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lat. kuwonjezera; Germany Augmentation, Vergräerung; kuwonjezera French; italo. pa kutsimikizika

1) Njira yosinthira nyimbo, mutu, cholinga, chidutswa cha nyimbo. mankhwala, kujambula monyinyirika kapena chithunzi, komanso kuyimitsa poyimba mawu (kupuma) kwa nthawi yayitali. U. amatenga kujambula kolondola kwa kamvekedwe, komwe kunakhala kotheka chifukwa cha kulembedwa kwa msambo; kupezeka kwake kunayamba mu nthawi ya ars nova ndipo kumalumikizidwa ndi mayendedwe opita ku rhythmic. ufulu polyphonic. mawu ndi mfundo ya isorhythmia (onani Motet). U. amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu nyimbo zolimba, makamaka ndi a Franco-Flemish contrapuntalists - G. Dufay (amaganiziridwa kuti ndi wolemba mabuku oyambirira ku U.), J. Okegem (mwachitsanzo, ku Missa prolationum), J. Obrecht, Josquin Kukhumudwa. U. mophweka komanso mokhutiritsa pakumva kumasonyeza ubale wanthawi yochepa pakati pa polyphonic. mavoti ndi chiŵerengero cha sikelo pakati pa zigawo za fomu; monga njira iliyonse yomwe imasonyeza kugonjera, dongosolo, malingaliro a bungwe la phokoso, U. ali ndi mtengo wopangidwira ndipo m'lingaliro ili mu polyphonic. nyimbo ndi ofanana ndi kutsanzira, zovuta counterpoint, kutembenuka ndi njira zina akatembenuka polyphonic. mitu (yophatikiza yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri). The contrapuntalists akale pafupifupi sanachite popanda U. mu mawonekedwe pa cantus firmus mu unyinji, motets: chorales bwino kumveka mu U. mu architectonic. pokhudzana ndi kukakamiza ntchitoyo kuti ikhale yonse, mophiphiritsira - mwachibadwa kugwirizana (m'mawu a njira zonse zofotokozera) ndi chithunzithunzi cha lingaliro la ukulu, kulingalira, chilengedwe chonse. U. akatswiri a kulemba mosamalitsa anaphatikizidwa ndi kutsanzira ndi canon. Kutsanzira (kanoni), m’mene ma risposts ena amaperekedwa ku U., komanso kutsanzira (canon), mmene mawu onse amayamba nthawi imodzi, ndipo mmodzi kapena ena amapita ku U., amatchedwa kutsanzira (canon) mu U. Muchitsanzo chomwe chili m'munsimu, zotsatira za U. zimakulitsidwa posunga mawu otsutsana ndi mawu apansi ndi apamwamba (onani ndime 666).

Chitsanzo cha canon ya amuna a Josquin Despres chaperekedwa mu Art. Canon (gawo 692) (lomwe limatchedwa kuti proportional: lolembedwa ndi wolemba pamzere umodzi ndikuwerengedwa molingana ndi malangizo a wolemba). M'mitundu ya cantus firmus, yotsirizirayi imabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza ku U. (yathunthu kapena mbali zake, nthawi zambiri molakwika, nthawi zina ndi zolemba zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimadzaza kudumpha kwa nyimbo; onani chitsanzo mu ndime 667).

U. - mosiyana ndi kuchepa - amakulitsa, amasankha mawu amodzi kuchokera ku polyphonic wamba. unyinji, amaukweza iwo thematically. tanthauzo. Pachifukwa ichi U. wapeza ntchito mu ricerkara - mawonekedwe odulidwa gawo lotsogola la polyphonic yamunthu payekha idafotokozedwa pang'onopang'ono. mitu ndi m'mphepete nthawi yomweyo zidatsogolera mawonekedwe ofunikira kwambiri amtundu waulere - fugue (onani chitsanzo pagawo 668).

JS Bach, akufotokoza mwachidule zomwe zachitika ku Europe. polyphony, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi W., mwachitsanzo. mu unyinji mu h-moll - mu Credo (No 12) ndi Confiteor ((No 19), 5-mutu pawiri fugue pa chorale: 2 mutu (muyeso 17), kulumikizana kwa mitu (muyeso 32), kulumikizana kwa mitu ndi chorale bas (muyeso 73), kulumikizana kwa mitu ndi chorale mu U. mu tenors (muyeso 92)). Atafikira ku ungwiro wapamwamba kwambiri mu cantatas, zilakolako, kusintha kwa ziwalo za makwaya a Bach, mawonekedwe a cantus firmus kwenikweni anazimiririka kuchokera ku machitidwe a wolemba; kenako U. analandira zosiyanasiyana ntchito si polyphonic. nyimbo, pamene akupitiriza kukhala chikhumbo cha fugue. Kutchulidwa kovomerezeka kwa mutu wa fugue mu W. -. U. nthawi zina amapezeka muzofotokozera (Contrapunctus VII kuchokera ku Bach's The Art of Fugue; Shchedrin's Fugue Es-dur No. 19).

