Joseph Haydn |

Joseph mwamba

Izi ndi nyimbo zenizeni! Izi ndi zomwe ziyenera kusangalatsidwa, izi ndizomwe ziyenera kuyamwa ndi aliyense amene akufuna kukulitsa kumverera kwanyimbo kosangalatsa, kukoma kwabwino. A. Serov

Njira yopangira ya J. Haydn - wolemba wamkulu waku Austrian, wamkulu wazaka za WA Mozart ndi L. Beethoven - adatenga pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu, adawoloka malire azaka za 1760th-XNUMXth, adakhudza magawo onse a chitukuko cha Viennese. sukulu yapamwamba - kuyambira pomwe idayamba mu XNUMX -s. mpaka nthawi ya ntchito ya Beethoven kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana latsopano. Kuchuluka kwa kulenga, kuchuluka kwa malingaliro, kusinthika kwa malingaliro, malingaliro ogwirizana komanso ofunikira a moyo adasungidwa muzojambula za Haydn mpaka zaka zomaliza za moyo wake.

Mwana wa wopanga ngolo, Haydn anapeza luso loimba losowa. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, anasamukira ku Hainburg, anaimba kwaya ya tchalitchi, anaphunzira kuimba violin ndi zeze, ndipo kuyambira 1740 ankakhala ku Vienna, kumene ankatumikira monga woimba kwaya m'tchalitchi cha St. Stephen's Cathedral (Vienna Cathedral. ). Komabe, mu kwaya yekha mawu a mnyamata anali ofunika - osowa treble chiyero, iwo anamupatsa ntchito ya solo mbali; ndipo zikhoterero za wolemba nyimbo zomwe zinadzutsidwa ali mwana sizinawonekere. Mawuwo atayamba kusweka, Haydn anakakamizika kuchoka m’tchalitchicho. Zaka zoyamba za moyo wodziimira ku Vienna zinali zovuta kwambiri - anali mu umphawi, njala, kuyendayenda popanda pogona; mwa apo ndi apo ankatha kupeza maphunziro aumwini kapena kuimba violin mu gulu loyendayenda. Komabe, ngakhale kusinthika kwa tsogolo, Haydn adasungabe mawonekedwe otseguka, nthabwala zomwe sizinamupindule, komanso kuzama kwa zokhumba zake zaukadaulo - amaphunzira ntchito ya clavier ya FE Bach, amaphunzira payekhapayekha, amazolowera ntchito. a akatswiri anthanthi akuluakulu a ku Germany, amatenga maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera kwa N. Porpora, woimbika ndi mphunzitsi wotchuka wa opera wa ku Italy.

Mu 1759, Haydn adalandira malo a Kapellmeister kuchokera kwa Count I. Mortsin. Ntchito zoimbira zoyamba (ma symphonies, quartets, clavier sonatas) zidalembedwa m'malo ake opemphereramo. Mu 1761 Mortsin atathetsa tchalitchicho, Haydn adasaina mgwirizano ndi P. Esterhazy, mtsogoleri wolemera kwambiri wa ku Hungary komanso woyang'anira zaluso. Ntchito ya vice-kapellmeister, ndipo pambuyo pa zaka 5 za kalonga wamkulu-kapellmeister, kuphatikizapo kupeka nyimbo. Haydn amayenera kuchita zoyeserera, kusunga dongosolo mu chapel, kukhala ndi udindo woteteza zolemba ndi zida, etc. Ntchito zonse za Haydn zinali katundu wa Esterhazy; Wolembayo analibe ufulu wolemba nyimbo zolamulidwa ndi anthu ena, sakanatha kusiya katundu wa kalonga momasuka. (Haydn ankakhala kumalo a Esterhazy - Eisenstadt ndi Estergaz, nthawi zina ankayendera Vienna.)

Komabe, zabwino zambiri komanso, koposa zonse, kuthekera kutaya oimba abwino kwambiri omwe adachita ntchito zonse za wopeka, komanso zinthu zakuthupi ndi chitetezo chapakhomo, adakopa Haydn kuvomereza lingaliro la Esterhazy. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, Haydn anakhalabe m’khoti. M'malo ochititsa manyazi a kapolo wa kalonga, adasunga ulemu wake, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kuyesetsa kukonza zinthu mosalekeza. Pokhala kutali ndi dziko lapansi, osalumikizana ndi dziko lonse lanyimbo, adakhala mbuye wamkulu kwambiri waku Europe pautumiki wake ndi Esterhazy. Ntchito za Haydn zidachitidwa bwino m'mabuku akuluakulu anyimbo.

Choncho, m'ma 1780s. Anthu aku France adadziwa nyimbo zisanu ndi imodzi zotchedwa "Paris". M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma composites adalemedwa kwambiri ndi udindo wawo wodalira, amamva kusungulumwa kwambiri.

