Nyimbo Zachikhalidwe za ku Italy: Folk Quilt

Nkhani yamasiku ano idaperekedwa kwa nyimbo zachi Italiya - nyimbo ndi magule a dziko lino, komanso zida zoimbira.

Omwe takhala timakonda kuwatcha anthu a ku Italy ndi olowa nyumba a chikhalidwe cha anthu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono omwe akhalapo kuyambira nthawi zakale m'madera osiyanasiyana a Peninsula ya Apennine. Agiriki ndi Etruscan, Kapendekedwe (Aroma) ndi Gauls asiya chizindikiro chawo pa nyimbo zachikhalidwe za ku Italy.

Mbiri yochititsa chidwi komanso chilengedwe chodabwitsa, ntchito zaulimi ndi zikondwerero zokondweretsa, kuwona mtima ndi kutengeka maganizo, chinenero chokongola ndi kukoma kwa nyimbo, chiyambi cholemera cha nyimbo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo, chikhalidwe chapamwamba komanso luso la zida zoimbira - zonsezi zinawonekera mu nyimbo za Italy. Ndipo zonsezi zidakopa mitima ya anthu ena kunja kwa peninsula.

Nyimbo za anthu aku Italy

Monga akunena, mu nthabwala iliyonse pali gawo la nthabwala: mawu odabwitsa a anthu a ku Italiya ponena za iwo okha monga akatswiri opanga ndi kuyimba nyimbo amatsimikiziridwa ndi kutchuka kwa dziko. Chifukwa chake, nyimbo zamtundu waku Italy zimayimiridwa makamaka ndi nyimbo. Inde, sitidziwa zambiri za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapakamwa, popeza zitsanzo zake zoyambirira zinalembedwa kumapeto kwa Middle Ages.

Mawonekedwe a nyimbo zachi Italiya koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX amagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa Renaissance. Ndiye pali chidwi m’moyo wadziko, patchuthi anthu a m’tauniyo amamvetsera mwachisangalalo kwa oimba nyimbo zachikondi, kusimba banja ndi nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo anthu a m’midzi ndi m’mizinda sanyansidwa kuyimba ndi kuvina mongotsagana wamba.

Pambuyo pake, mitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo idapangidwa. Frottola (lomasuliridwa kuti “nyimbo ya anthu, zopeka”) lakhala likudziwika kumpoto kwa Italy kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 3. Iyi ndi nyimbo yanyimbo zamawu 4-XNUMX okhala ndi zinthu zotsatsira ma polyphony komanso mawu omveka bwino.

Pofika zaka za zana la XNUMX, kuwala, kuvina, ndi nyimbo m'mawu atatu villanella (yomasuliridwa ngati "nyimbo yakumudzi") idagawidwa ku Italy konse, koma mzinda uliwonse udautcha mwanjira yake: Venetian, Neapolitan, Padovan, Roman, Toscanella ndi ena.

Iye wasinthidwa canzonet (kumasulira kumatanthauza "nyimbo") - nyimbo yaing'ono yomwe imachitidwa m'mawu amodzi kapena angapo. Ndi iye amene anakhala kholo la tsogolo lanyimbo wotchuka aria. Ndipo kuvina kwa villanella kunasamukira ku mtunduwo ballet, - nyimbo zopepuka komanso mawonekedwe, oyenera kuvina.

Mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa nyimbo zachi Italiya masiku ano ndi Nyimbo ya Neapolitan (Chigawo cha South Italy cha Campania). Nyimbo yoyimba, yansangala kapena yachisoni idatsagana ndi mandolin, gitala kapena nyimbo ya Neapolitan. Amene sanamvepo nyimbo yachikondi "O dzuwa langa" kapena nyimbo ya moyo "Saint Lucia", kapena nyimbo ya funicular "Funiculi Funicula"ndani amanyamula okonda pamwamba pa Vesuvius? Kuphweka kwawo kumangowonekera: ntchitoyo idzawonetsa osati luso la woimba, komanso kulemera kwa moyo wake.

M'badwo wagolide wamtunduwu udayamba pakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndipo lero ku Naples, likulu la nyimbo ku Italy, mpikisano wa chikondwerero cha nyimbo yanyimbo Piedigrotta (Festa di Piedigrotta) ukuchitika.

Mtundu wina wodziwika ndi wa kumpoto kwa Veneto. Venetian nyimbo pamadzi or mobwerezabwereza (barca imamasuliridwa kuti "boat"), yochitidwa mopupuluma. Siginecha ya nthawi yanyimbo 6/8 ndi mawonekedwe otsagana nawo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kugwedezeka kwa mafunde, ndipo kuyimba kokongola kwa nyimboyo kumamveka ndi kukwapula kwa nkhafi, kulowa m'madzi mosavuta.

Mavinidwe amtundu waku Italy

Chikhalidwe chovina cha ku Italy chinakula mumitundu yamasewera apanyumba, ovina komanso apanyanja (Morisco). Moreski adavina ndi Aarabu (omwe ankatchedwa kuti - pomasulira, mawuwa amatanthauza "Moors ang'onoang'ono"), omwe adatembenukira ku Chikhristu ndikukhazikika ku Apennines atathamangitsidwa ku Spain. Mavinidwe opangidwa m'bwalo adaitanidwa, omwe adakonzedwa mwapadera patchuthi. Ndipo mtundu wa mavinidwe apakhomo kapena ochezera ndiwo anali ofala kwambiri.

