Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich |

Dmitri Shostakovich

D. Shostakovich ndi nyimbo yapamwamba kwambiri yazaka za zana la XNUMX. Palibe ambuye ake akuluakulu omwe anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi tsogolo lovuta la dziko lakwawo, sakanatha kufotokoza zotsutsana zofuula za nthawi yake ndi mphamvu yotereyi ndi chilakolako, kuwunika ndi chiweruzo chokhwima cha makhalidwe abwino. Ndi mu kuphatikizika kwa wolemba mu zowawa ndi mavuto a anthu ake kuti tanthauzo lalikulu la chopereka chake ku mbiri ya nyimbo m'zaka za zana la nkhondo zapadziko lonse ndi chipwirikiti chachikulu cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chagona, zomwe anthu sanadziwepo kale.

Shostakovich mwachibadwa ndi wojambula wa talente yapadziko lonse. Palibe mtundu umodzi womwe sananene mawu ake olemetsa. Anayamba kugwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa nyimbo zomwe nthawi zina anthu oimba nyimbo ankamuchitira modzikuza. Iye ndi mlembi wa nyimbo zingapo zomwe zinatengedwa ndi unyinji wa anthu, ndipo mpaka lero kusintha kwake kwabwino kwa nyimbo zodziwika bwino ndi jazz, zomwe ankazikonda kwambiri panthawi yopanga kalembedwe - mu 20- 30s, zosangalatsa. Koma gawo lalikulu la ntchito ya mphamvu za kulenga anali symphony. Osati chifukwa mitundu ina ya nyimbo zazikulu zinali zachilendo kwa iye - iye anapatsidwa talente yosayerekezereka monga wopeka kwenikweni zisudzo, ndipo ntchito mu mafilimu a kanema anamupatsa njira zazikulu zopezera ndalama. Koma kudzudzula kwamwano ndi mopanda chilungamo komwe kunaperekedwa mu 1936 mu nyuzipepala ya Pravda pansi pa mutu wakuti "Chisokonezo m'malo mwa nyimbo" kunamulepheretsa kuchita nawo mtundu wa opera kwa nthawi yaitali - zoyesayesa (sewero "Osewera" ndi N. Gogol) adakhalabe osamalizidwa, ndipo mapulaniwo sanathe kukhazikitsidwa.

Mwina izi ndizo zomwe umunthu wa Shostakovich unakhudza - mwachibadwa sankafuna kutsegula njira zowonetsera zionetsero, adadzipereka mosavuta kuzinthu zopanda pake chifukwa cha nzeru zake zapadera, kutsekemera komanso kusadziteteza kuzinthu zopanda pake. Koma izi zinali kokha m'moyo - mu luso lake anali woona ku mfundo zake za kulenga ndipo adazitsimikizira mu mtundu umene adamva kuti ali womasuka kwathunthu. Choncho, symphony lingaliro linakhala pakati pa kufufuza kwa Shostakovich, kumene akanakhoza kulankhula zoona za nthawi yake popanda kunyengerera. Komabe, sanakane kutenga nawo mbali m'mabizinesi aluso obadwa pansi pa zovuta zofunikira pazaluso zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi dongosolo loyang'anira, monga filimu ya M. Chiaureli "Kugwa kwa Berlin", komwe kutamandidwa kopanda malire kwa ukulu. ndipo nzeru za “atate wa amitundu” zinafika polekezera. Koma kutenga nawo mbali pazipilala zamtundu uwu, kapena zina, nthawi zina ngakhale ntchito zaluso zomwe zinasokoneza choonadi cha mbiriyakale ndikupanga nthano yokondweretsa utsogoleri wa ndale, sizinateteze wojambulayo ku chilango chankhanza chomwe chinachitidwa mu 1948. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ulamuliro wa Stalinist , A. Zhdanov, anabwereza kuukira kwaukali komwe kuli m’nkhani yakale ya m’nyuzipepala ya Pravda ndipo anaimba mlandu wopeka nyimboyo, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena a nyimbo za Soviet a nthaŵiyo, kuti amatsatira miyambo yodana ndi anthu.

