Rodion Konstantinovich Shchedrin |

Rodion Shchedrin

O, khalani mlonda wathu, mpulumutsi, nyimbo! Musatisiye! kudzutsa miyoyo yathu mercantile zambiri! gwirani mwamphamvu ndi mawu anu pamalingaliro athu ogona! Sewerani, kuwaduladula ndikuwathamangitsa, ngakhale kwakanthawi, kudzikonda koopsa kumeneku komwe kukuyesera kulanda dziko lathu lapansi! N. Gogol. Kuchokera m'nkhani yakuti "Zojambula, zojambula ndi nyimbo"

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1984, mu imodzi mwa ma concert a II International Music Festival ku Moscow, masewero a "Self-portrait" - kusiyana kwa gulu lalikulu la oimba la symphony ndi R. Shchedrin. Nyimbo yatsopano ya woimbayo, yemwe wangodutsa kumene pa tsiku lake lobadwa la makumi asanu, adawotcha ena ndi mawu opweteka, ena okondwa ndi nkhani za utolankhani za mutuwo, malingaliro ake okhudza tsogolo lake. Nzowonadi kuti zikunenedwa kuti: “wojambula ndiye woweruza wake wamkulu.” Mu gawo limodzi ili, lofanana ndi tanthauzo ndi zomwe zili mu symphony, dziko lanthawi yathu ino likuwonekera kudzera mu umunthu wa wojambula, woperekedwa moyandikira, ndipo kupyolera mwa iwo amadziwika mu kusinthasintha kwake ndi zotsutsana - pogwira ntchito. ndi malo osinkhasinkha, polingalira, kuzama kwanyimbo, mu mphindi zokondwa kapena kuphulika komvetsa chisoni kodzaza ndi kukaikira. Ku "Self-portrait", ndipo mwachibadwa, ulusi umakoka pamodzi kuchokera ku ntchito zambiri zomwe zinalembedwa kale ndi Shchedrin. Monga ngati kuchokera pakuwona kwa mbalame, njira yake yolenga ndi yaumunthu imawonekera - kuyambira kale kupita ku mtsogolo. Njira ya "wokondedwa wa tsoka"? Kapena “wofera chikhulupiriro”? Kwa ife, kungakhale kulakwa kunena chimodzi kapena chinzake. Zili pafupi ndi chowonadi kunena kuti: njira ya olimba mtima "kuchokera kwa munthu woyamba" ...

Shchedrin anabadwira m'banja la woimba. Atate Konstantin Mikhailovich anali wotchuka musicologist lecturer. Nyimbo zinkaimbidwa nthawi zonse m'nyumba ya Shchedrins. Zinali kupanga nyimbo zamoyo zomwe zinali malo obereketsa omwe pang'onopang'ono adapanga zilakolako ndi zokonda za woimba wamtsogolo. Kunyada banja anali limba atatu, amene nawo Konstantin Mikhailovich ndi abale ake. Zaka zaunyamata zinagwirizana ndi mayesero aakulu omwe anagwera pa mapewa a anthu onse a Soviet. Kawiri konse mnyamatayo anathaŵira kutsogolo ndipo kawiri anabwezedwa kunyumba kwa makolo ake. Pambuyo pake Shchedrin adzakumbukira nkhondoyo kangapo, kangapo zowawa zomwe adakumana nazo zidzamvekanso mu nyimbo zake - mu Second Symphony (1965), nyimbo zoimba nyimbo za A. Tvardovsky - pokumbukira mbale yemwe sanabwerere. kuchokera kunkhondo (1968), mu "Poetoria" (ku St. A. Voznesensky, 1968) - konsati yoyambirira ya ndakatulo, limodzi ndi liwu lachikazi, kwaya yosakanikirana ndi oimba a symphony ...

