Maurice Ravel |

A Maurice Ravel

Nyimbo zabwino kwambiri, ndikukhulupirira izi, nthawi zonse zimachokera mu mtima ... Nyimbo, ndimaumirira pa izi, zivute zitani, ziyenera kukhala zokongola. M. Ravel

Nyimbo za M. Ravel - woyimba wamkulu wachifalansa, wodziwika bwino wamitundu yanyimbo - amaphatikiza kufewa kowoneka bwino komanso kusamveka bwino kwa mawu ndi kumveka bwino kwachikale komanso mgwirizano wamitundu. Adalemba ma opera awiri (The Spanish Hour, The Child and the Magic), 2 ballets (kuphatikiza Daphnis ndi Chloe), amagwira ntchito ku orchestra (Spanish Rhapsody, Waltz, Bolero) , 3 piano concertos, rhapsody for violin "Gypsy", Quartet, Trio, sonatas (za violin ndi cello, violin ndi piyano), nyimbo za piyano (kuphatikiza Sonatina, "Water Play", "Night Gaspar", "Night Gaspar", "Noble and sentimental waltzes", "Reflections", gulu "Tomb of Couperin" , mbali zomwe zimaperekedwa kukumbukira abwenzi a wolemba nyimbo omwe anamwalira pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse), kwaya, zachikondi. Wopanga molimba mtima, Ravel adakhudza kwambiri olemba ambiri amibadwo yotsatira.

Iye anabadwira m'banja la injiniya wa ku Swiss Joseph Ravel. Bambo anga anali ndi luso loimba, ankaimba bwino lipenga ndi chitoliro. Anayambitsa Maurice wachichepere kuukadaulo. Chidwi mu makina, zoseweretsa, mawotchi anakhalabe ndi wopeka kwa moyo wake wonse ndipo ngakhale anasonyeza angapo ntchito zake (tiyeni tikumbukire, mwachitsanzo, mawu oyamba a opera Spanish Hour ndi fano la sitolo wotchipa). Amayi a wolembayo adachokera ku banja la Basque, lomwe wolembayo adanyadira. Ravel adagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza nyimbo zamtundu wosowa uwu ndi tsoka lachilendo mu ntchito yake (piyano Trio) ndipo adapanganso Konsati ya Piano pamitu ya Basque. Mayiyo anatha kulenga chikhalidwe cha mgwirizano ndi kumvetsetsana m'banja, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chitukuko chikhale chachibadwa cha matalente achilengedwe a ana. Kale mu June 1875 banja anasamukira ku Paris, amene moyo wonse wa wopeka chikugwirizana.

Ravel anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo ali ndi zaka 7. Mu 1889, analowa mu Paris Conservatoire, kumene anamaliza maphunziro a piano C. Berio (mwana wa violini wotchuka) ndi mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano mu 1891 (wachiwiri). Mphoto inapezedwa m’chaka chimenecho ndi woimba piyano wamkulu wa ku France A. Cortot). Kumaliza maphunziro a Conservatory m'kalasi yolemba sikunali kokondwa kwambiri kwa Ravel. Atayamba kuphunzira m’kalasi ya kugwirizana kwa E. Pressar, atakhumudwitsidwa ndi kusadziŵika kwakukulu kwa wophunzira wake chifukwa cha kusagwirizana, iye anapitiriza maphunziro ake m’kalasi ya A. Gedalzh ya counterpoint ndi fugue, ndipo kuyambira 1896 iye anaphunzira kupeka ndi G. Fauré, amene, ngakhale kuti, ngakhale kuti kalasi ya fugue ya A. Gedalzh sanali wa olimbikitsa zachilendo kwambiri, anayamikira talente ya Ravel, kukoma kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndipo anakhala ndi maganizo ofunda kwa wophunzira wake mpaka mapeto a masiku ake. Chifukwa chomaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory ndi mphotho ndikulandila mwayi wokhala ku Italy kwa zaka zinayi, Ravel adachita nawo mipikisano kasanu (5-1900), koma sanapatsidwe mphotho yoyamba, ndipo mu 05, atatha kuwunika koyambirira, sanaloledwe kuchita nawo mpikisano waukulu . Ngati tikukumbukira kuti panthawiyi Ravel anali atapanga kale zidutswa za piyano monga "Pavane for the Death of the Infanta", "The Play of Water", komanso String Quartet - ntchito zowala komanso zosangalatsa zomwe zinapambana chikondi nthawi yomweyo. wa anthu ndipo anakhalabe mpaka lero mmodzi wa repertoire kwambiri wa ntchito zake, chigamulo cha oweruza adzawoneka zachilendo. Izi sizinasiye osayanjanitsika gulu lanyimbo la Paris. Kukambitsirana kunabuka pamasamba a atolankhani, momwe Fauré ndi R. Rolland anatenga mbali ya Ravel. Chifukwa cha "Ravel kesi" iyi, T. Dubois anakakamizika kusiya udindo wa mkulu wa Conservatory, Fauré anakhala wolowa m'malo mwake. Ravel mwiniyo sanakumbukire chochitika chosasangalatsachi, ngakhale pakati pa mabwenzi apamtima.

