Moisey (Mechislav) Samuilovich Weinberg (Moisey Weinberg) |

Moisey Weinberg

Dzina la M. Weinberg limadziwika kwambiri m'mayiko oimba. D. Shostakovich anamutcha mmodzi wa olemba odziwika a nthawi yathu ino. Wojambula waluso komanso woyambirira, wanzeru zakuzama, Weinberg amamenya ndi zokonda zosiyanasiyana. Masiku ano, cholowa chake ndi ma symphonies 19, ma symphoniette 2, ma symphonies awiri achipinda, ma opera 2, operettas 7, ma ballet 4, ma quartets a zingwe 3, quintet, ma concerto 17 ndi ma sonatas ambiri, nyimbo zamakanema ambiri ndi makanema ojambula pamanja ... ndakatulo Shakespeare ndi F. Schiller, M. Lermontov ndi F. Tyutchev, A. Fet ndi A. Blok amapereka lingaliro la dziko la nyimbo za chipinda cha wolembayo. Weinberg amakopeka ndi ndakatulo za ndakatulo za Soviet - A. Tvardovsky, S. Galkin, L. Kvitko. Kuzama kwa kumvetsetsa ndakatulo kunasonyezedwa bwino kwambiri powerenga nyimbo za ndakatulo za wolemba nyimbo wamasiku ano komanso wamtundu Y. Tuwim, yemwe malemba ake adapanga maziko achisanu ndi chitatu ("Maluwa a Poland"), Chachisanu ndi chinayi ("Mizere Yopulumuka"). ma symphonies, cantata Piotr Plaksin, kuzungulira kwa mawu. Luso la woimbayo lili ndi zinthu zambiri - muzolemba zake amapita ku nsonga zatsoka ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amalenga ma suites abwino kwambiri, odzaza ndi nthabwala ndi chisomo, sewero lamasewera "Love d'Artagnan" ndi ballet "The Golden Key". Ngwazi za ma symphonies ake ndi filosofi, wolemba nyimbo wochenjera komanso wodekha, wojambula, akuganizira za tsogolo ndi cholinga cha luso, akutsutsa mwaukali motsutsana ndi misanthropy ndi zoopsa za fascism ya tribunes.

Mu luso lake, Weinberg anatha kupeza wapadera, inimitable kalembedwe, ndi kutenga makhalidwe khalidwe la nyimbo zamakono (kutembenukira chambernization, neoclassicism, kufufuza m'munda wa kaphatikizidwe mtundu). Ntchito zake zonse ndi zakuya komanso zozama, zouziridwa ndi zochitika zofunika kwambiri za m'zaka za zana, malingaliro a wojambula wamkulu ndi nzika. Weinberg anabadwira ku Warsaw kwa woyimba zisudzo wachiyuda komanso woyimba zeze. Mnyamatayo anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo ali ndi zaka 10, ndipo miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake anayamba kukhala woyimba piyano m'bwalo la zisudzo la abambo ake. Mieczysław ali ndi zaka 12 amaphunzira ku Warsaw Conservatory. Kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu za kuphunzira (Weinberg anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory mu 1939, nkhondo itatsala pang'ono kuyambika), adadziwa bwino luso la woyimba piyano (kenako, woimbayo amaimba nyimbo zake zambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwa nthawi yoyamba) . Panthawi imeneyi, malangizo aluso a woimba wamtsogolo amayamba kutsimikiziridwa. Munjira zambiri, izi zinayendetsedwa ndi moyo wa chikhalidwe cha Warsaw, makamaka ntchito za Philharmonic Society, yomwe imalimbikitsa kwambiri zolemba za Western Europe. Zosangalatsa kwambiri zinapangidwa ndi oimba otchuka monga A. Rubinstein, S. Rachmaninov, P. Casals, F. Kreisler, O. Klemperer, B. Walter.

Nkhondoyo inasintha kwambiri moyo wa wolemba nyimboyo. Banja lonse limwalira, iye mwini, pakati pa othawa kwawo, akukakamizika kuchoka ku Poland. Soviet Union imakhala nyumba yachiwiri ya Weinberg. Anakhazikika ku Minsk, adalowa mu Conservatory pa dipatimenti yojambula m'kalasi ya V. Zolotarev, yomwe adamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1941. Zotsatira za kulenga kwa zaka izi ndi ndakatulo ya Symphonic, Quartet Yachiwiri, zidutswa za piyano. Koma zochitika zoopsa za usilikali zimalowanso m'moyo wa woimba - akukhala mboni ya chiwonongeko choopsa cha dziko la Soviet. Weinberg adasamutsidwira ku Tashkent, kupita kukagwira ntchito ku Opera ndi Ballet Theatre. Apa akulemba Symphony Yoyamba, yomwe idapangidwa kuti ikhale ndi gawo lapadera la tsogolo la wolemba. Mu 1943, Weinberg anatumiza mphambu Shostakovich, kuyembekezera kumva maganizo ake. Yankho lake linali kalata ya boma imene Dmitry Dmitrievich anaitanitsa ku Moscow. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Weinberg wakhala akukhala ndikugwira ntchito ku Moscow, kuyambira chaka chimenecho oimba awiriwa adagwirizanitsidwa ndi ubwenzi wolimba, wowona mtima. Weinberg nthawi zonse amasonyeza Shostakovich nyimbo zake zonse. Kukula ndi kuzama kwa malingaliro, kukopa mitu yakumveka kwa anthu ambiri, kumvetsetsa kwanzeru zamitu yosatha yaukadaulo monga moyo ndi imfa, kukongola, chikondi - mikhalidwe iyi ya nyimbo za Shostakovich idakhala yofanana ndi malangizo akupanga a Weinberg ndipo adapeza choyambirira. kukonzekera mu ntchito zake.

