Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Jancek

L. Janicek ali mu mbiri ya nyimbo za Czech za zaka za XX. malo omwewo aulemu monga m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. - anzake B. Smetana ndi A. Dvorak. Anali olemba nyimbo zazikuluzikulu za dziko, omwe amapanga masewera a Czech, omwe adabweretsa luso la anthu oimba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Katswiri wina wanyimbo wa ku Czechoslovakia J. Sheda anajambula chithunzi chotsatirachi cha Janáček, pamene anakumbukirabe anzake: “…Wotentha, wofulumira kupsa mtima, wanzeru, wakuthwa, wosaganiza bwino, wosinthasintha mosayembekezereka. Iye anali wamng’ono mu msinkhu, wokhuthala, wamutu wowoneka bwino, ndi tsitsi lalitali litagona pamutu pake losalongosoka, ndi nsidze zokwinya ndi maso owala. Palibe kuyesa kukongola, palibe chakunja. Anali wodzaza ndi moyo komanso wosakhazikika. Izi ndi nyimbo zake: zodzaza magazi, zachidule, zosinthika, monga moyo weniweniwo, zathanzi, zokhuza thupi, zotentha, zokopa.

Janáček anali wa m'badwo womwe umakhala m'dziko loponderezedwa (lomwe lakhala likudalira Ufumu wa Austria) mu nthawi ya reactionary, posakhalitsa kuchotsedwa kwa chisinthiko cha dziko la 1848. oponderezedwa ndi ozunzika, kupanduka kwake kokhudzika, kosatsutsika? Wolembayo anabadwira m'dziko la nkhalango zowirira ndi zinyumba zakale, m'mudzi wawung'ono wamapiri wa Hukvaldy. Iye anali wachisanu ndi chinayi mwa ana 14 a mphunzitsi wa sekondale. Bambo ake, mwa maphunziro ena, ankaphunzitsa nyimbo, anali woyimba zeze, woyimba tchalitchi, mtsogoleri ndi wotsogolera gulu lakwaya. Amayi nawonso anali ndi luso lapadera loimba ndi chidziwitso. Iye ankaimba gitala, ankaimba bwino, ndipo mwamuna wake atamwalira, iye anachita mbali ya Organ m'tchalitchi. Ubwana wa wolemba tsogolo anali osauka, koma wathanzi ndi mfulu. Anasungabe ubale wake wauzimu ndi chilengedwe, ulemu ndi chikondi kwa alimi a Moravia, omwe adaleredwa mwa iye kuyambira ali wamng'ono.

Mpaka zaka 11 pamene Leosh ankakhala pansi pa denga la makolo ake. Luso lake lanyimbo ndi sonorous treble adasankha funso la komwe angafotokozere mwanayo. Bambo ake adapita naye ku Brno kwa Pavel Krzhizhkovek, wolemba nyimbo wa Moravia komanso wosonkhanitsa nthano. Leos adalandiridwa mu kwaya ya tchalitchi cha Starobrnensky Augustinian monastery. Anyamata oimba nyimbo ankakhala ku nyumba ya amonke ndi ndalama za boma, amapita kusukulu yophunzitsa ndipo ankaphunzira nyimbo motsogozedwa ndi alangizi okhwima a amonke. Krzhizhkovsky mwiniwakeyo adasamalira zolemba ndi Leos. Zokumbukira za moyo mu Monastery ya Starobrnensky zimawonekera m'zolemba zambiri za Janáček (cantatas Amarus ndi The Eternal Gospel; the sextet Youth; kuzungulira kwa piyano Mumdima, Panjira Yokulirapo, ndi zina zotero). Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chapamwamba komanso chakale cha Moravia, chomwe chinadziwika m'zaka zimenezo, chinali chimodzi mwa nsonga za ntchito ya wolemba - Glagolitic Mass (1926). Pambuyo pake, Janicek adamaliza maphunziro a Prague Organ School, adachita bwino ku Leipzig ndi Vienna Conservatories, koma ndi maziko onse ozama akatswiri, mu bizinesi yayikulu ya moyo wake ndi ntchito, analibe mtsogoleri wamkulu weniweni. Chilichonse chomwe adachipeza sichinapambane chifukwa cha sukulu ndi alangizi odziwa zambiri, koma paokha, pofufuza zovuta, nthawi zina moyesera ndi zolakwika. Kuyambira pamasitepe oyamba pagawo lodziyimira pawokha, Janáček sanali woimba chabe, komanso mphunzitsi, folklorist, conductor, wotsutsa nyimbo, theorist, wokonza makonsati a philharmonic ndi Organ School ku Brno, nyuzipepala yanyimbo komanso bwalo lophunzirira. ya chinenero cha Chirasha. Kwa zaka zambiri woimbayo ankagwira ntchito ndi kumenyana ndi chigawo chosadziwika bwino. Chikhalidwe cha akatswiri a Prague sichinamuzindikire kwa nthawi yaitali, Dvorak yekha anayamikira ndi kumukonda mnzake wamng'ono. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zojambula zachikondi zakumapeto, zomwe zinazika mizu ku likulu, zinali zachilendo kwa mbuye wa Moravia, yemwe ankadalira luso la anthu komanso kumveka kwa mawu omveka bwino. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1886, wolemba nyimboyo, limodzi ndi katswiri wina wa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, dzina lake F. Bartosz, ankakhala m’chilimwe chilichonse m’maulendo a nthano. Adasindikiza nyimbo zambiri zamtundu wa Moravia, adapanga makonzedwe awo a konsati, kwaya komanso payekha. Kupambana kwakukulu apa kunali symphonic Lash Dances (1889). Nthawi yomweyo ndi iwo, gulu lodziwika bwino la nyimbo zachikale (zopitilira 2000) lidasindikizidwa ndi mawu oyamba a Janáček "Kumbali ya Nyimbo za Moravian Folk Songs", yomwe tsopano imatengedwa ngati ntchito yakale kwambiri m'mbiri.