Mu 1945, wachinyamata wazaka khumi ndi ziwiri adatumizidwa ku Sukulu ya Kwaya yomwe idatsegulidwa posachedwa - tsopano iwo. AV Sveshnikova. Kuwonjezera pa kuphunzira maphunziro apamwamba, kuimba mwina inali ntchito yaikulu ya ana a sukulu. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, Shchedrin ankanena kuti: “Ndinakumana ndi mphindi zoyambirira za chisonkhezero m’moyo wanga pamene ndinali kuimba m’kwaya. Ndipo, ndithudi, nyimbo zanga zoyamba zinali za kwaya ... "Chotsatira chinali Moscow Conservatory, kumene Shchedrin anaphunzira nthawi imodzi pamagulu awiri - akulemba ndi Y. Shaporin komanso m'kalasi ya limba ndi Y. Flier. Chaka chimodzi asanamalize maphunziro ake, adalemba Concerto yake yoyamba ya Piano (1954). Opus yoyambirira iyi idakopeka ndi momwe idayambira komanso momwe akumvera. Wolemba wazaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri adayesanso kuphatikiza 2 ditty motifs mu concert-pop element - Siberian "Balalaika is buzzing" ndi "Semyonovna" wotchuka, akuwakulitsa bwino mumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mlanduwu ndi wapadera kwambiri: konsati yoyamba ya Shchedrin sinangomveka mu pulogalamu ya oimba otsatirawa, komanso idakhala maziko ovomereza wophunzira wazaka 4 ... ku Union of Composers. Atateteza bwino dipuloma yake muzapadera ziwiri, woimba wachinyamatayo adachita bwino kusukulu yomaliza maphunziro.

Kumayambiriro kwa ulendo wake Shchedrin anayesa madera osiyanasiyana. Awa anali ballet ndi P. Ershov The Little Humpbacked Horse (1955) ndi First Symphony (1958), Chamber Suite for 20 violin, zeze, accordion ndi 2 bass awiri (1961) ndi opera Not Only Love (1961), a satirical resort cantata "Bureaucratiada" (1963) ndi Concerto for orchestra "Naughty ditties" (1963), nyimbo za zisudzo ndi mafilimu. Kuyenda kosangalatsa kuchokera ku filimu "Vysota" nthawi yomweyo kunakhala kugulitsa kwambiri nyimbo ... Opera yochokera pa nkhani ya S. Antonov "Azakhali a Lusha" ikuwonekera mndandandawu, zomwe tsogolo lake silinali lophweka. Kutembenukira ku mbiriyakale, yotenthedwa ndi tsoka, ku zithunzi za azimayi osavuta omwe ali osungulumwa, wolembayo, malinga ndi kuvomereza kwake, adayang'ana dala pakupanga opera "chete", mosiyana ndi "masewera akuluakulu okhala ndi zowonjezera zazikulu" inakhazikitsidwa ndiye, koyambirira kwa 60s. , zikwangwani, etc." Masiku ano n'zosatheka kuti musadandaule kuti panthawi yake opera sinayamikiridwe ndipo sanamvetsetse ngakhale akatswiri. Kudzudzula kunawona mbali imodzi yokha - nthabwala, nthabwala. Koma kwenikweni, opera "Osati Chikondi Chekha" ndi chitsanzo chowala kwambiri ndipo mwina chitsanzo choyamba mu nyimbo za Soviet za zochitika zomwe pambuyo pake zinalandira tanthauzo lophiphiritsira la "prose ya kumudzi". Chabwino, njira yakutsogolo nthawi zonse imakhala yaminga.

