Streta |

Stretta, stretto

italo. stretta, stretto, kuchokera ku stringere - kuti compress, kuchepetsa, kufupikitsa; German eng, gedrängt - mwachidule, pafupi, Engfuhrung - kugwira mwachidule

1) Kugwira mofananiza (1) polyphonic. mitu, yodziwika ndi kuyambika kwa mawu otsanzira kapena mawu asanafike kumapeto kwa mutu wa mawu oyamba; m'lingaliro lodziwika bwino, mawu oyamba motsanzira a mutu wokhala ndi mtunda waufupi woyambira kuposa momwe amayerekezera koyambirira. S. akhoza kuchitidwa mu mawonekedwe osavuta kutsanzira, pamene mutu uli ndi kusintha melodic. kujambula kapena kuchitidwa mosakwanira (onani a, b mu chitsanzo pansipa), komanso mu mawonekedwe ovomerezeka. kutsanzira, canon (onani c, d mu chitsanzo chomwecho). A khalidwe mbali ya zikamera wa S. ndi kufupika kwa mtunda wa kulowa, amene n'zoonekeratu kwa khutu, amene amatsimikiza kwambiri kutsanzira, mathamangitsidwe wa ndondomeko layering polyphonic. mavoti.

JS Bach. Prelude ndi Fugue mu f zazing'ono za organ, BWV 534.

PI Tchaikovsky. Suite No 1 ya orchestra. Fugue.

P. Hindemith. Ludus tonalis. Fuga secunda in G.

NDI Bax. Clavier Wotentha Kwambiri, Volume 2. Fugue D-dur.

S. amatsutsana kwenikweni. njira zokhutiritsa ndi kuphatikizira mawu, kulandirira kothandiza kwambiri. kukhazikika; izi zimakonzeratu chuma chake chapadera cha semantic - chidzafotokozera chinthu chachikulu. khalidwe C. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu decomp. mitundu ya polyphonic (komanso m'magawo a polyphonic amitundu yama homophonic), makamaka mu fugue, ricercare. Mu fugue S., choyamba, chimodzi mwa zazikulu. kutanthauza “zomanga” pamodzi ndi mutuwo, kutsutsa, kuphatikizika. Kachiwiri, S. ndi njira yomwe imathandizira kuwulula tanthauzo la mutuwo ngati muse otsogolera. maganizo m'kati kutumizidwa ndi nthawi yomweyo cholemba kiyi mphindi kupanga, mwachitsanzo, kukhala galimoto ndi nthawi yomweyo kukonza chinthu polyphonic. mawonekedwe (monga mgwirizano wa "kukhala" ndi "kukhala"). Mu fugue, S. ndizosankha. Mu Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier (pambuyo pake adzafupikitsidwa monga "HTK"), amapezeka pafupifupi theka la fugues. S. kulibe nthawi zambiri komwe kuli zolengedwa. udindo umaseweredwa mwina ndi tonal (mwachitsanzo, mu e-moll fugue kuchokera ku 1 voliyumu ya "HTK" - kokha mawonekedwe a S. mu miyeso 39-40), kapena contrapuntal. chitukuko ikuchitika kuwonjezera S. (Mwachitsanzo, mu c-moll fugue kuchokera 1 voliyumu, kumene dongosolo la zotumphukira mankhwala aumbike mu interludes ndi conductions wa mutu ndi anapitiriza counterpositions). Mu fugues, kumene nthawi ya kukula kwa tonal imatchulidwa, segue, ngati ilipo, nthawi zambiri imakhala m'magawo a tonal stable reprise ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi pachimake, kutsindika. Kotero, mu f-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 2 (magawo atatu ndi mgwirizano wa sonata wa makiyi), S. amamveka pomaliza. zigawo; mu gawo lomwe likukula la fugue mu g-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 1 (bar 17), S. imakhala yosawoneka bwino, pomwe reprise 3-goli. S. (muyeso 28) imapanga pachimake chenicheni; mu fugue ya magawo atatu mu C-dur op. 87 No 1 ndi Shostakovich ndi mgwirizano wake wachilendo. Kukula kwa S. kudayambika mongobwerezanso: 1 ndi gawo lachiwiri lasungidwa, lachiwiri ndikusamutsidwa kopingasa (onani Movable counterpoint). Kukula kwa tonal sikumapatula kugwiritsa ntchito S., komabe, contrapuntal. chikhalidwe cha S. chimatsimikizira udindo wake wofunika kwambiri mu ma fugues omwe cholinga cha wolembayo chimaphatikizapo zovuta zotsutsana. chitukuko cha zinthu (mwachitsanzo, mu fugues C-dur ndi dis-moll kuchokera 2 voliyumu ya "HTK", c-moll, Cis-dur, D-dur kuchokera 1 voliyumu). Mwa iwo, S. akhoza kukhala mu gawo lililonse la mawonekedwe, osapatula kufotokozera (E-dur fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu ya 2, No 1 kuchokera ku Art of Fugue ya Bach - S. yowonjezera komanso yofalitsidwa). Fugues, zowonetsera to-rykh zimapangidwa mu mawonekedwe a S., amatchedwa stretta. Mawu oyambilira awiriawiri mu stretta fugue kuchokera ku Bach's 7nd motet (BWV 2) akukumbutsa mchitidwe wa ambuye okhwima omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ulaliki wotere (mwachitsanzo, Kyrie waku Palestrina wa "Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La" mass).

