Witold Lutosławski |

Witold Lutosławski

Witold Lutosławski anakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wochititsa chidwi; paukalamba wake, adasungabe zofuna zake zapamwamba komanso kuthekera kosintha ndikusintha kalembedwe kake, osabwereza zomwe adapeza m'mbuyomu. Woimbayo atamwalira, nyimbo zake zikupitiriza kuchitidwa ndi kujambulidwa, kutsimikizira mbiri ya Lutosławski monga wamkulu - ndi ulemu wonse kwa Karol Szymanowski ndi Krzysztof Penderecki - gulu lapamwamba la dziko la Poland pambuyo pa Chopin. Ngakhale kuti malo a Lutosławski anakhalabe ku Warsaw mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, iye anali woposa kwambiri Chopin, yemwe anali nzika ya dziko lonse lapansi.

M'zaka za m'ma 1930, Lutosławski anaphunzira ku Warsaw Conservatory, kumene mphunzitsi wake wa zolemba anali wophunzira wa NA Rimsky-Korsakov, Witold Malishevsky (1873-1939). Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse inasokoneza ntchito ya Lutosławski yoimba piyano komanso yoimba. M'zaka za ulamuliro wa Nazi ku Poland, woimbayo anakakamizika kuchepetsa ntchito zake zapagulu kuti aziimba piyano ku Warsaw cafes, nthawi zina mu duet ndi woimba wina wotchuka Andrzej Panufnik (1914-1991). Kupanga nyimbo kwamtunduwu kumabwera chifukwa cha ntchitoyo, yomwe yakhala imodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri osati cholowa cha Lutoslawsky, komanso m'mabuku apadziko lonse lapansi a piano duet - Kusiyana pamutu wa Paganini (mutuwu chifukwa cha kusiyana kumeneku - komanso kwa opus ena ambiri a olemba osiyanasiyana "pamutu wa Paganini" - chinali chiyambi cha 24 caprice yotchuka ya Paganini ya solo violin). Patatha zaka makumi atatu ndi theka, Lutosławski analemba buku la Variations for Piano ndi Orchestra, lomwe limadziwikanso kwambiri.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Eastern Europe idakhala pansi pa chitetezo cha Stalinist USSR, ndipo kwa olemba omwe adadzipeza okha kumbuyo kwa Iron Curtain, nthawi yodzipatula kumayendedwe otsogolera nyimbo zapadziko lonse idayamba. Mfundo zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za Lutoslawsky ndi anzake zinali chikhalidwe cha anthu mu ntchito ya Bela Bartok ndi interwar French neoclassicism, oimira akuluakulu omwe anali Albert Roussel (Lutoslavsky nthawi zonse ankayamikira kwambiri wolembayo) ndi Igor Stravinsky wa nthawi ya pakati pa Septet. kwa Winds ndi Symphony mu C major. Ngakhale pakusowa ufulu, chifukwa cha kufunikira kumvera ziphunzitso za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, wolembayo adatha kupanga ntchito zambiri zatsopano, zoyambilira (Little Suite for chamber orchestra, 1950; Silesian Triptych for soprano ndi orchestra to folk mawu. , 1951; Bukoliki) ya piano, 1952). Zofunikira kwambiri za kalembedwe ka Lutosławski ndi First Symphony (1947) ndi Concerto for Orchestra (1954). Ngati symphony imakonda kwambiri neoclassicism ya Roussel ndi Stravinsky (mu 1948 idatsutsidwa ngati "formalist", ndipo ntchito yake idaletsedwa ku Poland kwa zaka zingapo), ndiye kuti kulumikizana ndi nyimbo zamtundu kumawonetsedwa bwino mu Concerto: Kugwira ntchito ndi mawu amtundu wa anthu, kukumbutsa momveka bwino kalembedwe ka Bartók kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwaluso pano kuzinthu zaku Poland. Magulu onsewa adawonetsa zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa m'ntchito ina ya Lutoslawski: kuyimba kwaluso, kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana, kusowa kwamitundu yofananira komanso yokhazikika (mawu otalikirana, mawu opindika), mfundo yopanga mawonekedwe akulu molingana ndi mtundu wankhaniyo. mawonekedwe osalowerera ndale, zokhotakhota mochititsa chidwi povumbulutsa chiwembucho, kuchulukirachulukira ndi kukhumudwa kochititsa chidwi.

