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French clef, english key, germ. Schlussel

Chizindikiro pa ndodo yoimba yomwe imatsimikizira dzina ndi kutalika (kwa octave imodzi kapena ina) ya phokoso pa imodzi mwa mizere yake; imakhazikitsa mtengo wokwanira wamawu onse ojambulidwa pamitengo. K. amamangiriridwa mwanjira yoti umodzi mwa mizere isanu ya ndodoyo umadutsa pakati. Amayikidwa kumayambiriro kwa ndodo iliyonse; pakusintha kuchokera ku K. kupita kwina, K watsopano amalembedwa pamalo ofananirapo a mtengo. Mitundu itatu yosiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito. kiyi: G (mchere), F (fa) ndi C (chita); mayina awo ndi zolembedwa zimachokera ku lat. zilembo zosonyeza kumveka kwa utali wofananira (onani Zilembo Zoyimba). Lachitatu. zaka mazana anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mizere, iliyonse yomwe inkasonyeza kutalika kwa phokoso linalake; adathandizira kuwerenga kwa nyimbo zosagwirizana, zomwe m'mbuyomu zidangosintha mamvekedwe a nyimboyo (onani Nevmas). Guido d'Arezzo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 11 C.E. anakonza dongosolo limeneli, kubweretsa chiwerengero cha mizere inayi. Mzere wofiira wapansi umatanthauza phula F, mzere wachitatu wachikasu umatanthauza phula C. Kumayambiriro kwa mizere iyi, zilembo C ndi F zinayikidwa, zomwe zinkagwira ntchito za K. Pambuyo pake, kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yamitundu kunasiyidwa. ndipo mtengo wamtengo wapatali unaperekedwa ku zolemba. makalata okha. Poyamba, analembedwa angapo (mpaka atatu) pa ndodo iliyonse, ndiye chiwerengero chawo chinachepetsedwa kukhala ndodo imodzi. Pamatchulidwe a zilembo za mawu, G, F, ndi C anagwiritsiridwa ntchito makamaka monga K. Maupangiri a zilembo zimenezi anasintha pang’onopang’ono mpaka atapeza amakono. mawonekedwe azithunzi. Kiyi G (sol), kapena treble, imasonyeza malo amchere amchere a octave yoyamba; ili pamzere wachiwiri wa ndodo. Mtundu wina wa mchere wa K., wotchedwa. Chifalansa chakale, choyikidwa pamzere woyamba, wamakono. sichigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba, komabe, posindikizanso ntchito zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, code iyi imasungidwa. Kiyi F (fa), kapena bass, imasonyeza malo a phokoso la fa la octave yaing'ono; imayikidwa pamzere wachinayi wa ndodo. Mu nyimbo zakale, K. fa imapezekanso mu mawonekedwe a bass-profundo K. (kuchokera ku Latin profundo - deep), yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba pansi pa gawo la bass ndipo inayikidwa pamzere wachisanu, ndi baritone. K. - pa mzere wachitatu. Key C (do) imasonyeza malo a phokoso mpaka octave yoyamba; zamakono Mfungulo C imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira ziwiri: alto - pamzere wachitatu ndi tenor - pamzere wachinayi. M'makwaya akale, makiyi C a mitundu isanu adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiko kuti, pamizere yonse ya ndodo; kuwonjezera pa zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, zotsatirazi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito: soprano K. - pamzere woyamba, mezzo-soprano - pamzere wachiwiri, ndi baritone - pamzere wachisanu.

Makwaya amakono amalembedwa mu violin ndi bass k., koma oimba ndi kwaya. kondakitala amakumana nthawi zonse ndi clef C akamagwira ntchito zakale. Gawo la tenor limalembedwa mu treble K., koma limawerengedwa ndi octave kutsika kuposa zolembedwa, zomwe nthawi zina zimawonetsedwa ndi nambala 8 pansi pa kiyi. Nthawi zina, violin iwiri K. mu tanthauzo lomwelo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo la tenor.

Tanthauzo la kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mpatuko. K. imaphatikizapo kupewa momwe kungathekere kuchuluka kwa mizere yowonjezera pakulemba kwa mawu ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga zolemba. Alto K. amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mbali ya viola yowerama ndi viol d'amour; tenor - polemba gawo la tenor trombone ndi pang'ono cello (mu kaundula wapamwamba).

Mu otchedwa. "Kyiv banner" (square musical notation), yomwe inafalikira ku Ukraine ndi Russia m'zaka za zana la 17, zosiyanasiyana. mitundu ya makiyi a C, kuphatikiza cefaut K., yomwe idakhala ndi tanthauzo lapadera pojambula nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku za monophonic. Dzina la cefaut K. limachokera ku limene limagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mpingo. nyimbo mchitidwe wa hexachordal dongosolo solmization, malinga ndi zimene phokoso kuchita (C), kutengedwa monga maziko a mfundo kiyi, nkhani mayina fa ndi ut.

Dongosolo la hexachord la solmization monga momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito pamlingo wa tchalitchi. Voliyumu yonse ya sikelo, zolemba zake mu fungulo la cefout ndi mayina a masitepe a solmization.

Mothandizidwa ndi cefaut K., maphokoso onse a mpingo wathunthu anajambulidwa. sikelo yomwe inkafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu achimuna (onani sikelo ya Tsiku ndi Tsiku); kenako, ndikupita ku tchalitchi. Anyamata, kenako akazi, anayamba kukopeka ndi kuimba, cefaut K. ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maphwando awo, amene anachita octave apamwamba kuposa amuna. M'mawonekedwe, cefaut K. ndi mtundu wa cholembera chokhazikika chokhala ndi bata; imayikidwa pamzere wachitatu wa ndodo, ndikuyika malo a sitepe ya 4 ya tchalitchi. kukula - mpaka octave yoyamba. Kope loyamba losindikizidwa, momwe nyimbo za cefaut zidafotokozedwa, zinali The ABC of Simple Musical Singing Malinga ndi Cefaut Key (1772). Ndi mawonedwe a monophonic a nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku, cefaut K. imasungabe kufunikira kwake mpaka lero.

Zothandizira: Razumovsky DV, Kuyimba kwa Tchalitchi ku Russia (Zochitika pazambiri ndi luso)…, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Metallov VM, Nkhani yonena za mbiri ya kuimba kwa tchalitchi cha Orthodox ku Russia, Saratov, 1893, M., 1915; Smolensky SV, Pa zolemba zakale zaku Russia zaku St. Petersburg, 1901; Sposobin IV, Elementary theory of Music, M., 1951, posl. ed., M., 1967; Gruber R., Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1, M.-L., 1941; Wolf J., Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1913-19; Ehrmann R., Die Schlüsselkombinationen im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, “AMw”, Jahrg. XI, 1924; Wagner P., Aus der Frühzeit des Liniensystems, “AfMw”, Jahrg. VIII, 1926; Smits van Waesberghe J., The musical notation of Guido of Arezzo, "Musica Disciplina", v. V, 1951; Arel W., Die Notation der Polyphonen Music, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Federshofer H., Hohe und tiefe Schlüsselung im 16. Jahrhundert, mu: Festschrift Fr. Blume…, Kassel, 1963.

VA Vakhromeev