JS Bach. Motet.

Nthawi zambiri mu fugue angapo S. amapangidwa, kukula mu zina. dongosolo (fugues dis-moll ndi b-moll kuchokera ku 1st voliyumu ya "HTK"; fugue c-moll Mozart, K.-V. 426; fugue kuchokera ku chiyambi cha opera "Ivan Susanin" ndi Glinka). Chizolowezi ndikulemeretsa pang'onopang'ono, zovuta za stretta conducts. Mwachitsanzo, mu fugue mu b-moll kuchokera mu voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK", 2st (bar 1) ndi 27nd (bar 2) S. amalembedwa pamutu molunjika, 33rd (bar 3) ndi 67- I (bar 4) - mu malo osinthika osinthika, 73 (bar 5) ndi 80 (bar 6) - mu malo osakwanira osinthika, 89th yomaliza (bar 7) - osakwanira kusinthika ndi mawu owirikiza; S. a fugue izi kupeza kufanana ndi omwazikana polyphonic. kusintha kosinthika (ndipo motero tanthauzo la "mawonekedwe a dongosolo la 96"). Mu ma fugues okhala ndi S. yopitilira imodzi, ndizachilengedwe kulingalira S. izi ngati zoyambira komanso zotumphukira (onani Complex counterpoint). Muzinthu zina. zovuta kwambiri S. kwenikweni ndi kuphatikiza koyambirira, ndipo ena onse a S. ali, titero, zotengera zosavuta, "zochotsa" kuchokera koyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, mu fugue C-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya "HTK", choyambirira ndi 2-goli. S. mu mipiringidzo 1-4 (zone gawo la golide), zotumphukira - 16-, 19-goli. S. (onani mipiringidzo 2, 3, 7, 10, 14, 19) yokhala ndi zilolezo zoimirira ndi zopingasa; zikhoza kuganiziridwa kuti wolembayo anayamba kupanga fugue iyi ndendende ndi mapangidwe a fugue ovuta kwambiri. Malo a fugue, ntchito zake mu fugue ndi zosiyanasiyana ndipo makamaka padziko lonse; kuwonjezera pa milandu otchulidwa, munthu akhoza kuloza S., amene kwathunthu kudziwa mawonekedwe (awiri mbali fugue mu c-moll kuchokera 21 voliyumu, kumene mandala, pafupifupi 24-mutu. 2 gawo la S yokhala ndi zigawo zinayi zowoneka bwino, imakhala ndi S.), komanso mu S., akuchita gawo lachitukuko (fugue kuchokera ku gulu lachiwiri la orchestral la Tchaikovsky) ndi predicate yogwira ntchito (Kyrie mu Mozart's Requiem, mipiringidzo 3- 1). Mawu mu S. akhoza kulowa mu nthawi iliyonse (onani chitsanzo pansipa), komabe, zowerengera zosavuta - kulowa mu octave, chachisanu ndi chachinayi - ndizofala kwambiri, popeza muzochitika izi mawu a mutuwo amasungidwa.

Ngati Stravinsky. Concerto ya piano ziwiri, kayendedwe ka 4.

Zochita za S. zimatengera zochitika zambiri - pamayendedwe, osunthika. mlingo, chiwerengero cha mawu oyamba, koma kwakukulukulu - kuchokera ku contrapuntal. zovuta za S. ndi mtunda wa kulowa kwa mawu (kang'ono ndi kakang'ono, S., zinthu zina zonse zimakhala zofanana). Kanoni ya mitu iwiri pamutu woyenda molunjika - mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri a C. Mu 3-goli. S. Liwu lachitatu nthawi zambiri limalowa pambuyo pa kutha kwa mutuwo m'mawu oyambira, ndipo S. amapangidwa ngati mndandanda wa ma canon:

JS Bach. Clavier Wotentha Kwambiri, Volume 1. Fugue F-dur.