Thaw yapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950 inapereka mwayi kwa olemba nyimbo a Kum'mawa kwa Ulaya kuyesa njira zamakono za Kumadzulo. Lutoslavsky, monga anzake ambiri, adachita chidwi ndi dodecaphony kwakanthawi - chipatso cha chidwi chake pamalingaliro a New Viennese chinali Nyimbo ya Maliro ya Bartók ya zingwe za orchestra (1958). "Nyimbo Zisanu pa Ndakatulo za Kazimera Illakovich" zocheperako, komanso zoyambirira za mawu achikazi ndi piyano (1957; patatha chaka chimodzi, wolembayo adakonzanso kuzungulira kwa liwu lachikazi ndi okhestra yakuchipinda) kuyambira nthawi yomweyo. Nyimbo za nyimbozi ndizodziwikiratu pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma toni khumi ndi awiri, mtundu wake womwe umatsimikiziridwa ndi chiŵerengero cha nthawi zomwe zimapanga choyimirira. Ma Chords amtunduwu, omwe sanagwiritsidwe ntchito mumtundu wa dodecaphonic-serial, koma ngati magawo odziyimira pawokha, omwe ali ndi mawu apadera apadera, adzakhala ndi gawo lofunikira pantchito zonse zamtsogolo za wolembayo.

Gawo latsopano mu chisinthiko cha Lutosławski linayamba chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi 1960 ndi Masewera a Venetian a orchestra ya chipinda (opus yaying'ono iyi ya magawo anayi idalamulidwa ndi 1961 Venice Biennale). Apa Lutoslavsky adayesa njira yatsopano yopangira nyimbo za orchestra, momwe zida zosiyanasiyana sizimalumikizana. Wotsogolera satenga nawo mbali pazochita za magawo ena a ntchito - amangosonyeza mphindi ya chiyambi cha gawolo, pambuyo pake woimba aliyense amasewera gawo lake mu nyimbo yaulere mpaka chizindikiro chotsatira cha wotsogolera. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aleatorics iyi, yomwe siyimakhudza mawonekedwe ake onse, nthawi zina imatchedwa "aleatorics counterpoint" (ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti aleatorics, kuchokera ku Latin alea - "dice, lot", nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "composition". njira zomwe mawonekedwe kapena kapangidwe kazochita zimagwira ntchito mosayembekezereka). M'zochuluka za Lutosławski, kuyambira ndi Masewera a Venetian, magawo omwe amachitidwa motsatizana (battuta, kutanthauza, "pansi pa [conductor's] wand") amasinthana ndi magawo a aleatoric counterpoint (ad libitum - "pakufuna"); panthawi imodzimodziyo, zidutswa za ad libitum nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi static ndi inertia, zomwe zimapangitsa zithunzi za dzanzi, chiwonongeko kapena chisokonezo, ndi magawo a battuta - ndi chitukuko chogwira ntchito.