Pambuyo pake, pa Khrushchev "thaw" milandu yotereyi inathetsedwa ndipo ntchito zabwino za woimbayo, zomwe anthu adaletsa, adapeza njira kwa omvera. Koma sewero la tsogolo la woimbayo, amene anapulumuka nyengo ya chizunzo chosalungama, anasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pa umunthu wake ndipo anatsimikiza chitsogozo cha kufunafuna kwake kulenga, kolunjika ku mavuto a makhalidwe aumunthu padziko lapansi. Ichi chinali ndipo ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa Shostakovich pakati pa omwe amapanga nyimbo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX.

Njira ya moyo wake sanali wolemera mu zochitika. Nditamaliza maphunziro a Leningrad Conservatory ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu wanzeru Symphony woyamba, iye anayamba moyo wa katswiri wopeka, choyamba mu mzinda wa Neva, ndiye pa Nkhondo Yaikulu kukonda dziko lako Moscow. Zochita zake monga mphunzitsi pasukulu yosungiramo zinthu zakale zinali zazifupi - adazisiya osafuna. Koma mpaka lero, ophunzira ake asunga kukumbukira mbuye wamkulu, yemwe adachita mbali yaikulu pakupanga umunthu wawo wolenga. Kale mu Symphony Yoyamba (1925), katundu awiri a nyimbo za Shostakovich akuwoneka bwino. Chimodzi mwa izo chinawonekera popanga kalembedwe ka zida zatsopano ndi kumasuka kwake, kumasuka kwa mpikisano wa zida zamakonsati. Wina adadziwonetsera yekha m'chikhumbo cholimbikira chofuna kupatsa nyimbo tanthauzo lapamwamba kwambiri, kuwulula lingaliro lozama la kufunika kwa filosofi pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa symphonic.

Zolemba zambiri za wolemba nyimbo zomwe zinatsatira chiyambi chodabwitsa chotero zinasonyeza mkhalidwe wosakhazikika wa nthaŵiyo, kumene kalembedwe katsopano kanthaŵiyo kanayambika m’kulimbana ndi malingaliro otsutsana. Kotero mu Symphonies Yachiwiri ndi Yachitatu ("October" - 1927, "May Day" - 1929) Shostakovich adapereka ulemu kwa chithunzithunzi cha nyimbo, adawonetsa momveka bwino chikoka cha masewera a nkhondo, zokopa za m'ma 20. (Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti wolembayo anaphatikizamo zidutswa zakwaya ku ndakatulo za achinyamata A. Bezymensky ndi S. Kirsanov). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, adawonetsanso zisudzo zowoneka bwino, zomwe zidakopa chidwi kwambiri ndi zojambula za E. Vakhtangov ndi Vs. Meyerhold. Zinali machitidwe awo omwe adakhudza kalembedwe ka opera yoyamba ya Shostakovich The Nose (1928), kutengera nkhani yotchuka ya Gogol. Kuchokera apa sikungobwera monyodola, nthabwala, kufika mochititsa mantha posonyeza anthu otchulidwa payekha komanso opusa, ochita mantha komanso ofulumira kuweruza khamu la anthu, komanso mawu omvetsa chisoni a "kuseka ndi misozi", zomwe zimatithandiza kuzindikira munthu. ngakhale muzinthu zonyansa komanso zopanda dala, monga Gogol wamkulu Kovalev.

