Lyubomir Pipkov |

Lyubomir Pipkov

L. Pipkov ndi "wopeka amene amapanga zisonkhezero" (D. Shostakovich), mtsogoleri wa sukulu ya ku Bulgaria ya olemba nyimbo, yomwe yafika pamlingo wa luso lamakono la ku Ulaya ndipo walandira kuvomerezedwa kwa mayiko. Pipkov anakulira pakati pa anzeru opita patsogolo a demokalase, m'banja la woimba. Bambo ake a Panayot Pipkov ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa nyimbo zaku Bulgaria, wolemba nyimbo yemwe adafalitsidwa kwambiri m'magulu osintha zinthu. Kuchokera kwa bambo ake, woimba wamtsogolo adalandira mphatso yake ndi zolinga zachitukuko - ali ndi zaka 20 adalowa nawo gulu losintha, adagwira nawo ntchito za chipani cha chikomyunizimu panthawiyo, kuika ufulu wake pachiswe, ndipo nthawi zina moyo wake.

M'ma 20s. Pipkov ndi wophunzira wa State Musical Academy ku Sofia. Amagwiranso ntchito ngati woyimba piyano, ndipo zoyeserera zake zoyamba zopanga zimagwiranso ntchito pakupanga piyano. Mnyamata waluso kwambiri amalandila mwayi wokaphunzira ku Paris - kuno mu 1926-32. amaphunzira ku Ecole Normale ndi wolemba nyimbo wotchuka Paul Duc komanso ndi mphunzitsi Nadia Boulanger. Pipkov amakula mwachangu kukhala wojambula wamkulu, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi ma opus ake oyamba okhwima: Concerto for Wind, Percussion and Piano (1931), String Quartet (1928, inali quartet yoyamba ya Chibugariya), makonzedwe a nyimbo zamtundu. Koma kupambana kwakukulu kwa zaka izi ndi opera The Nine Brothers of Yana, yomwe inayamba mu 1929 ndipo inatsirizidwa atabwerera kwawo ku 1932. Pipkov adalenga opera yoyamba ya Chibugariya, yodziwika ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale ngati ntchito yopambana, yomwe inachititsa kuti asinthe. mfundo m'mbiri ya Bulgaria nyimbo zisudzo. M'masiku amenewo, wolembayo adatha kukhala ndi lingaliro lamakono lachitukuko chabe mophiphiritsira, pamaziko a nthano za anthu, ponena za zochitika za m'zaka zakutali za XIV. Pamaziko a zinthu zopeka ndi ndakatulo, mutu wa kulimbana pakati pa zabwino ndi zoipa zikuwululidwa, ophatikizidwa makamaka mkangano pakati pa abale awiri - nsanje zoipa Georgy Groznik ndi luso wojambula Angel, amene anawonongedwa ndi iye, kuwala kowala. moyo. Sewero laumwini limayamba kukhala tsoka ladziko, chifukwa likuwonekera mkati mwa unyinji wa anthu, akuvutika ndi opondereza akunja, ndi mliri womwe wagwera dzikolo ... ganizirani za tsoka la tsiku lake. Opera idapangidwa m'mapazi atsopano a September anti-fascist kuukira kwa 1923 komwe kunagwedeza dziko lonse ndikuponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi aboma - nthawiyo inali nthawi yomwe anthu abwino kwambiri mdzikolo adamwalira, pomwe waku Bulgaria adapha waku Bulgaria. Mitu yake idamveka itangoyamba kumene mu 1937 - otsutsawo adadzudzula Pipkov za "zabodza zachikomyunizimu", adalemba kuti operayo idawonedwa ngati chionetsero "chotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chamasiku ano", ndiko kuti, motsutsana ndi boma lachifasisti la monarchic. Patapita zaka zambiri, wolemba nyimboyo anavomereza kuti zimenezi n’zimene zinali choncho, ndipo anafuna mu sewerolo “kuvumbula choonadi cha moyo wodzala ndi nzeru, chidziŵitso ndi chikhulupiriro m’tsogolo, chikhulupiriro chimene chili chofunika kulimbana ndi chipani cha fascism.” "Yana's Nine Brothers" ndi sewero lanyimbo la symphonic lomwe lili ndi chilankhulo chomveka bwino, chodzaza ndi zosiyana zambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi zochitika zamtundu wa M. Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov" zikhoza kutsatiridwa. Nyimbo za opera, komanso zolengedwa zonse za Pipkov, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi khalidwe lowala la dziko.