S. ndi ochepa, momwe mutuwo ukuchitikira mokwanira m'mawu onse mu mawonekedwe a canon (risposta yotsiriza imalowa mpaka kumapeto kwa proposta); S. zamtunduwu zimatchedwa main (stretto maestrale), ndiko kuti, zopangidwa mwaluso (mwachitsanzo, mu fugues C-dur ndi b-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 1, D-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri ya "HTK"). Olemba mofunitsitsa amagwiritsa ntchito S. ndi decomp. kusintha kwa polyphonic. Mitu; kutembenuka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri (mwachitsanzo, ma fugues mu d-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 2, Cis-dur kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri; kutembenuzidwa mu S. ndikofanana ndi ma fugues a WA Mozart, mwachitsanzo, g-moll, K. .-V. 1, c-moll, K.-V. 2) ndi kuwonjezeka, nthawi zina kuchepa (E-dur fugue kuchokera ku 401 voliyumu ya "HTK"), ndipo nthawi zambiri angapo amaphatikizidwa. njira zosinthira (fugue c-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu yachiwiri, mipiringidzo 426-2 - molunjika, kuzungulira ndi kuwonjezereka; dis-moll kuchokera ku voliyumu 2, mu mipiringidzo 14-15 - mtundu wa stretto maestrale: molunjika , pakuwonjezeka komanso ndi kusintha kwa rhythmic ratios). Phokoso la S. limadzazidwanso ndi zotsutsana (mwachitsanzo, C-dur fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu 1 mu miyeso 77-83); nthawi zina zotsutsa-zowonjezera kapena zidutswa zake zimasungidwa mu S. (bar 1 mu g-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba). S. ndizolemera kwambiri, pomwe mutu ndi zotsutsa zosungidwa kapena mitu ya fugue yovuta imatsatiridwa nthawi imodzi (bar 7 ndi kupitilira mu cis-moll fugue kuchokera ku voliyumu yoyamba ya CTC; kubwereza - nambala 8 - fugue kuchokera ku quintet op. 28 ndi Shostakovich). Mu S. yotchulidwayo, awonjezera pamitu iwiri. mavoti anasiyidwa (onani col. 1).

A. Berg. "Wozzek", 3rd act, 1st chithunzi (fugue).

Monga chiwonetsero chazomwe zimachitika pakukula kwa polyphony yatsopano, palinso vuto lina laukadaulo wa stretto (kuphatikiza kuphatikiza kosinthika kosakwanira komanso kosunthika kawiri). Zitsanzo zochititsa chidwi ndi S. mu fugue katatu No. 3 kuchokera ku cantata "Atatha kuwerenga Salmo" ndi Taneyev, mu fugue kuchokera ku "Tomb of Couperin" ndi Ravel, mu fugue iwiri mu A (mipiringidzo 58-68 ) kuchokera ku Hindemith's Ludus tonalis cycle, mu double fugue e -moll op. 87 No 4 ndi Shostakovich (dongosolo la reprise S. ndi canon iwiri muyeso 111), mu fugue kuchokera ku concerto kwa 2 fp. Zithunzi za Stravinsky. Popanga Shostakovich S., monga lamulo, amakhazikika muzobwereza, zomwe zimasiyanitsa wolemba masewero awo. udindo. Kupititsa patsogolo luso lapamwamba kumafika ku S. muzinthu zochokera kuzinthu zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, reprise S. fugue kuchokera kumapeto kwa symphony ya 3 ya K. Karaev ili ndi mutu mu kayendetsedwe ka rakish; kuyimba kwamphamvu mu Mawu Oyamba kuchokera ku Nyimbo za Maliro a Lutosławski ndikutsanzira mawu khumi ndi khumi ndi limodzi omwe ali ndi kukweza ndi kutembenuza; Lingaliro la polyphonic stretta likufika pamapeto ake omveka muzolemba zambiri zamakono, pamene mawu omwe akubwera "amaponderezedwa" kukhala ophatikizika (mwachitsanzo, canon ya mawu anayi osatha a gulu lachiwiri kumayambiriro kwa Gawo la 2 la quartet ya chingwe cha K. Khachaturian).