Mutu waukulu wa luso la Weinberg ndi nkhondo, imfa ndi chiwonongeko monga zizindikiro za zoipa. Moyo wokha, kupotoza komvetsa chisoni kwa tsoka kunakakamiza wolemba nyimboyo kulemba za zochitika zoopsa za nkhondo yapitayi, kuti atembenukire "kuchikumbukiro, ndipo motero ku chikumbumtima cha aliyense wa ife." Kupyolera mu chidziwitso ndi moyo wa ngwazi yoimba (kumbuyo, mosakayikira, wolemba mwiniwakeyo - munthu wowolowa manja wodabwitsa wauzimu, kufatsa, kudzichepetsa kwachirengedwe), zochitika zomvetsa chisonizo zinapeza tanthauzo lapadera, lamatsenga-filosofi. Ndipo ichi ndiye chokhacho chapadera cha nyimbo zonse za wolembayo.

Mutu wankhondo udawonetsedwa bwino kwambiri mu nyimbo zachitatu (1949), zisanu ndi chimodzi (1962), zisanu ndi zitatu (1964), zachisanu ndi chinayi (1967), mu symphonic trilogy Crossing the Threshold of War (Chachisanu ndi chiwiri - 1984, chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu - 1984, Khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi - 1985); mu cantata "Diary ya Chikondi", yoperekedwa kwa kukumbukira ana omwe anamwalira ku Auschwitz (1965); mu Requiem (1965); mu zisudzo The Passenger (1968), Madonna and the Soldier (1970), mu angapo quartets. “Nyimbo zimalembedwa ndi magazi amtima. Ndizowala komanso zophiphiritsira, palibe "chopanda" chimodzi, chopanda chidwi mmenemo. Chilichonse chimachitikira ndipo chimamvetsetsedwa ndi wolembayo, zonse zimafotokozedwa moona mtima, mwachidwi. Ndimawona ngati nyimbo ya munthu, nyimbo ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse wa anthu motsutsana ndi zoyipa zoyipa kwambiri padziko lapansi - fascism," mawu awa a Shostakovich, ponena za opera "Passenger", anganenedwe kuti ndi ntchito yonse ya Weinberg. , amavumbula molondola tanthauzo la nyimbo zake zambiri. .

Ulusi wapadera mu ntchito ya Weinberg ndi mutu wa ubwana. Wophatikizidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, wakhala chizindikiro cha chiyero cha makhalidwe abwino, choonadi ndi ubwino, umunthu waumunthu, khalidwe la nyimbo zonse za wolemba nyimbo. Mutu waluso umalumikizidwa nawo ngati chonyamulira lingaliro la muyaya wa chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi ndi makhalidwe abwino, ofunika kwa wolemba. Mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa komanso okhudzidwa a nyimbo za Weinberg adawonekera m'mayimbidwe ake, sewero la timbre, ndi zolemba za orchestra. Kalembedwe ka nyimbo kamakulirakulira pamaziko a nyimbo zokhudzana ndi nthano. Chidwi mu dikishonale yamitundu yonse ya nyimbo za Asilavo ndi Chiyuda, zomwe zidawonekera kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za 40-50s. (Panthawiyi, Weinberg adalemba ma symphonic suite: "Rhapsody on Moldavian Themes", "Polish Melodies", "Rhapsody on Slavic Themes", "Moldavian Rhapsody for Violin ndi Orchestra"), idakhudza chiyambi cha nyimbo zonse zotsatizana. Chiyambi cha dziko lachidziwitso, makamaka Chiyuda ndi Chipolishi, chinatsimikizira phale la timbre la ntchitozo. Mwachiwonetsero, mitu yofunika kwambiri - onyamula lingaliro lalikulu la ntchitoyi - amapatsidwa zida zomwe amakonda - violin kapena zitoliro ndi clarinets. Zolemba za orchestra za Weinberg zimadziwika ndi mzere womveka bwino wophatikizidwa ndi ubale wapamtima. Yachiwiri (1945), Yachisanu ndi chiwiri (1964), Yakhumi (1968), ma symphonies, Symphonietta Yachiwiri (1960), ma symphonies awiri achipinda (1986, 1987) adalembedwera mawonekedwe achipinda.

Zaka za m'ma 80 zodziwika ndi kulengedwa kwa ntchito zingapo zofunika, kuchitira umboni maluwa athunthu a talente yamphamvu ya wolembayo. Ndizophiphiritsira kuti ntchito yomaliza ya Weinberg, opera The Idiot yochokera ku buku la F. Dostoevsky, ndikukopa kwa nyimbo yomwe ntchito yake yayikulu ("yowonetsa munthu wokongola, kupeza zabwino") ikugwirizana kwathunthu lingaliro la ntchito yonse ya wolembayo. Iliyonse mwa ntchito zake zatsopano ndi pempho lina lokonda anthu, kumbuyo kwa lingaliro lililonse la nyimbo nthawi zonse pamakhala munthu "kumva, kuganiza, kupuma, kuvutika".

O. Dashevskaya