Mu 1966, wopeka anayamba ntchito pa opera wake wachiwiri. Ndipo ntchito iyi, yomwe inaphatikizapo kulengedwa kwa libretto yake (pano inadziwonetsera mphatso ya Shchedrin), inatenga zaka khumi. "Miyoyo Yakufa", zochitika za opera pambuyo pa N. Gogol - umu ndi momwe lingaliro lalikululi linapangidwira. Ndipo mopanda malire adayamikiridwa ndi gulu lanyimbo ngati lopangidwa mwaluso. Chikhumbo cha wolemba nyimboyo “chofuna “kuŵerenga mawu oimba a Gogol pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo, kufotokoza chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi nyimbo, ndi kutsindika kufotokoza mopanda malire, kusangalala ndi kusinthasintha kwa chinenero chathu ndi nyimbo” kunasonyezedwa ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa dziko lochititsa mantha la ogulitsa miyoyo yakufa, Chichikovs, Sobeviches, Plyushkins, mabokosi, manilovs, omwe anakwapula mwankhanza mu opera, ndi dziko la "miyoyo yamoyo", moyo wa anthu. Imodzi mwa mitu ya opera imachokera palemba la nyimbo yomweyi "Chipale choyera" chomwe chimatchulidwa kangapo ndi wolemba ndakatulo. Potengera mawonekedwe a opera omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale, Shchedrin amawaganiziranso molimba mtima, amawasintha mwanjira yosiyana, yamakono. Ufulu wopanga zatsopano umaperekedwa ndi zinthu zofunika za umunthu wa wojambulayo, mokhazikika podziwa bwino miyambo ya anthu olemera kwambiri komanso apadera pazochita zake zachikhalidwe chapakhomo, pamagazi, kutenga nawo mbali kwamitundu muzojambula zamtundu - ndakatulo zake, melos, mitundu yosiyanasiyana. "Zojambula zamtundu wa anthu zimadzutsa chikhumbo chofuna kukonzanso fungo lake losayerekezeka, "kulumikizana" ndi chuma chake, kufotokoza malingaliro omwe amabweretsa omwe sangathe kufotokozedwa m'mawu," akutero wolembayo. Ndipo koposa zonse, nyimbo zake.

Njira iyi ya "kubwezeretsanso anthu" idakula pang'onopang'ono mu ntchito yake - kuchokera ku kalembedwe kake kakale mu ballet yoyambirira "The Little Humpbacked Horse" kupita ku phokoso lokongola la Mischievous Chastushkas, dongosolo lovuta kwambiri la "Rings" (1968). , kuukitsa kuphweka kokhazikika ndi kuchuluka kwa nyimbo za Znamenny; kuchokera ku mawonedwe a nyimbo zamtundu wowala kwambiri, chithunzi cholimba cha munthu wamkulu wa opera "Osati Chikondi Chokha" mpaka m'nkhani yachikondi ya anthu wamba kwa Ilyich, ponena za maganizo awo amkati mwa "opambana padziko lapansi." anthu onse amene adutsa dziko lapansi” mu oratorio "Lenin mu Mtima anthu" (1969) - yabwino, timagwirizana ndi maganizo a M. Tarakanov," mawonetseredwe a nyimbo za mutu Leninist, amene anaonekera madzulo madzulo wa zaka 100 za kubadwa kwa mtsogoleri. Kuchokera pachimake chopanga chifaniziro cha Russia, chomwe ndithudi chinali opera "Miyoyo Yakufa", yomwe inakonzedwa ndi B. Pokrovsky mu 1977 pa siteji ya Bolshoi Theatre, chipilalacho chinaponyedwa ku "Mngelo Wosindikizidwa" - nyimbo zakwaya mu 9. zigawo malinga ndi N. Leskov (1988). Monga momwe wolembayo amanenera m'mawu ofotokozera, adakopeka ndi nkhani ya wojambula zithunzi Sevastyan, "yemwe adasindikiza chithunzi chozizwitsa chakale chodetsedwa ndi amphamvu adziko lapansi, choyamba, lingaliro la kusawonongeka kwa kukongola kwaluso, luso lamatsenga, lokwezeka la luso.” "Mngelo Wogwidwa", komanso chaka cham'mbuyo chomwe chinapangidwira gulu la symphony "Stikhira" (1987), lochokera ku nyimbo ya Znamenny, laperekedwa ku chikondwerero cha 1000 cha ubatizo wa Russia.

Nyimbo za Leskov momveka bwino zinapitiliza zolosera zam'malemba za Shchedrin ndi zokonda zake, ndikugogomezera malingaliro ake: "... Sindikumvetsetsa olemba athu omwe amatembenukira ku mabuku omasuliridwa. Tili ndi chuma chosaneneka - mabuku olembedwa mu Chirasha. M'ndandanda uwu, malo apadera amaperekedwa kwa Pushkin ("mmodzi mwa milungu yanga") - kuwonjezera pa makwaya awiri oyambirira, mu 1981, ndakatulo za "The Execution of Pugachev" zinakhazikitsidwa palemba la "History of Pugachev". Kupanduka kwa Pugachev ndi "Strophes of "Eugene Onegin".