Gulu lovomerezeka la S. kulibe. S., pomwe chiyambi chokha cha mutu kapena mutu wokhala ndi njira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. kusintha kwamawu nthawi zina kumatchedwa kusakwanira kapena pang'ono. Popeza maziko oyambira a S. ndi ovomerezeka. mafomu, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a S. osn ndi oyenera. matanthauzo a mafomu awa. S. pa mitu iwiri akhoza kutchedwa pawiri; ku gulu la mitundu "yapadera" (malinga ndi mawu a SI Taneev) ndi S., njira yomwe imapitirira kupitirira zochitika zamtundu wa mafoni, mwachitsanzo, S., kumene kuwonjezeka, kuchepa, kayendetsedwe kake kumagwiritsidwa ntchito; poyerekezera ndi ma canon, S. amasiyanitsidwa ndikuyenda molunjika, kuzungulira, kuphatikiza, magulu 1 ndi 2, ndi zina.

Mu mawonekedwe a homophonic, pali zomanga za polyphonic, zomwe siziri S. m'lingaliro lonse (chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha chordal, chiyambi cha nthawi ya homophonic, udindo mu mawonekedwe, etc.), koma m'mawu amafanana; zitsanzo za stretta zoyambilira kapena zomanga ngati stretta zitha kukhala zazikulu. mutu wa gulu lachiwiri la symphony yoyamba, chiyambi cha gulu lachitatu la 2rd symphony ya 1th symphony ndi Beethoven, chidutswa cha minuet kuchokera ku symphony C-dur ("Jupiter") ndi Mozart (bar 3 patsogolo), fugato mu Kukula kwa gulu loyamba (onani nambala 5) ya symphony ya 44 ya Shostakovich. Mu homophonic ndi wosakaniza homophonic-polyphonic. amapanga fanizo lina la S. ndi contrapunally zovuta amamaliza. zomanga (kanoni mu reprise ya Gorislava cavatina ku opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila ndi Glinka) ndi zovuta kuphatikiza mitu imene poyamba ankamveka mosiyana (chiyambi cha reprise ya overture kuchokera opera The Mastersingers of Nuremberg ndi Wagner, akumaliza gawo la "Coda" muzokambirana kuchokera ku 1th scene ya opera- epic "Sadko" ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, coda ya mapeto a symphony ya Taneyev mu c-moll).

2) Kuthamanga kofulumira kwa kuyenda, kuwonjezeka kwa mayendedwe Ch. ayi. pomaliza. gawo lalikulu la nyimbo. prod. (m'mawu oimba amasonyezedwa piъ stretto; nthawi zina kusintha kwa tempo kumasonyezedwa: piъ mosso, prestissimo, etc.). S. - yosavuta komanso muzojambula. mgwirizano ndi chida chothandiza kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zosintha. mapeto a mankhwala, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi kutsegula kwa rhythmic. kuyamba. Oyambirira kwambiri, adafalikira ndipo adakhala mtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa Chitaliyana. opera (kawirikawiri mu cantata, oratorio) ya nthawi ya G. Paisiello ndi D. Cimarosa monga gawo lomaliza la oimba (kapena ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa kwaya) mapeto (mwachitsanzo, gulu lomaliza pambuyo pa Paolino's aria mu Cimarosa's Ukwati Wachinsinsi). Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri ndi za WA Mozart (mwachitsanzo, prestissimo kumapeto kwa sewero lachiwiri la opera Le nozze di Figaro monga gawo lomaliza pakukula kwa nthabwala; pomaliza pa sewero loyamba la opera Don Giovanni, piъ stretto imalimbikitsidwa ndi kutsanzira stretta). S. pomaliza ndi mmene mankhwala. italo. Olemba a m'zaka za zana la 2 - G. Rossini, B. Bellini, G. Verdi (mwachitsanzo, piъ mosso pamapeto a sewero lachiwiri la opera "Aida"; m'chigawo chapadera, woimbayo amatchula C. kuyambika kwa opera "La Traviata"). S. ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri m'ma comedic arias ndi duets (mwachitsanzo, accelerando mu aria yotchuka ya Basilio yokhudza miseche yochokera ku opera The Barber of Seville ndi Rossini), komanso mwachidwi (mwachitsanzo, vivacissimo mu duet ya Gilda ndi Duke mu gawo lachiwiri la opera "Rigoletto" lolemba Verdi) kapena sewero. khalidwe (mwachitsanzo, mu duet ya Amneris ndi Radames kuchokera mchitidwe 1 wa opera Aida ndi Verdi). Aria yaying'ono kapena nyimbo zingapo zokhala ndi mawu obwerezabwereza. kutembenuka, kumene S. amagwiritsidwa ntchito, amatchedwa cabaletta. S. monga njira yapadera yofotokozera idagwiritsidwa ntchito osati ndi Chitaliyana chokha. olemba, komanso ambuye a mayiko ena aku Europe. Makamaka, S. mu Op. MI Glinka (onani, mwachitsanzo, prestissimo ndi piъ stretto mu Mawu Oyamba, piъ mosso mu Farlaf a rondo ku opera Ruslan ndi Lyudmila).