Ngakhale, malinga ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino, ntchito za Lutoslawsky ndizosiyana kwambiri (muzolemba zonse zotsatizana adafuna kuthetsa mavuto atsopano), malo opambana pa ntchito yake yokhwima anali ndi magawo awiri opangira, omwe adayesedwa koyamba mu String Quartet. (1964): gawo loyamba lachidutswa, laling'ono mu voliyumu, limafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane gawo lachiwiri, lodzaza ndi kayendetsedwe ka cholinga, pachimake chomwe chimafika kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo. Magawo a String Quartet, mogwirizana ndi ntchito yawo yodabwitsa, amatchedwa "Introductory Movement" ("Introductory part". - English) ndi "Main Movement" ("Main Part". - English). Pamlingo wokulirapo, chiwembu chomwechi chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Second Symphony (1967), pomwe gulu loyamba limatchedwa "Hesitant" ("Hesitating" - French), ndipo lachiwiri - "Direct" ("molunjika" - French. ). "Buku la Orchestra" (1968; "bukhu" ili lili ndi "machaputala" ang'onoang'ono atatu olekanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi maulendo afupiafupi, ndi "mutu" waukulu, wochititsa chidwi womaliza), Cello Concerto amachokera ku matembenuzidwe osinthidwa kapena ovuta a chiwembu chomwecho. ndi orchestra (1970), Third Symphony (1983). Mu opus yotalika kwambiri ya Lutosławski (pafupifupi mphindi 40), Preludes ndi Fugue ya zingwe khumi ndi zitatu (1972), ntchito ya gawo loyambilira imachitidwa ndi unyolo wa mawu oyamba asanu ndi atatu a zilembo zosiyanasiyana, pomwe ntchito ya gulu lalikulu ndi kufutukula mwamphamvu. Chiwembucho, chomwe chinali ndi luso losatha, chinakhala mtundu wa “sewero” lothandiza kwambiri la Lutosławski lokhala ndi zopindika mosiyanasiyana. M'ntchito zokhwima za wolembayo, munthu sangapeze zizindikiro zomveka bwino za "Polishness", kapena curtsies ku neo-romanticism kapena "neo-styles" ina; sagwiritsa ntchito mawu ongotengera masitayelo, osatchulanso nyimbo za anthu ena mwachindunji. Tinganene kuti Lutosławski ndi munthu payekha. Mwina izi ndizomwe zimatsimikizira kuti ali ngati wakale wazaka za zana la XNUMX komanso wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi: adapanga dziko lake, dziko loyambirira, lochezeka kwa omvera, koma mosagwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo ndi nyimbo zina zatsopano.

Chilankhulo chokhwima cha Harmonic cha Lutoslavsky chimakhala chamunthu payekha ndipo chimachokera ku ntchito ya filigree yokhala ndi ma toni 12 ndi ma intervals olimbikitsa ndi ma consonances otalikirana nawo. Kuyambira ndi Cello Concerto, udindo wa nyimbo zokulirapo, zomveka bwino mu nyimbo za Lutosławski zikuchulukirachulukira, pambuyo pake zinthu zochititsa chidwi komanso nthabwala zimakulitsidwa mmenemo (Novelette for orchestra, 1979; finale of the Double Concerto for oboe, zeze ndi orchestra yachipinda, 1980; kuzungulira kwa nyimbo Nyimbo zamaluwa ndi nthano zanyimbo "za soprano ndi orchestra, 1990). Zolemba za Lutosławski zomveka komanso zoyimba siziphatikiza maubwenzi akale, koma zimalola kuti ma tonal akhazikike. Zina mwazotsatira zazikulu za Lutosławski zimalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yanyimbo zanyimbo zachikondi; Chifukwa chake, mu Third Symphony, wofunitsitsa kwambiri pagulu lanyimbo zonse za woimbayo, wodzaza ndi sewero, wosiyana kwambiri, mfundo ya gulu lalikulu la gulu limodzi limakhazikitsidwa poyambilira, ndipo Piano Concerto (1988) ikupitiliza mzere wa nyimbo. pianism yachikondi ya "Grand Style". Ntchito zitatu pansi pa mutu wakuti "Maunyolo" nawonso ndi a nthawi yochedwa. Mu "Chain-1" (kwa zida za 14, 1983) ndi "Chain-3" (kwa oimba, 1986), mfundo ya "kulumikiza" (kukuta pang'ono) kwa zigawo zazifupi, zomwe zimasiyana ndi maonekedwe, timbre ndi melodic-harmonic. Makhalidwe, amatenga gawo lofunikira (zoyamba za "Preludes ndi Fugue" zimagwirizana wina ndi mzake mofananamo). Zosazolowereka pamawonekedwe ake ndi Chain-2 (1985), makamaka nyimbo ya violin yoyenda zinayi (mawu oyamba ndi mayendedwe atatu motsatana ndi chikhalidwe chofulumira-chofulumira), chosowa pamene Lutoslawsky amasiya magawo awiri omwe amamukonda. dongosolo.