Zina mwa ntchito zomwe Pipkov adayankha ku ungwazi ndi tsoka la kuwukira kwa anti-fascist mu September ndi cantata The Wedding (1935), yomwe adayitcha kuti symphony yosinthira kwaya ndi oimba, komanso nyimbo yoyimba ya The Horsemen (1929). Zonsezi zidalembedwa pa Art. wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu N. Furnadzhiev.

Kubwerera ku Paris, Pipkov ali m'gulu la nyimbo ndi chikhalidwe moyo wa kwawo. Mu 1932, pamodzi ndi anzake ndi anzake P. Vladigerov, P. Staynov, V. Stoyanov ndi ena, anakhala mmodzi wa oyambitsa Modern Music Society, amene anagwirizanitsa zonse patsogolo mu Russian wopeka sukulu, amene akukumana woyamba. kukwera kwakukulu. Pipkov amachitanso ngati wotsutsa nyimbo komanso wofalitsa nkhani. M'nkhani ya "On the Bulgarian Musical Style", akunena kuti zojambulajambula ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi luso la anthu komanso kuti maziko ake ndi kukhulupirika ku lingaliro la anthu. Kufunika kwa chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito zazikulu za mbuye. Mu 1940, adalenga Symphony Yoyamba - iyi ndi dziko loyamba la dziko la Bulgaria, lomwe lili m'gulu lachikale la dziko, symphony yaikulu yamaganizo. Zimawonetsa mkhalidwe wauzimu wa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku Spain komanso kuyamba kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Lingaliro la symphony ndilo lingaliro loyambirira la dziko lonse la lingaliro lodziwika bwino "kupyolera mu kulimbana kuti apambane" - lopangidwa pamaziko a zithunzithunzi za Chibugariya ndi kalembedwe, kutengera machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Opera yachiwiri ya Pipkov "Momchil" (dzina la ngwazi ya dziko, mtsogoleri wa haiduks) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1939-43, yomwe inamalizidwa mu 1948. Izo zinasonyeza kukonda dziko lako ndi kukwera kwa demokarasi m'gulu la Bulgaria kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 40. Ili ndi sewero lanyimbo la anthu, lomwe lili ndi chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha anthu. Malo ofunikira amakhala ndi gawo lophiphiritsa la ngwazi, chilankhulo chamitundu yambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka nyimbo yoguba yosinthira - apa ikuphatikizana ndi magwero oyambira amtundu wamba. Kulamulira kwa sewero-symphonist ndi nthaka yakuya ya dziko la kalembedwe, khalidwe la Pipkov, zimasungidwa. Opera, choyamba kuwonetsedwa mu 1948 pa Sofia Theatre, anakhala chizindikiro choyamba cha siteji latsopano chitukuko cha Chibugariya chikhalidwe nyimbo, siteji amene anabwera pambuyo kusintha kwa September 9, 1944 ndi kulowa dziko mu njira ya chitukuko Socialist. .

Wolemba demokalase, wachikominisi, wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chambiri, Pipkov amagwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu. Iye ndi wotsogolera woyamba wa Sofia Opera wotsitsimutsidwa (1944-48), mlembi woyamba wa Union of Bulgarian Composers yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1947 (194757). Kuyambira 1948 wakhala pulofesa ku Bulgarian State Conservatory. Panthawi imeneyi, mutu wamakono umatsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu yapadera mu ntchito ya Pipkov. Zimawululidwa momveka bwino ndi opera Antigone-43 (1963), yomwe idakalipobe mpaka pano opera yabwino kwambiri ya ku Bulgaria ndi imodzi mwa zisudzo zofunika kwambiri pamutu wamakono mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya, ndi oratorio On Our Time (1959). Wojambula womvera adakweza mawu ake pano motsutsana ndi nkhondo - osati yomwe yadutsa, koma yomwe imawopsezanso anthu. Kulemera kwa maganizo a oratorio kumatsimikizira kulimba mtima ndi kukhwima kwa kusiyana, kusinthasintha kwa kusintha - kuchokera ku mawu apamtima a makalata ochokera kwa msilikali kupita kwa wokondedwa wake ku chithunzi chankhanza cha chiwonongeko chonse chifukwa cha kugunda kwa atomiki, chithunzi chomvetsa chisoni cha ana akufa, mbalame zamagazi. Nthawi zina oratorio amapeza zisudzo mphamvu ya chikoka.