Pankhani ya opera, chitukuko cha Janáček chinali chotalika komanso chovuta kwambiri. Atayesa kamodzi kokha kuti apange opera yachikondi mochedwa kutengera chiwembu chochokera ku epic ya ku Czech (Sharka, 1887), adaganiza zolemba nyimbo ya ethnographic Rakos Rakoci (1890) ndi opera (Chiyambi cha Novel, 1891), momwe nyimbo zamtundu ndi kuvina. Ballet idapangidwanso ku Prague panthawi ya Ethnographic Exhibition ya 1895. Chikhalidwe cha zolembazi chinali gawo lakanthawi pantchito ya Janáček. Wolembayo adatsata njira yopangira zaluso zazikulu zowona. Anayendetsedwa ndi chikhumbo chotsutsa zotsalira - mphamvu, zakale - lero, malo ongopeka - moyo wa anthu wamba, zizindikiro zodziwika bwino - anthu wamba omwe ali ndi magazi otentha aumunthu. Izi zinatheka kokha mu opera yachitatu "Mwana wake wopeza" ("Enufa" yochokera pa sewero la G. Preissova, 1894-1903). Palibe mawu achindunji mu opera iyi, ngakhale yonseyo ndi gulu lazinthu zamalembedwe ndi zizindikiro, nyimbo ndi mawu a nyimbo za Moravia, zolankhula za anthu. Seweroli linakanidwa ndi bwalo la zisudzo la Prague National Theatre, ndipo zinatenga zaka 13 zovutirapo kuti ntchito yabwino kwambiri, yomwe tsopano ikuseweredwa m'mabwalo owonetsera padziko lonse lapansi, kuti ilowe m'bwalo la likulu. Mu 1916, opera inali yopambana kwambiri ku Prague, ndipo mu 1918 ku Vienna, yomwe inatsegula njira ya kutchuka kwa dziko la Moravia wazaka 64 wosadziwika. Pamene Mwana Wake Wopeza Amamaliza, Janicek amalowa mu nthawi ya kukhwima kwathunthu. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XX. Janicek akuwonetsa momveka bwino zizolowezi zotsutsa anthu. Amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mabuku achi Russia - Gogol, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky. Amalemba sonata ya piyano "Kuchokera Msewu" ndikulemba tsiku la October 1, 1905, pamene asilikali a ku Austria anabalalitsa chionetsero cha achinyamata ku Brno, ndiyeno makwaya omvetsa chisoni pa siteshoni. wolemba ndakatulo Pyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "70000" (1906). Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kwaya "Marichka Magdonova" yonena za msungwana wotayika koma wosagonjetsedwa, yemwe nthawi zonse amadzutsa chimphepo chamkuntho kuchokera kwa omvera. Pamene woimbayo, pambuyo pa chimodzi cha sewero la bukuli, anauzidwa kuti: “Inde, uwu ndi msonkhano weniweni wa socialists!” Iye anayankha kuti, “Ndizo ndendende zimene ndinkafuna.”