Tithokoze chifukwa cha nyimbo zozikidwa pa Chekhov - "The Seagull" (1979) ndi "Lady with a Galu" (1985), komanso nyimbo zomwe zidalembedwa kale kutengera buku la L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina" (1971), the Zithunzi za anthu omwe ali pa siteji ya ballet adalemeretsedwa kwambiri ndi heroines aku Russia. Wolemba mnzake weniweni wa luso lamakono lamakono la choreographic anali Maya Plisetskaya, ballerina wodziwika bwino wa nthawi yathu ino. Gulu ili - lopanga komanso laumunthu - lili ndi zaka zopitilira 30. Ziribe kanthu zomwe nyimbo za Shchedrin zimanena, nyimbo zake zonse zimakhala ndi ntchito yofufuza mwakhama ndikuwonetsa mbali za munthu wowala. Wopeka nyimboyo amamva bwino kwambiri mmene nthawi imayendera, ndipo amaona mmene moyo wa masiku ano umayendera. Amawona dziko lonse lapansi, akugwira ndikujambula zithunzi zaluso chinthu china komanso mawonekedwe onse. Kodi ichi chingakhale chifukwa chake chodziwika bwino cha njira yochititsa chidwi ya montage, yomwe imapangitsa kufotokoza momveka bwino kusiyana kwa zithunzi ndi malingaliro amalingaliro? Kutengera njira yamphamvu iyi, Shchedrin amayesetsa kuti achidule, achidule ("kuyika zidziwitso zachidziwitso mwa omvera") pakuwonetsetsa kwazinthuzo, kuti pakhale ubale wapamtima pakati pa zigawo zake popanda kulumikizana kulikonse. Kotero, Symphony Yachiwiri ndi kuzungulira kwa 25 preludes, ballet "The Seagull" imamangidwa pa mfundo yomweyo; The Third Piano Concerto, monga ntchito zina zingapo, ili ndi mutu ndi mndandanda wa masinthidwe ake mosiyanasiyana. Ma polyphony osangalatsa a dziko lozungulira amawonekera m'malingaliro a wopeka wa polyphony - zonse ngati mfundo yokonzekera nyimbo, njira yolembera, komanso ngati mtundu wamalingaliro. "Polyphony ndi njira yokhalirapo, m'moyo wathu, kukhalapo kwamakono kwasanduka polyphonic." Lingaliro la wolembayo limatsimikiziridwa kwenikweni. Ndikugwira ntchito pa Miyoyo Yakufa, adapanganso ma ballet Carmen Suite ndi Anna Karenina, Third Piano Concerto, Polyphonic Notebook ya ma preludes makumi awiri ndi asanu, voliyumu yachiwiri ya ma preludes 24 ndi fugues, Poetoria, ndi nyimbo zina. limodzi ndi zisudzo Shchedrin pa siteji konsati monga woimba nyimbo zake - woyimba piyano, ndipo kuyambira chiyambi cha 80s. ndipo monga wagulu, ntchito yake imaphatikizidwa bwino ndi ntchito zapagulu.

Njira ya Shchedrin monga wolemba nyimbo nthawi zonse ikugonjetsa; tsiku ndi tsiku, kugonjetsa kouma kwa zinthu, zomwe m'manja olimba a mbuye zimasanduka mizere ya nyimbo; kugonjetsa inertia, ndipo ngakhale kukondera kwa kuzindikira kwa omvera; potsiriza, kudzigonjetsa nokha, momveka bwino, kubwereza zomwe zapezeka kale, zopezeka, zoyesedwa. Osakumbukira bwanji apa V. Mayakovsky, yemwe adanenapo za osewera chess kuti: "Kusuntha kwabwino kwambiri sikungabwerezedwe muzochitika zina mumasewera otsatira. Kusayembekezereka kokhako kusunthako kumagwetsa mdani.