Heroine wamng'ono wa opera "Antigone-43" - msungwana wa sukulu Anna, monga Antigone kamodzi, amalowa mu mpikisano wothamanga ndi akuluakulu. Anna-Antigone akutuluka mukulimbana kosafanana monga wopambana, ngakhale kuti amapeza chigonjetso cha makhalidwe abwino pamtengo wa moyo wake. Nyimbo za opera ndizodziwikiratu chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zolephereka, chiyambi, kuchenjera kwa kukula kwamalingaliro a ziwalo za mawu, momwe kalembedwe ka ariose-declamatory imalamulira. Zosewerera zimasemphana kwambiri, kusinthika kwamphamvu kwamasewera a duel omwe amadziwika ndi sewero lanyimbo komanso mwachidule, ngati kasupe, nyimbo zanyimbo zolimba, zimatsutsidwa ndi ma epic choral interludes - izi, titero, mawu a anthu, ndi ake. malingaliro a filosofi ndi kuwunika kwamakhalidwe a zomwe zikuchitika.

Chakumapeto kwa 60s - koyambirira kwa 70s. siteji yatsopano yafotokozedwa m'buku la Pipkov: kuchokera ku malingaliro amphamvu ndi omvetsa chisoni a phokoso lachitukuko, pali kusintha kwakukulu ku nkhani zamaganizidwe, zamaganizo, zafilosofi ndi zamakhalidwe, luso lapadera laluntha la mawu. Ntchito zofunika kwambiri pazaka izi ndi Nyimbo zisanu pa Art. ndakatulo zakunja (1964) za bass, soprano ndi orchestra yachipinda, Concerto for clarinet with chamber orchestra and Third Quartet with timpani (1966), nyimbo zosinkhasinkha zamagulu awiri Symphony Fourth for string orchestra (1970), kwaya chamber cycle ku St. M. Tsvetaeva "Muffled Songs" (1972), kuzungulira kwa zidutswa za piyano. M'mawonekedwe a ntchito zamtsogolo za Pipkov, pali kukonzanso kowonekera kwa kuthekera kwake kofotokozera, kukulitsa ndi njira zaposachedwa. Wolembayo wapita kutali. Pakusintha kulikonse kwa kusinthika kwake, adathetsa ntchito zatsopano komanso zofunikira pasukulu yonse yapadziko lonse, ndikutsegulira njira yamtsogolo.

R. Leites

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Abale Nine a Yana (Yaninite mchimwene wake wamkazi, 1937, Sofia Folk Opera), Momchil (1948, ibid.), Antigone-43 (1963, ibid.); kwa oimba solo, kwaya ndi okhestra - Oratorio za nthawi yathu (Oratorio ya nthawi yathu, 1959), 3 cantatas; za orchestra - 4 ma symphonies (1942, operekedwa kunkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Spain; 1954; za zingwe., 2 fp., Lipenga ndi kugunda; 1969, za zingwe), kusiyanasiyana kwa zingwe. orc. pa mutu wa nyimbo ya ku Albania (1953); zoimbaimba ndi orchestra -kwa fp. (1956), Skr. (1951), kalasi. (1969), clarinet ndi chamber orchestra. ndi percussion (1967), conc. symphony kwa vlc. ndi orc. (1960); concerto ya mphepo, percussion ndi piyano. (1931); chamber-instrumental ensembles - sonata kwa Skr. ndi fp. (1929), 3 zingwe. quartet (1928, 1948, 1966); za piyano - Chimbale cha Ana (Children's album, 1936), Pastoral (1944) ndi masewero ena, mizungu (zosonkhanitsa); kwaya, kuphatikizapo kuzungulira kwa nyimbo 4 (za kwaya ya akazi, 1972); misa ndi nyimbo payekha, kuphatikizapo ana; nyimbo za mafilimu.