Mzere wapadera mu ntchito yokhwima ya wolembayo umayimiridwa ndi mawu akuluakulu oimba: "Ndakatulo Atatu a Henri Michaud" a kwaya ndi oimba oimba ndi otsogolera osiyanasiyana (1963), "Wolukidwa Mawu" mu magawo 4 a tenor ndi chamber orchestra (1965) ), "Malo Ogona" a baritone ndi orchestra (1975) ndi maulendo asanu ndi anayi omwe atchulidwa kale "Maluwa a Nyimbo ndi Nyimbo za Nyimbo". Zonsezi zimachokera ku mavesi achi French surrealist (mlembi wa "Wolukidwa Mawu" ndi Jean-Francois Chabrin, ndipo ntchito ziwiri zomaliza zalembedwa ku mawu a Robert Desnos). Lutosławski kuyambira ali wamng'ono anali ndi chisoni chapadera pa chinenero cha Chifalansa ndi chikhalidwe cha Chifalansa, ndipo zojambulajambula zake zinali pafupi ndi kusamveka bwino komanso kusamvetsetseka kwa matanthauzo a surrealism.

Nyimbo za Lutoslavsky ndizodziwikiratu chifukwa chanzeru zake zamakonsati, zomwe zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino momwemo. N’zosadabwitsa kuti akatswiri ojambula bwino anagwirizana mofunitsitsa ndi wolemba nyimboyo. Ena mwa omasulira oyambirira a ntchito zake ndi Peter Pearce (Mawu Olukidwa), Lasalle Quartet (Chingwe Quartet), Mstislav Rostropovich (Cello Concerto), Heinz ndi Ursula Holliger (Double Concerto for oboe ndi zeze ndi orchestra ya chipinda) , Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau ( “Dream Spaces”), Georg Solti (Third Symphony), Pinchas Zuckermann (Partita for violin and piano, 1984), Anne-Sophie Mutter (“Chain-2” for violin and orchestra), Krystian Zimerman ( Concerto for piyano ndi orchestra) komanso osadziwika m'madera athu, koma woyimba wodabwitsa kwambiri wa ku Norway Solveig Kringelborn ("Maluwa a Nyimbo ndi Nyimbo"). Lutosławski nayenso anali ndi mphatso ya kondakitala wachilendo; manja ake anali omveka bwino komanso ogwira ntchito, koma sanasiye luso lake kuti awonetsetse molondola. Kuchepetsa nyimbo zake zochititsa chidwi, Lutoslavsky anachita ndi kujambula ndi oimba ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Lutosławski wojambula wolemera komanso womwe ukukula mosalekeza akadali ndi zolemba zoyambirira. Oyimilira kwambiri mwa iwo amasonkhanitsidwa m'ma Albamu apawiri omwe atulutsidwa posachedwa ndi Philips ndi EMI. Mtengo woyamba ("The Essential Lutoslawski" -Philips Duo 464 043), m'malingaliro mwanga, umatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi Double Concerto ndi "Spaces of Sleep" ndi kutengapo gawo kwa okwatirana a Holliger ndi Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, motsatana. ; kutanthauzira kwa mlembi wa Third Symphony ndi Berlin Philharmonic yomwe ikuwonekera pano, modabwitsa, sikukwaniritsa zomwe amayembekeza (kujambula kwa wolemba bwino kwambiri ndi British Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra, monga momwe ndikudziwira, sikunasamutsidwire ku CD. ). Chimbale chachiwiri "Lutoslawski" (EMI Double Forte 573833-2) chili ndi nyimbo zoimbira zoyenera zokha zomwe zidapangidwa zaka zapakati pa 1970 zisanakwane ndipo ndi zabwino kwambiri. Opambana kwambiri National Orchestra wa Radio Polish Radio ku Katowice, anachita nawo zojambulira izi, pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa imfa ya woimbayo, anatenga nawo mbali mu kujambula pafupifupi wathunthu wa zoimbaimba ake oimba, amene anamasulidwa kuyambira 1995 pa zimbale ndi oimba nyimbo. Kampani ya Naxos (mpaka Disembala 2001, ma disc asanu ndi awiri adatulutsidwa). Zosonkhanitsazi zikuyenera kutamandidwa. Woyang'anira zaluso wa oimba, Antoni Wit, amawongolera momveka bwino, mwamphamvu, ndipo oimba zida ndi oyimba (makamaka Poles) omwe amachita mbali zawo payekha m'makonsati ndi mawu omveka, ngati otsika poyerekeza ndi omwe adawatsogolera, ndi ochepa kwambiri. Kampani ina yaikulu, Sony, inatulutsidwa pa ma disks awiri (SK 66280 ndi SK 67189) Yachiwiri, Yachitatu ndi Yachinayi (m'malingaliro anga, osapambana) symphonies, komanso Piano Concerto, Malo Ogona, Nyimbo za Nyimbo ndi Nyimbo za Nyimbo "; mu kujambula uku, Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra imayendetsedwa ndi Esa-Pekka Salonen (wolembayo mwiniyo, yemwe nthawi zambiri samakonda nyimbo zapamwamba, amatchedwa wochititsa "zodabwitsa"1), oyimba ndi Paul Crossley (piyano), John Shirley. -Quirk (baritone), Don Upshaw (soprano)