Zochititsa chidwi, zosokoneza zimajambula m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - "Maliro", "Kuvutika", "Kutsanzikana". Zifukwa zambiri za matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana - autobiographical, nthabwala, lyric-filosofi - zidaperekedwa ndi chomaliza cha "Farewell" - pa Adagio osatha awa, oimba amasiya gulu la oimba mmodzimmodzi, mpaka oimba awiri akukhalabe pa siteji, akumaliza nyimboyo. , wodekha komanso wodekha…

Komabe, malingaliro ogwirizana komanso omveka bwino a dziko lapansi nthawi zonse amalamulira nyimbo za Haydn komanso m'malingaliro ake amoyo. Haydn adapeza magwero a chisangalalo kulikonse - m'chilengedwe, m'moyo wa anthu wamba, pantchito yake, polankhulana ndi okondedwa. Choncho, kudziwana ndi Mozart, amene anafika ku Vienna mu 1781, kunakula kukhala ubwenzi weniweni. Maubwenzi amenewa, ozikidwa pa ubale wamkati, kumvetsetsa ndi kulemekezana, anali ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa pa chitukuko cha kulenga cha olemba onse awiri.

Mu 1790, A. Esterhazy, wolowa nyumba wa Prince P. Esterhazy, yemwe anamwalira, anathetsa tchalitchicho. Haydn, amene anamasulidwa kwathunthu ku utumiki ndipo anakhalabe yekha mutu wa Kapellmeister, anayamba kulandira penshoni moyo mogwirizana ndi chifuniro cha kalonga wakale. Posakhalitsa panali mwayi wokwaniritsa maloto akale - kuyenda kunja kwa Austria. Mu 1790s Haydn anapanga maulendo awiri ku London (1791-92, 1794-95). Nyimbo 12 za "London" zomwe zidalembedwa pamwambowu zidamaliza kukulitsa mtundu uwu pantchito ya Haydn, zidavomereza kukhwima kwa nyimbo zachikale za Viennese (koyambirirako, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1780, nyimbo zitatu zomaliza za Mozart zidawonekera) ndipo zidakhalabe pachimake. za zochitika m'mbiri ya nyimbo za symphonic. Ma symphonies aku London adachitidwa mwanjira zachilendo komanso zowoneka bwino kwa wolemba. Atazolowera kutsekedwa kwambiri kwa salon ya bwalo lamilandu, Haydn adayimba koyamba m'makonsati apagulu, adamva zomwe omvera ademokalase amachita. Iye anali ndi magulu akuluakulu oimba, ofanana ndi nyimbo zamakono. Anthu a ku England ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo za Haydn. Ku Oxford, adalandira udindo wa Doctor of Music. Mothandizidwa ndi ma oratorios a GF Handel omwe adamveka ku London, ma oratorios a 3 adapangidwa - The Creation of the World (2) ndi The Seasons (1798). Ntchito zazikuluzikuluzi, zamafilosofi, zotsimikizira malingaliro akale a kukongola ndi mgwirizano wa moyo, umodzi wa munthu ndi chilengedwe, zidavala mokwanira njira yolenga ya wolembayo.

Zaka zomaliza za moyo wa Haydn zidakhala ku Vienna ndi midzi yake ya Gumpendorf. Wolembayo anali akadali wansangala, wochezeka, wofuna komanso wochezeka kwa anthu, adagwirabe ntchito molimbika. Haydn anamwalira pa nthawi yovuta, mkati mwa nkhondo za Napoleon, pamene asilikali a ku France anali atalanda kale likulu la Austria. Mkati mwa kuzingidwa kwa Vienna, Haydn anatonthoza okondedwa ake kuti: “Musaope, ana, kumene Haydn ali, palibe choipa chingachitike.

Haydn adasiya cholowa chachikulu cha kulenga - pafupifupi 1000 amagwira ntchito m'mitundu yonse ndi mitundu yomwe inalipo mu nyimbo za nthawi imeneyo (symphonies, sonatas, chamber ensembles, concertos, operas, oratorios, misa, nyimbo, etc.). Mawonekedwe akuluakulu a cyclic (104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 clavier sonatas) amapanga gawo lalikulu, lamtengo wapatali la ntchito ya wolembayo, kudziwa malo ake a mbiriyakale. P. Tchaikovsky analemba za kufunika kwapadera kwa ntchito za Haydn m’chisinthiko cha nyimbo zoimbira kuti: “Haydn anadzipangitsa kukhala wosakhoza kufa, ngati si mwa kutulukira, ndiyeno mwa kuwongolera kamvekedwe kabwino kameneko ka sonata ndi kanyimbo kanyimbo, kamene Mozart ndi Beethoven anabweretsa pambuyo pake. mlingo wotsiriza wa kukwanira ndi kukongola.”