Maonekedwe a Shostakovich sanangotengeka ndi zisonkhezero zochokera ku chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapadziko lonse (pano chofunika kwambiri kwa woimbayo chinali M. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky ndi G. Mahler), komanso chinatenga phokoso la moyo wa nthawi imeneyo - zomwe nthawi zambiri zimamveka. chikhalidwe chofikirika cha mtundu wa "kuwala" womwe unkalamulira maganizo a anthu ambiri. Maganizo a woipeka pa izo ndi ambivalent - nthawi zina amakokomeza, parodies kutembenuka khalidwe la mafashoni nyimbo ndi kuvina, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ennobles iwo, amakweza iwo pamwamba pa luso lenileni. Mkhalidwe umenewu unawonekera makamaka m’mayimba ovina oyambirira a The Golden Age (1930) ndi The Bolt (1931), mu First Piano Concerto (1933), kumene lipenga la solo limakhala mdani woyenera wa limba limodzi ndi oimba, ndipo pambuyo pake mu scherzo ndi chomaliza cha Sixth symphonies (1939). Kukongola kodabwitsa, zongopeka zosamveka zimaphatikizidwa muzolemba izi ndi mawu ochokera pansi pamtima, chibadwa chodabwitsa cha kutumizidwa kwa nyimbo "yosatha" mu gawo loyamba la symphony.

Ndipo potsirizira pake, munthu sangalephere kutchula mbali ina ya ntchito yolenga ya woimbayo - adagwira ntchito mwakhama komanso molimbika mu cinema, poyamba monga fanizo lowonetsera mafilimu opanda phokoso, kenako monga mmodzi mwa omwe amapanga mafilimu a Soviet. Nyimbo yake ya filimu "Ocoming" (1932) idatchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikoka cha "muse wamng'ono" chinakhudzanso kalembedwe, chinenero, ndi mfundo za nyimbo zake za concerto-philharmonic.

Chikhumbo chokhala ndi mikangano yoopsa kwambiri yamasiku ano ndi chipwirikiti chake chachikulu ndi mikangano yoopsa ya magulu otsutsana idawonetsedwa makamaka mu ntchito zazikulu za mbuye wa nthawi ya 30s. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri panjirayi chinali opera Katerina Izmailova (1932), yochokera pa chiwembu cha nkhani ya N. Leskov Lady Macbeth wa Mtsensk District. Mu chifaniziro cha munthu wamkulu, kulimbana kovuta kwamkati kumawululidwa mu moyo wa chikhalidwe chomwe chiri chonse ndi mphatso yochuluka mwa njira yake - pansi pa goli la "zonyansa zotsogolera moyo", pansi pa mphamvu yakhungu, yopanda nzeru. chilakolako, amachita zolakwa zazikulu, kenako ndi kubwezera nkhanza.

Komabe, wopeka akwaniritsa bwino kwambiri mu Fifth Symphony (1937), chofunika kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha symphony Soviet mu 30s. (kutembenukira ku mtundu watsopano wa kalembedwe kunafotokozedwa mu Fourth Symphony yomwe inalembedwa kale, koma osati inamveka - 1936). Mphamvu ya Fifth Symphony yagona pa mfundo yakuti zochitika za ngwazi yake zimawululidwa mu chiyanjano chapafupi ndi moyo wa anthu komanso, makamaka, mwa anthu onse madzulo a kugwedezeka kwakukulu komwe kunachitikirapo anthu a dzikoli. dziko - Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Izi zidatsimikiza sewero lanyimbo, kufotokozera kwake kwachibadwidwe - ngwazi yanyimbo sakhala wongoganizira chabe mu symphony iyi, amaweruza zomwe zikuchitika komanso zomwe zikubwera ndi khothi lapamwamba kwambiri. Mosasamala za tsogolo la dziko lapansi, malo amtundu wa wojambula, chikhalidwe chaumunthu cha nyimbo zake, chinakhudzanso. Itha kumveka m'ntchito zina zingapo zamitundu yopangira zida zachipinda, pomwe piano Quintet (1940) imadziwika.

Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, Shostakovich anakhala mmodzi mwa otsogolera ojambula - omenyana ndi fascism. Wachisanu ndi chiwiri ("Leningrad") Symphony (1941) adawonedwa padziko lonse lapansi ngati liwu lamoyo la anthu omenyana, omwe adalowa mu nkhondo yamoyo ndi imfa m'dzina la ufulu wokhalapo, kuteteza munthu wapamwamba kwambiri. makhalidwe abwino. Mu ntchito iyi, monga mu Eighth Symphony (1943) pambuyo pake, kutsutsana kwa misasa iwiri yotsutsanayi kunapezeka mwachindunji, nthawi yomweyo. M'zaka zaluso za nyimbo sizinayambe zasonyezedwa momveka bwino kwambiri mphamvu zoipa chonchi, n'kale lonse “makina owononga” a gulu lachifasiti amene akugwira ntchito mwakhama avumbulidwa ndi ukali ndi chilakolako choterocho. Koma ma symphonies a "ankhondo" a wolemba nyimbo (komanso muzolemba zake zingapo, mwachitsanzo, mu Piano Trio pokumbukira I. Sollertinsky - 1944) amaimiridwa momveka bwino mu nyimbo za "nkhondo" za woimbayo, zauzimu. kukongola ndi kulemera kwa dziko lamkati la munthu amene akuvutika ndi mavuto a nthawi yake.

M'zaka za nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo Shostakovich kulenga ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Monga kale, mzere wotsogola wa kusaka kwake mwaluso udawonetsedwa muzojambula zazikulu za symphonic. Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono wachisanu ndi chinayi (1945), mtundu wa intermezzo, womwe, komabe, unalibe mawu omveka bwino a nkhondo yomwe yatha posachedwa, wolembayo adayambitsa nyimbo ya Tenth Symphony (1953), yomwe inakweza mutu wa tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la wojambula, muyeso wapamwamba wa udindo wake m'dziko lamakono. Komabe, chatsopanocho chinali makamaka chipatso cha zoyesayesa za mibadwo yakale - chifukwa chake wolembayo adakopeka ndi zochitika za kusintha kwa mbiri ya Russia. Kusintha kwa 1905, komwe kudadziwika ndi Bloody Sunday pa Januware 9, kudakhalapo mu pulogalamu yayikulu ya Eleventh Symphony (1957), ndipo zomwe adapambana mu 1917 adauzira Shostakovich kuti apange Twelfth Symphony (1961).

Kusinkhasinkha pa tanthauzo la mbiri, kufunika kwa zochita za ngwazi zake, zinaonekeranso mu ndakatulo ya mbali imodzi ya mawu a symphonic "The Execution of Stepan Razin" (1964), yomwe inachokera ku kachidutswa ka E. Yevtushenko ndakatulo "Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station". Koma zochitika za nthawi yathu, chifukwa cha kusintha kwakukulu m'miyoyo ya anthu ndi malingaliro awo a dziko lapansi, zomwe zinalengezedwa ndi XX Congress ya CPSU, sizinasiyane ndi mbuye wamkulu wa nyimbo za Soviet - mpweya wawo wamoyo umamveka m'zaka khumi ndi zitatu. Symphony (1962), adalembanso mawu a E. Yevtushenko. Mu Symphony ya khumi ndi inayi, wolembayo adatembenukira ku ndakatulo za olemba ndakatulo a nthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi anthu (FG Lorca, G. Apollinaire, W. Kuchelbecker, RM Rilke) - adakopeka ndi mutu wa kusakhalitsa kwa moyo waumunthu ndi umuyaya wa moyo. zolengedwa zaluso zowona, zomwe ngakhale imfa yopambana. Mutu womwewo udapanga maziko a lingaliro la kuzungulira kwa mawu-symphonic kutengera ndakatulo za wojambula wamkulu waku Italy Michelangelo Buonarroti (1974). Ndipo potsiriza, mu otsiriza, Fifteenth Symphony (1971), zithunzi za ubwana zinakhalanso ndi moyo, zomwe zinapangidwanso pamaso pa mlengi wanzeru m'moyo, yemwe wadziwa muyeso wosawerengeka wa kuvutika kwaumunthu.