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zolemba zoyambirira za symphonic rhapsody "Taras Bulba", zomwe zinatsirizidwa ndi woimbayo pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, pamene boma la Austria-Hungary linathamangitsa asilikali a Czech kuti amenyane ndi Russia. nthawi yomweyo. Ndizofunikira kuti m'mabuku ake apanyumba Janáček amapeza zinthu zodzudzula anthu (kuchokera kwa oimba pa siteshoni ya P. Bezruch kupita ku sewero lachiwonetsero la The Adventures of Pan Broucek potengera nkhani za S. Cech), komanso polakalaka ngwazi chithunzi iye akutembenukira kwa Gogol.

Zaka khumi zomaliza za moyo ndi ntchito ya wolembayo (1918-28) ndizochepa chabe ndi mbiri yakale ya 1918 (kutha kwa nkhondo, kutha kwa goli la Austria la zaka mazana atatu) ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi kutembenuka. mu tsogolo la Janáček, chiyambi cha kutchuka kwake padziko lonse lapansi. M'nthawi ya ntchito yake, amene angatchedwe nyimbo-zafilosofi, analengedwa kwambiri nyimbo za zisudzo wake, Katya Kabanova (zochokera Ostrovsky's Bingu, 1919-21). nthano ya ndakatulo yafilosofi ya anthu akuluakulu - "The Adventures of the Cunning Fox" (yochokera pa nkhani yachidule ya R. Tesnoglidek, 1921-23), komanso opera "Makropulos 'Remedy" (yochokera pa sewero la zomwezo. dzina la K. Capek, 1925) ndi "Kuchokera ku Nyumba Yakufa" (yochokera pa " Notes from the Dead House " by F. Dostoevsky, 1927-28). M'zaka khumi zobala zipatso zabwino kwambiri, "Misa ya Glagolic", nyimbo za 2 zoyambirira ("Diary of a Disappeared" ndi "Jests"), kwaya yodabwitsa "Mad Tramp" (yolemba R. Tagore) ndi Sinfonietta yotchuka kwambiri brass band idawonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, pali nyimbo zambiri zakwaya ndi chipinda choyimbira, kuphatikiza ma quartets awiri. Monga B. Asafiev adanenapo za ntchitozi, Janachek ankawoneka kuti akukula wamng'ono ndi aliyense wa iwo.

Imfa inafika Janacek mosayembekezereka: patchuthi chachilimwe ku Hukvaldy, adagwidwa ndi chimfine ndipo anamwalira ndi chibayo. Iwo anamuika iye ku Brno. Cathedral wa Starobrnensky amonke, kumene iye anaphunzira ndi kuimba mu kwaya ali mnyamata, anasefukira ndi makamu a anthu okondwa. Zinkawoneka zodabwitsa kuti munthu amene zaka ndi matenda okalamba ankawoneka kuti alibe mphamvu anali atapita.

Anthu a m'nthawi yathu sanamvetse bwino kuti Janáček anali m'modzi mwa oyambitsa malingaliro anyimbo komanso nyimbo zama psychology m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Zolankhula zake zokhala ndi mawu amphamvu akumaloko zinkawoneka zolimba mtima kwambiri, zolengedwa zoyambirira, malingaliro anzeru ndi malingaliro abodza a woyambitsa weniweni adawonedwa ngati chidwi. Pa nthawi ya moyo wake, adadziwika kuti anali wophunzira kwambiri, wachikulire, wamtundu waung'ono. Zochitika zatsopano zokhazokha za munthu wamakono pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino zidatsegula maso athu ku umunthu wa wojambula wanzeru uyu, ndipo kuphulika kwatsopano kwa chidwi pa ntchito yake kunayamba. Tsopano kuwongoka kwa kawonedwe kake ka dziko lapansi sikusowa kufewetsa, kumveka kwa phokoso la nyimbo zake sikufuna kupukuta. Munthu wamakono amawona mu Janacek bwenzi lake m'manja, wolengeza za mfundo zapadziko lonse za kupita patsogolo, umunthu, kulemekeza mosamala malamulo a chilengedwe.

L. Polyakova