Symphony mu ntchito ya Haydn yafika patali: kuchokera ku zitsanzo zoyambirira pafupi ndi mitundu ya nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi chipinda (serenade, divertissement, quartet), mpaka "Paris" ndi "London" symphonies, momwe malamulo akale a mtunduwo. zinakhazikitsidwa (chiŵerengero ndi dongosolo la zigawo za mkombero - sonata Allegro, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono, minuet, chomaliza mwamsanga), khalidwe mitundu ya mathematics ndi njira chitukuko, etc. Symphony Haydn amapeza tanthauzo la zonse "chithunzi cha dziko" , momwe mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo - zazikulu, zochititsa chidwi, zamatsenga-zafilosofi, zoseketsa - zinabweretsa mgwirizano ndi kulinganiza. Dziko lolemera komanso lovuta la ma symphonies a Haydn lili ndi mikhalidwe yodabwitsa yomasuka, kuchezeka, komanso kuyang'ana kwambiri omvera. Gwero lalikulu la chilankhulo chawo choyimba ndi mtundu watsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo ndi kuvina, nthawi zina zobwerekedwa mwachindunji kuchokera kuzinthu zamakhalidwe. Kuphatikizidwa munjira yovuta ya chitukuko cha symphonic, amapeza mwayi watsopano wophiphiritsa, wosinthika. Mitundu yomalizidwa, yolinganizidwa bwino komanso yomangidwa momveka bwino ya zigawo za symphonic cycle (sonata, kusinthika, rondo, ndi zina zotero) zimaphatikizanso zinthu zosinthira, zopatuka modabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa zimakulitsa chidwi pakukula kwamalingaliro, kosangalatsa nthawi zonse, kodzaza ndi zochitika. "Zodabwitsa" ndi "pranks" zomwe Haydn ankakonda zinathandiza kuzindikira mtundu wanyimbo zoyimba kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa mayanjano apadera pakati pa omvera, omwe amaikidwa m'maina a symphonies ("Bear", "Chicken", "Clock", "Hunt", "Mphunzitsi wa Sukulu", etc. . P.). Kupanga mawonekedwe amtundu wamtunduwu, Haydn amawululanso kuchuluka kwa kuthekera kwakuwonekera kwawo, ndikuwonetsa njira zosiyanasiyana zakusintha kwa symphony m'zaka za 1790th-XNUMXth. Mu ma symphonies okhwima a Haydn, gulu lakale la orchestra limakhazikitsidwa, kuphatikiza magulu onse a zida (zingwe, mphepo yamkuntho, mkuwa, kugunda). Mapangidwe a quartet amakhalanso okhazikika, momwe zida zonse (violins awiri, viola, cello) zimakhala mamembala athunthu a gululo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi Haydn's clavier sonatas, momwe kulingalira kwa wolembayo, kosatha kwenikweni, nthawi iliyonse kumatsegula njira zatsopano zopangira kuzungulira, njira zoyambirira zokonzekera ndi kupanga zinthuzo. Ma sonata omaliza olembedwa m'ma XNUMXs. amayang'ana momveka bwino pa kuthekera kofotokozera kwa chida chatsopano - pianoforte.

Moyo wake wonse, luso anali Haydn chithandizo chachikulu ndi gwero nthawi zonse mgwirizano wamkati, mtendere wa maganizo ndi thanzi, Iye ankayembekezera kuti izo zikanakhala chomwecho kwa omvera mtsogolo. “Pali anthu achimwemwe ndi okhutira oŵerengeka m’dzikoli,” analemba motero wolemba nyimbo wazaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri, “kulikonse ali ndi chisoni ndi nkhaŵa; mwina ntchito yanu nthawi zina kutumikira monga gwero limene munthu wodzala ndi nkhawa ndi kulemedwa ndi malonda adzakoka mtendere wake ndi mpumulo kwa mphindi.

I. Okhalova

Haydn's operatic heritage ndi yayikulu (24 operas). Ndipo, ngakhale kuti wolembayo safika pamtunda wa Mozart mu ntchito yake yoimba, ntchito zingapo zamtunduwu ndizofunika kwambiri ndipo sizinataye kufunika kwake. Mwa ameneŵa, otchuka kwambiri ndi Armida (1784), The Soul of a Philosopher, kapena Orpheus and Eurydice (1791, yochitidwa mu 1951, Florence); sewero lanthabwala la The Singer (1767, lolembedwa ndi Estergaz, lokonzedwanso mu 1939), The Apothecary (1768); Deceived Infidelity (1773, Estergaz), Lunar Peace (1777), Loyalty Rewarded (1780, Estergaz), the heroic-comic opera Roland the Paladin (1782, Estergaz). Ena mwa ma opera awa, atatha kuiwalika kwa nthawi yayitali, adachita bwino kwambiri munthawi yathu (mwachitsanzo, Lunar Peace mu 1959 ku The Hague, Kukhulupirika Kunalipidwa mu 1979 pa Chikondwerero cha Glyndebourne). Wokonda kwambiri ntchito ya Haydn ndi wotsogolera waku America Dorati, yemwe adalemba zisudzo 8 ndi woimba ndi gulu la oimba la Lausanne chamber. Ena mwa iwo ndi Armida (oimba nyimbo Norman, KX Anshe, N. Burroughs, Ramy, Philips).

E. Tsodokov