Pazofunika zonse za symphony mu ntchito ya pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Shostakovich, sizimasokoneza zonse zofunika kwambiri zomwe zinalengedwa ndi woimbayo m'zaka makumi atatu zomaliza za moyo wake ndi njira yolenga. Anapereka chidwi chapadera ku nyimbo zamakonsati ndi chamber-instrumental. Adapanga ma concerto awiri a violin (2 ndi 1948), ma concerto awiri a cello (1967 ndi 1959), ndi Second Piano Concerto (1966). Ntchito zabwino kwambiri zamtunduwu zili ndi malingaliro ozama a kufunikira kwa filosofi, kufananiza ndi zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi mphamvu yotereyi m'mayimbidwe ake. Kuwopsa kwa kugunda kwauzimu ndi zauzimu, zikhumbo zapamwamba kwambiri zanzeru zaumunthu komanso kuukira kwaukali, kuyambika mwadala kumawonekera mu Second Cello Concerto, komwe cholinga chosavuta, "chamsewu" chimasinthidwa mopitilira kudziwika, kuwonetsa zake. umunthu wopanda umunthu.

Komabe, m'makonsati ndi nyimbo zapachipinda, ukoma wa Shostakovich umawululidwa popanga nyimbo zomwe zimatsegula mwayi wopikisana mwaulere pakati pa oimba. Apa mtundu waukulu womwe udakopa chidwi cha mbuyeyo unali quartet yachikhalidwe ya zingwe (pali zambiri zolembedwa ndi wolembayo ngati ma symphonies - 15). Ma quartets a Shostakovich amadabwitsidwa ndi mayankho osiyanasiyana kuchokera kumagawo amitundu yambiri (Eleventh - 1966) mpaka nyimbo zamayendedwe amodzi (Chakhumi ndi Chachitatu - 1970). M'ntchito zake zingapo za m'chipinda chake (mu Eighth Quartet - 1960, mu Sonata ya Viola ndi Piano - 1975), woimbayo amabwereranso ku nyimbo za nyimbo zake zakale, ndikuzipatsa phokoso latsopano.

Pakati pa ntchito zamitundu ina, munthu angatchule za kuzungulira kwakukulu kwa Preludes ndi Fugues kwa piyano (1951), motsogozedwa ndi zikondwerero za Bach ku Leipzig, oratorio Song of the Forests (1949), komwe kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nyimbo za Soviet. mutu wa udindo wa munthu woteteza chilengedwe chomzungulira unadzutsidwa. Mukhozanso kutchula Ndakatulo Khumi za kwaya cappella (1951), nyimbo yoimba "From Jewish Folk Poetry" (1948), nyimbo za ndakatulo za Sasha Cherny ("Satires" - 1960), Marina Tsvetaeva (1973).

Ntchito mu filimu anapitiriza mu zaka pambuyo nkhondo - Shostakovich nyimbo mafilimu "The Gadfly" (zochokera mu buku la E. Voynich - 1955), komanso kuti atengere masoka a Shakespeare "Hamlet" (1964) ndi "King Lear" (1971) inadziwika kwambiri. ).

Shostakovich anakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha nyimbo Soviet. Izo sizinasonyezedwe mochuluka mu chikoka chachindunji cha kalembedwe ka mbuye ndi njira zaluso zodziwika za iye, koma mu chikhumbo chapamwamba cha nyimbo, kugwirizana kwake ndi mavuto aakulu a moyo waumunthu padziko lapansi. Chikhalidwe chaumunthu mu chikhalidwe chake, mwaluso kwenikweni, ntchito ya Shostakovich idadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, idakhala chidziwitso chatsopano chomwe nyimbo za Dziko la Soviet zidapereka kudziko lapansi.

M. Tarakanov