Magwero amitundu adachokera ku Middle Ages, ndipo mapangidwe ake - mpaka zaka za zana la XNUMX, koyambirira kwa Renaissance. Nthawi imeneyi inabweretsa kukongola ndi chisomo ku mavinidwe amtundu wa anthu aku Italy ankhawa komanso ansangala. Kusuntha kosavuta komanso kosavuta ndikusintha kwa kulumphira kopepuka, kuwuka kuchokera kumapazi athunthu kupita kumapazi (monga chizindikiro cha chitukuko chauzimu kuchokera padziko lapansi kupita kwaumulungu), chikhalidwe cha chisangalalo cha kutsagana ndi nyimbo - izi ndizomwe zimachitikira kuvina uku. .

Wamphamvu wansangala gallard zochitidwa ndi maanja kapena ovina payekha. M'mawu ovina - mayendedwe akuluakulu asanu, kudumpha kwakukulu, kudumpha. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, liŵiro la kuvina linayamba kuchepa.

Pafupi ndi mzimu wa galliard ndi kuvina kwina - mchere - anabadwira pakati pa Italy (zigawo za Abruzzo, Molise ndi Lazio). Dzinali linaperekedwa ndi mneni saltare - "kulumpha". Mavinidwe awiriwa adatsagana ndi nyimbo mu 6/8 nthawi. Zinkachitika pa maholide abwino kwambiri - maukwati kapena kumapeto kwa zokolola. Mawu a kuvina amaphatikizapo masitepe awiri ndi mauta, ndi kusintha kwa cadence. Amavina pamaphwando amakono.

Kwawo kwa gule wina wakale bergamaska (bargamasca) ili mumzinda ndi chigawo cha Bergamo (Lombardy, kumpoto kwa Italy). Kuvina kwaumphawi kumeneku kunkakondedwa ndi anthu a ku Germany, France, England. Nyimbo zachisangalalo komanso zanyimbo zokhala ndi mita zinayi, mayendedwe amphamvu adagonjetsa anthu amitundu yonse. Kuvina kudatchulidwa ndi W. Shakespeare mu sewero lanthabwala la A Midsummer Night's Dream.

tarantella - zovina zodziwika bwino za anthu. Ankawakonda kwambiri kumadera akummwera kwa Italy ku Calabria ndi Sicily. Ndipo dzinali limachokera ku mzinda wa Taranto (dera la Apulia). Mzindawu unapatsanso dzina la akangaude akupha - tarantulas, kuchokera kuluma komwe kwautali, mpaka kutopa, ntchito ya tarantula imati yapulumutsidwa.

Chosavuta chobwerezabwereza cha kutsagana ndi katatu, chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ndi njira yapadera yosuntha ndi kusintha kwakukulu kolunjika kumasiyanitsa kuvina kumeneku, komwe kumachitidwa awiriawiri, nthawi zambiri payekha. Chilakolako cha kuvina chinagonjetsa chizunzo cha iye: Kadinala Barberini anamulola kuchita pabwalo lamilandu.

Mavinidwe ena amtunduwo adagonjetsa Europe yonse ndipo adafikanso ku bwalo la mafumu a ku Europe. Mwachitsanzo, Galliard ankapembedzedwa ndi wolamulira wa ku England, Elizabeth Woyamba, ndipo pa moyo wake wonse ankavina kuti azisangalala. Ndipo bergamasca adalimbikitsa Louis XIII ndi ambuye ake.

Mitundu ndi nyimbo za magule ambiri zapitirizabe moyo wawo mu nyimbo za zida.

Zida zoyimbira

Potsagana, zitoliro, zitoliro, pakamwa ndi ma harmonicas wamba, zida zodulira zingwe - magitala, violin ndi mandolin adagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mu maumboni olembedwa, mandala adatchulidwa kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX, mwina adapangidwa ngati mtundu wosavuta wa lute (amamasulira kuchokera ku Greek kuti "lute yaying'ono"). Ankatchedwanso mandora, mandole, pandurina, bandurina, ndi mandola aang’ono ankatchedwa mandolin. Chida chowulungika chimenechi chinali ndi zingwe zinayi za mawaya apawiri zolumikizika mogwirizana m’malo mwa octave.

Violin, pakati pa zida zina zoimbira ku Italy, yakhala imodzi mwazokondedwa kwambiri. Ndipo zidakwaniritsidwa bwino ndi ambuye aku Italiya ochokera m'mabanja a Amati, Guarneri ndi Stradivari mu XNUMX - kotala yoyamba yazaka za zana la XNUMX.

M'zaka za zana la 6, ojambula oyendayenda, kuti asavutike ndi kusewera nyimbo, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito hurdy-gurdy - chida chowombera chomwe chinapanganso 8-XNUMX zolemba zomwe amakonda. Zinangotsala pang'ono kutembenuza chogwirira ndi kunyamula kapena kunyamula m'misewu. Poyambirira, chiwalo cha mbiya chinapangidwa ndi Barbieri wa ku Italy kuti aziphunzitsa mbalame zoimba nyimbo, koma patapita nthawi zinayamba kukondweretsa makutu a anthu akumidzi kunja kwa Italy.

Ovina nthawi zambiri ankadzithandiza kuti athetse phokoso lomveka bwino la tarantella mothandizidwa ndi maseche - mtundu wa maseche omwe anabwera kwa Apennines kuchokera ku Provence. Nthawi zambiri oimba ankaimba chitoliro limodzi ndi maseche.

Mitundu yotereyi komanso kusiyanasiyana kwanyimbo, talente ndi nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu aku Italiya sizinangowonjezera kukwera kwamaphunziro, makamaka opera, ndi nyimbo za pop ku Italy, komanso zidabwerekedwa bwino ndi olemba ochokera kumayiko ena.

Kuwunika kwabwino kwambiri kwa luso lazojambula kunaperekedwa ndi woimba wa ku Russia MI Glinka, yemwe adanenapo kuti mlengi weniweni wa nyimbo ndi anthu, ndipo woimbayo amasewera gawo la wokonza.

Wolemba - Elifeya