mbali za tuba zogwirizana. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo sewero la "Ng'ombe" la M. Mussorgsky, komanso "Moyo wa Hero" ndi R. Strauss. Komabe, olemba ena amawona ma timbre apadera a ephonium ndikupanga ntchito ndi gawo lomwe adapangidwira. Imodzi mwa nyimbozi ndi ballet "The Golden Age" ndi D. Shostakovich.

Kutulutsidwa kwa filimuyo "The Musician" kunabweretsa kutchuka kwakukulu kwa euphonium, kumene chida ichi chinatchulidwa mu nyimbo yaikulu. Pambuyo pake, okonzawo adawonjeza valavu ina, izi zinakulitsa mwayi wa makinawo, kupititsa patsogolo kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi njira zothandizira. Kutsitsidwa kwa dongosolo lonse la B lathyathyathya mpaka F kudachitika chifukwa chowonjezera chipata chatsopano chachinayi.

Osewera payekha amasangalala kugwiritsa ntchito mawu amphamvu a chidacho ngakhale muzolemba za jazi, ephonium ndi imodzi mwa zida zamphepo zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri zomwe zimapereka mawu apamwamba, omveka, ofunda komanso okhala ndi timbre zabwino kwambiri komanso zosinthika. Ndi iyo, mutha kufotokozera mosavuta mawu omveka bwino, omwe amalola kuti ikhale yokhayokha komanso chida chotsatira. Komanso, oimba ena amakono amamupangira nyimbo zosatsatizana.