J. Animuccia. Christe eleyson wochokera ku mass of Conditor aimme syderum.

Nthawi zambiri amapeza malo mu stretta (mu miyeso 62 ndi 77 ya dis-moll fugue kuchokera mu voliyumu 1 ya Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier; mu miyeso 62 ndi 66 ya As-dur fugue op. 87 ndi Shostakovich), zomwe zimaphatikiza njira zina zosinthira (mu muyeso 14 wa c-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya Well-Tempered Clavier, mutuwu uli ku U., kuzungulira ndi kuyenda kwanthawi zonse; mumiyeso 2 ndi 90 ya Des-dur fuga

Cantus firmus mu misa ya G. Dufay ku L'homme armé. Zoyambira zamayendedwe zimaperekedwa, mawu ophatikizika amasiyidwa: a - malingaliro akulu; b - kuwonjezeka ndi mawu owonjezera; c, d, e - zosankha zokulitsa; f - kuchepetsa. op. 87 ya Shostakovich, mutu wake mukuyenda bwino komanso nthawi yomweyo mutuwo ku U., muyeso 150, mutuwu ndi U. W. kumawonjezera chachikulu. adzafotokoza. Ubwino wa stretta ndi kuchuluka kwa thematism, kulemera kwa semantic, komwe kumawonekera makamaka mu fugues ndi symphony. chitukuko (stretta mu gawo la chitukuko cha ndakatulo ya symphonic "Prometheus" yolembedwa ndi Liszt; virtuoso stretta kuchokera ku cantata

A. Gabrieli. Reachercar (stretta mu magnification).

"Nditawerenga salmo" Taneyev, No 3, nambala 6; kuyeza 331 ndiye mutu ku U. ndipo kuyeza 298 ndiye mutu ku U. ndi mutu woyenda bwino mu code ya 2nd function. sonatas Myaskovsky; chitsanzo cha kuyambitsidwa kwa mutu ku U. pachimake - kunja kwa stretta - fugue kuchokera ku 1st suite ya P. I. Tchaikovsky). Stretta - chachikulu. mawonekedwe a ovomerezeka mu W., ngakhale nthawi zina amapezeka kunja kwa stretta (chiyambi cha scherzo wa symphony 1 ndi Shostakovich; chiyambi cha gawo 1 la quartet la Latvian wolemba R. Kalson; monga tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe ka mipiringidzo 29-30 kuchokera No 1 ya Lunar Pierrot "ndi Schoenberg), kuphatikizapo ngati chidutswa chathunthu (kusiyana IV kuchokera "Canonical Variations on a Christmas Carol", BWV 769, No 6 mu "Musical Offering". ” ndi Canon I mu “Art of Fugue” ya Bach – ma canon osatha ku U. ndi kuzungulira; Ayi. 21 kuchokera ku Canons ya Lyadov; Stanchinsky's Prelude Ges-dur; Ayi. 14 kuchokera ku Shchedrin's Polyphonic Notebook). Mu non-polyphonic U. nthawi zambiri nyimbo ndi njira ya melodic. kuchuluka kwa mawu. mitu (yezerani 62 mumayendedwe achisanu a Brahms' German Requiem; mipiringidzo 5-8 kuchokera pa nambala 10 ya All-Night Vigil ya Rachmaninov; mu konsati yake ya limba yachiwiri, kubwereza kwa mbali ya gulu loyamba; muyeso wa 9 pambuyo pa nambala 2 mu gulu loyamba la symphony ya Hindemith ya "The Painter Mathis"; mipiringidzo iwiri kufika pa nambala 1 mu Concerto ya Berg's Violin). S. S. Prokofiev adagwiritsa ntchito U. ndi gawo la slyness mokondwera (nyimbo "Chatterbox" - Allegro As-dur; "Peter ndi Wolf" - nambala 44). Zotsatira zosiyana zimatheka mu gawo lachitatu la sewero lachitatu la opera ya Berg Wozzeck, pomwe nyimbo ya polka (muyeso 3, "kupangidwa kwa rhythm imodzi") ku U. amagwira ntchito ngati chida chofotokozera zachinyengo cha ngwaziyo (makamaka, miyeso 3, 122, stretta muyeso 145). U. sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ngati chida chachitukuko (mipiringidzo 187, 180 mu gawo la 363 la symphony ya 371 ya Scriabin; gawo la 1 la symphony ya 3 ya Myaskovsky, nambala 4 ndi 5, komanso muyeso wa 87 pamaso pa nambala 89 ndi 4 - 15 Pambuyo pa nambala yomweyi mu 1st movement ya symphony ndi "kuchedwetsa" kwa chitukuko cha harmonic mothandizidwa ndi W.; gulu loyamba la 1 symphony ya Shostakovich, nambala 1-5; ntchito ya mbali pa chitukuko cha mayendedwe a 17 a piyano. Sonata No 1 ndi Prokofiev), kawirikawiri pachimake m'deralo kapena wamba - wapadera (7 gawo la 4 quartet, manambala 6 ndi 193, 195 mbali ya piano quintet, nambala 4, Taneyev), zochititsa chidwi (220 mbali ya 4 - symphony). ndi Shostakovich, nambala 1 ndi 28) kapena zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri (gawo la 34 la symphony ya 1 ya Myaskovsky, nambala 6; ibid. manambala 48-52 mu gawo la 53: leitmotif, Za ira, Dies irae, gawo lalikulu 4- gawo). Mu Russian akugwira nyimbo mu W. imagwira ntchito ngati njira yowonetsera epic. zotsalira (gawo lalikulu mu reprise kuwirikiza kawiri, mu coda mu zinayi U.