Kubwerera ku matanthauzo a wolemba olembedwa pa ma CD a makampani odziwika bwino, munthu sangalephere kutchula zojambulira zanzeru za Cello Concerto (EMI 7 49304-2), Piano Concerto (Deutsche Grammophon 431 664-2) ndi concerto ya violin " Chain-2" (Deutsche Grammophon 445 576-2), anachita ndi nawo virtuosos amene anapatulira opus atatuwa, ndiye motero, Mstislav Rostropovich, Krystian Zimermann ndi Anne-Sophie Mutter. Kwa mafani omwe sanadziwebe kapena odziwa pang'ono ntchito ya Lutoslawsky, ndikukulangizani kuti muyambe kutembenukira ku zojambula izi. Ngakhale zamakono za chinenero cha nyimbo za concerto zonse zitatu, zimamvetsera mosavuta komanso ndi chidwi chapadera. Lutoslavsky anamasulira dzina la mtundu wa "konsati" mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira, ndiko kuti, ngati mpikisano pakati pa woyimba payekha ndi oimba, kutanthauza kuti woyimba yekhayo, ndinganene, masewera (mwanzeru kwambiri kuposa zonse zomwe zingatheke). mawu) mphamvu. Mosakayikira, Rostropovich, Zimerman ndi Mutter amasonyeza kuti ali ndi luso lapamwamba, lomwe palokha liyenera kukondweretsa aliyense womvetsera mosakondera, ngakhale nyimbo za Lutoslavsky poyamba zimawoneka zachilendo kapena zachilendo kwa iye. Komabe, Lutoslavsky, mosiyana ndi olemba ambiri amasiku ano, nthawi zonse ankayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti omvera pamodzi ndi nyimbo zake sangamve ngati mlendo. Ndikoyenera kutchula mawu otsatirawa kuchokera muzokambirana zake zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi katswiri wanyimbo wa ku Moscow II Nikolskaya: "Chikhumbo chachikulu chokhala pafupi ndi anthu ena kudzera muzojambula chimakhalapo mwa ine nthawi zonse. Koma sindidziika kukhala ndi cholinga chopambana omvera ndi ochirikiza ambiri momwe ndingathere. Sindikufuna kugonjetsa, koma ndikufuna kupeza omvera anga, kupeza omwe amamva mofanana ndi ine. Kodi cholinga chimenechi chingatheke bwanji? Ndikuganiza, kupyolera muzowonadi zaluso kwambiri, kuwona mtima kwa mawu pamagulu onse - kuchokera kuzinthu zamakono mpaka kuchinsinsi kwambiri, kuzama kwakuya ... Choncho, luso lazojambula lingathenso kugwira ntchito ya "wogwira" wa miyoyo ya anthu, kukhala machiritso a moyo. Chimodzi mwamatenda opweteka kwambiri - kusungulumwa ”.

Levon Hakopyan