Pamene omvera a ku Moscow anadziŵikitsidwa koyamba za The Musical Offering (1983), zimene Shchedrin anachita ndi nyimbo zatsopanozo zinali ngati bomba. Mkanganowo sunathe kwa nthawi yaitali. Wopeka, mu ntchito yake, kuyesetsa kwachidule kwambiri, mawu aphoristic ("telegraphic style"), mwadzidzidzi anaoneka kuti anasamukira mu gawo lina luso. Kapangidwe kake kakusuntha kamodzi ka chiwalo, zitoliro 3, mabassoon 3 ndi trombones 3 kumatenga… kupitilira maola awiri. Iye, malinga ndi cholinga cha wolemba, sichinthu choposa kukambirana. Osati zokambirana zachisokonezo zomwe nthawi zina timakhala nazo, osamvetserana wina ndi mzake, mofulumira kufotokoza maganizo athu, koma kukambirana pamene aliyense atha kunena za chisoni chake, chisangalalo, mavuto, mavumbulutso ... "Ndikukhulupirira kuti mwamsanga moyo wathu, izi ndi zofunika kwambiri. Imani ndi kuganiza.” Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti "Nyimbo Yopereka Nyimbo" inalembedwa madzulo a tsiku la 2th la kubadwa kwa JS Bach ("Echo Sonata" ya solo ya violin - 300 imaperekedwanso mpaka pano).

Kodi woimbayo wasintha mfundo zake za kulenga? M'malo mwake, m'malo mwake: ndi zaka zambiri zazaka zambiri m'magawo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, adakulitsa zomwe adapambana. Ngakhale ali wamng'ono, sanafune kudabwa, sanavale zovala za anthu ena, "sanathamangire m'masiteshoni ndi sutikesi pambuyo pa sitima zochoka, koma adakula mwanjira ... anayikidwa ndi chibadwa, zokonda, zokonda ndi zimene sakonda.” Mwa njira, pambuyo pa "Nyimbo Yopereka Nyimbo" chiwerengero cha tempo pang'onopang'ono, tempo ya kulingalira, mu nyimbo za Shchedrin inakula kwambiri. Koma mulibe malo opanda kanthu mmenemo. Monga kale, zimapanga gawo latanthauzo lapamwamba komanso kupsinjika maganizo kwa kuzindikira. Ndipo amayankha amphamvu poizoniyu nthawi. Masiku ano, akatswiri aluso ambiri akuda nkhawa ndi kutsika koonekeratu kwa luso loona, kupendekekera kwa zosangulutsa, kufeŵetsa, ndi kupezeka mwachisawawa, zimene zimachitira umboni za umphaŵi wa makhalidwe ndi kukongola kwa anthu. Munthawi imeneyi ya "kusiya chikhalidwe", mlengi wa mfundo zaluso amakhala nthawi yomweyo mlaliki wawo. Pankhani imeneyi, zinachitikira Shchedrin ndi ntchito yake ndi zitsanzo bwino kugwirizana kwa nthawi, "nyimbo zosiyana", ndi kupitiriza miyambo.

Podziwa bwino kuti kuchulukitsa kwa malingaliro ndi malingaliro ndi maziko ofunikira a moyo ndi kulankhulana m'dziko lamakono, iye ndi wothandizira kwambiri pazokambirana. Zophunzitsa kwambiri ndizo misonkhano yake ndi anthu ambiri, ndi achinyamata, makamaka omwe amatsatira nyimbo za rock - adawulutsidwa pa Central Television. Chitsanzo cha zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi zoyambitsidwa ndi mzathu zinali zoyamba m'mbiri ya nyimbo za Soviet-America za Soviet Union ku Boston pansi pa mawu akuti: "Kupanga nyimbo pamodzi", zomwe zidawonetsa ntchito za Soviet Union. olemba (1988).

Pokambirana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana, Rodion Shchedrin nthawi zonse amakhala ndi maganizo ake. Muzochita ndi zochita - kukhudzika kwawo mwaluso ndi umunthu pansi pa chizindikiro cha chinthu chachikulu: "Simungakhale ndi moyo lero. Tikufunika kumanga chikhalidwe chamtsogolo, kuti tipindule ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo. "

A. Grigorieva