Mitundu Yosazolowereka ya U. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nyimbo Zatsopano Zam'zaka za 20th Century zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chizolowezi chake chazovuta komanso kuwerengera. Mu nyimbo za dodecaphone, U utha kukhala nthawi yokonzekera kuwonetsa zinthu zambiri.

A. Webern. Concerto op 24, 1st movement. Kuchulukirachulukira ndi kuchepa kwa kayimbidwe.

ufulu wa harmonic umapangitsa kuphatikiza kovutirapo kwambiri ndi W. kotheka, mwachitsanzo. kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mutuwo mu U. mu polyphony. Mu Stravinsky's double canon (kutengera kalembedwe ka Venetians G. ndi A. Gabrieli), 2 proposte ndi U. wolakwika woyamba (onani chitsanzo mu mizati 670 ndi 671). U. ndi kuchepetsa ndizofunika kwambiri za virtuoso rhythmic. njira za O. Messiaen. M'buku. "Njira ya chinenero changa cha nyimbo" akuwonetsa zomwe sizinali miyambo yawo. mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka rhythmic. zithunzi ndi ma polyrhythms. ndi polymetric polyphonic ratio. mavoti (onani chitsanzo mu ndime 671). Ponena za lingaliro la U. mu chiŵerengero cha polyphonic. mawu, Mesiya amafufuza momveka bwino. canons (chitsanzo cha melodic sichitsanziridwa), momwe risposta imasinthidwa ndi kadontho pambuyo pa cholemba ("Mapemphero ang'onoang'ono atatu a kukhalapo kwaumulungu", 1st part, risposta mu U. nthawi imodzi ndi theka), ndi kuphatikiza wa ziwerengero (nthawi zambiri ostinato) ndi U. osiyana ndi kuchepetsa (nthawi zina tsankho, zolakwika, mu kayendedwe ka m'mbali; onani chitsanzo mu ndime 672).

Ngati Stravinsky. Canticum sacrum, gawo 3, mipiringidzo 219-236. Zigawo za zingwe zomwe zimatengera kwaya sizinatchulidwe. P, I, R, IR - zosankha zingapo.

O. Mesiya. Canon. Chitsanzo No 56 kuchokera ku gawo lachiwiri la buku la "The Technique of My Musical Language".

2) Pachidziwitso chaumuna, kuwonjezereka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi ya cholemba ndi theka, chosonyezedwa ndi dontho pambuyo pa cholembacho. Imatchedwanso njira yojambulira momwe manotsi amaseweredwa mowirikiza kawiri kapena katatu mu nthawi: 2/1 (proportio dupla), 3/1 (proportio tripla).

O. Mesiya. Epouvante. Chitsanzo No 50 kuchokera ku gawo lachiwiri la buku la "The Technique of My Musical Language".

Zothandizira: Dmitriev A., Polyphony monga chinthu chojambula, L., 1962; Tyulin Yu., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; Z Kholopov Yu., Pa machitidwe atatu akunja a mgwirizano, mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Kholopova V., Mafunso a rhythm mu ntchito ya olemba theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1971, M., 1978; Zowonera m'mbiri ya nyimbo, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Mavuto a kayimbidwe ka nyimbo, Sat. Art., M., 2; Riemann H., Handbuch der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1907, Lpz., 1500; Feininger L., Die Frühgeschichte des Kanons bis Josquin des Prez (um 1937), Emsdetten ku Westf., 1; Messiaen O., Technique de mon langage nyimbo, v. 2-1953, P., XNUMX. Onaninso kuwala. ku Art. zizindikiro za m'thupi.

VP Frayonov