Nthawi zambiri S. kuitana mathamangitsidwe pomaliza. instr. mankhwala olembedwa mofulumira. Zitsanzo zowoneka bwino zimapezeka mu Op. L. Beethoven (mwachitsanzo, presto complicated by canon in the code of the finale of the 5 symphony, "multi-stage" S. mu code of the finale of the 9 symphony), fp. nyimbo za R. Schumann (mwachitsanzo, ndemanga schneller, noch schneller pamaso pa coda ndi mu coda ya 1 gawo la piano sonata g-moll op. 22 kapena prestissimo ndi immer schneller und schneller mu mapeto a sonata yemweyo; mu gawo loyamba komanso lomaliza la Carnival, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitu yatsopano kumayendera limodzi ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwakuyenda mpaka komaliza piъ stretto), Op. P. Liszt (ndakatulo ya symphonic "Hungary"), ndi zina zotero. mu nyimbo con. Zaka za m'ma 1 ndi kupanga 19th century Masamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana; Komabe, njirayo imasinthidwa mwamphamvu kotero kuti olemba, pogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mfundo ya S., pafupifupi anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito liwu lokha. Zina mwa zitsanzo zambiri zikhoza kutchulidwa kumapeto kwa gawo la 20 ndi 1 la opera "Oresteia" ya Taneyev, kumene wolembayo amatsogoleredwa bwino ndi classical. mwambo. Chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha ntchito ya S. mu nyimbo ndizozama maganizo. ndondomeko - zochitika za Inol ndi Golo (mapeto a 2rd act) mu opera Pelléas et Mélisande ndi Debussy; mawu akuti "S". limapezeka pamlingo wa Berg's Wozzeck (3nd act, interlude, number 2). Mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 160 S., mwamwambo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ngati njira yowonetsera nthabwala. zochitika (monga No 20 “Mu taberna guando sumus” (“Tikakhala panyumba yodyera”) kuchokera ku “Carmina burana” ya Orff, komwe kuthamangitsa, kuphatikizidwa ndi crescendo yosalekeza, kumatulutsa zotsatira zomwe zimakhala zochulukira mwangozi). Ndi nthano mwansangala, amagwiritsa ntchito zachikale. kulandiridwa ndi SS Prokofiev mu monologue ya Chelia kuyambira pachiyambi cha 14nd opera "Chikondi cha Malalanje Atatu" (pa liwu limodzi "Farfarello"), mu "Champagne Scene" ndi Don Jerome ndi Mendoza (mapeto a 2nd act. opera "Kukwatiwa m'nyumba ya amonke"). Monga chiwonetsero china cha kalembedwe ka neoclassical chiyenera kuonedwa ngati quasi stretto (muyeso wa 2) mu ballet "Agon", cabaletta ya Anne kumapeto kwa 512st ya opera "The Rake's Progress" ndi Stravinsky.

3) Kutsanzira kuchepetsa (Chiitaliya: Imitazione alla stretta); mawuwa sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'lingaliro limeneli.

Zothandizira: Zolotarev VA Fugue. Kalozera ku phunziro lothandiza, M., 1932, 1965; Skrebkov SS, kusanthula Polyphonic, M.-L., 1940; yake, Textbook of polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; Mazel LA, Kapangidwe ka nyimbo, M., 1960; Dmitriev AN, Polyphony monga chinthu chojambula, L., 1962; Protopopov VV, Mbiri ya polyphony muzochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Nyimbo za ku Russia zachikale ndi za Soviet, M., 1962; wake, Mbiri ya polyphony mu zochitika zake zofunika kwambiri. Zakale za ku Western Europe za m'zaka za zana la 18-19, M., 1965; Dolzhansky AN, 24 oyambirira ndi fugues ndi D. Shostakovich, L., 1963, 1970; Yuzhak K., Zina mwa mawonekedwe a fugue ndi JS Bach, M., 1965; Chugaev AG, Zochitika za kapangidwe ka Bach's clavier fugues, M., 1975; Richter E., Lehrbuch der Fuge, Lpz., 1859, 1921 (kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Richter E., Fugue Textbook, St. Petersburg, 1873); Buss1er L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien Tonsatz…, V., 1878, 1912 (Russian translation – Bussler L., Strict style. Textbook of counterpoint and fugue, M., 1885); Prout E., Fugue, L., 1891 (kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Prout E., Fugue, M., 1922); onaninso lit. ku Art. Polyphony.

VP Frayonov