Kusakonda chidwi cha anthu mopambanitsa komanso zikondwerero zaboma zinali zobadwa mwa iye m'moyo wake wonse. Chotero, mu 1920, iye anakana kulandira Order of the Legion of Honor, ngakhale kuti dzina lake linafalitsidwa m’ndandanda wa amene anapatsidwa. "Mlandu wa Ravel" watsopanowu unayambitsanso mawu ambiri m'manyuzipepala. Sanakonde kukamba za izo. Komabe, kukana kwa dongosolo ndi kusakonda ulemu sikumawonetsa konse kusasamala kwa wolembayo ku moyo wapagulu. Choncho, pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, atalengezedwa kuti ndi wosayenerera kulowa usilikali, amafuna kuti atumizidwe kutsogolo, choyamba ngati wadongosolo, ndiyeno monga woyendetsa galimoto. Kokha kuyesa kwake kupita ku ndege kunalephera (chifukwa cha mtima wodwala). Komanso sanali mphwayi gulu mu 1914 "National League for Defense of French Music" ndi zofuna zake kuti asagwire ntchito ndi oimba German ku France. Iye analembera “League” kalata yotsutsa kutengeka maganizo kwa dziko koteroko.

Zochitika zomwe zidawonjezera zosiyanasiyana m'moyo wa Ravel zinali maulendo. Iye ankakonda kudziwana ndi mayiko akunja, ndipo ali mnyamata ankapita kukatumikira kum’mawa. Maloto ochezera Kum'mawa adayenera kukwaniritsidwa kumapeto kwa moyo. Mu 1935 anapita ku Morocco, anaona dziko lochititsa chidwi, lochititsa chidwi la Africa. Paulendo wopita ku France, adadutsa mizinda ingapo ku Spain, kuphatikiza Seville ndi minda yake, makamu a anthu okondwa, kumenyana ndi ng'ombe. Kangapo wopeka nyimboyo anapita kudziko lakwawo, anapita ku chikondwererocho polemekeza kuika chikwangwani cha chikumbutso panyumba imene anabadwira. Ndi nthabwala, Ravel adalongosola mwambo wodzipatulira kukhala dokotala wa Oxford University. Pamaulendo oimba, osangalatsa kwambiri, osiyanasiyana komanso opambana anali ulendo wa miyezi inayi ku America ndi Canada. Wolembayo adawoloka dzikolo kuchokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo komanso kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera, zoimbaimba kulikonse zidachitika mwachipambano, Ravel anali wopambana ngati woyimba, woyimba piyano, wotsogolera komanso ngakhale mphunzitsi. M'nkhani yake yokhudzana ndi nyimbo zamakono, iye, makamaka, adalimbikitsa oimba a ku America kuti apange zinthu za jazz mwakhama, kuti awonetsere chidwi cha blues. Ngakhale asanapite ku America, Ravel adapeza m'ntchito yake zachilendo komanso zokongola zazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Kuvina kwanthawi zonse kumakopa Ravel. Mbiri yakale kwambiri ya "Waltz" wake wokongola komanso womvetsa chisoni, "Noble and Sentimental Waltzes" wosalimba komanso woyengedwa bwino, nyimbo yomveka bwino ya "Bolero", Malagueña ndi Habaner kuchokera ku "Spanish Rhapsody", Pavane, Minuet, Forlan ndi Rigaudon wochokera ku "Tomb of Couperin" - zovina zamakono komanso zakale zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasinthidwa mu chidziwitso cha nyimbo za woimbayo kukhala tinyimbo tating'ono ta kukongola kosowa.

Wolembayo sanakhale wogontha ku luso la anthu a mayiko ena ("Five Greek Melodies", "Two Jewish Songs", "Four Folk Songs" kwa mawu ndi piyano). Chilakolako cha chikhalidwe cha Chirasha sichimafa mu chida chodabwitsa cha "Zithunzi pa Chiwonetsero" ndi M. Mussorgsky. Koma luso la Spain ndi France nthawi zonse anakhalabe pamalo oyamba kwa iye.

Ravel wa chikhalidwe cha Chifalansa amawonekera mu malo ake okongola, posankha nkhani za ntchito zake, ndi machitidwe ake. Kusinthasintha ndi kulondola kwa kapangidwe kake momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino kumamupangitsa kukhala wogwirizana ndi JF Rameau ndi F. Couperin. Magwero amalingaliro enieni a Ravel pamayendedwe amawu amachokeranso mu luso la France. Posankha malemba a ntchito zake zoyimba, adaloza ndakatulo makamaka pafupi naye. Awa ndi ophiphiritsa S. Mallarme ndi P. Verlaine, pafupi ndi luso la Parnassians C. Baudelaire, E. Guys ndi ungwiro womveka bwino wa vesi lake, oimira French Renaissance C. Maro ndi P. Ronsard. Ravel adakhala wachilendo kwa olemba ndakatulo achikondi, omwe amaphwanya mitundu yaukadaulo ndi kukhudzika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu.

M'mawonekedwe a Ravel, mawonekedwe a Chifalansa enieni adawonetsedwa bwino, ntchito yake mwachilengedwe komanso mwachilengedwe imalowa m'gulu lazojambula zaku France. Ndikufuna kuyika A. Watteau molingana ndi iye ndi chithumwa chofewa cha magulu ake paki ndi chisoni cha Pierrot chobisika kudziko lapansi, N. Poussin ndi chithumwa chodekha cha "abusa ake a Arcadian", kuyenda kosangalatsa kwa zofewetsa zolondola za O. Renoir.

Ngakhale kuti Ravel amatchedwa wopeka wa impressionist, mawonekedwe a impressionism adadziwonetsera okha m'mabuku ake ena, pomwe ena onse, kumveka bwino kwakanthawi komanso kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe, kuyera kwa kalembedwe, kumveka kwa mizere ndi zodzikongoletsera pakukongoletsa tsatanetsatane. .

Monga munthu wazaka za zana la XNUMX Ravel adapereka ulemu chifukwa cha chidwi chake chaukadaulo. Zomera zambirimbiri zinamusangalatsa kwambiri pamene anali kuyenda ndi anzake pa boti: “Zomera zokongola, zodabwitsa. Makamaka imodzi - ikuwoneka ngati tchalitchi chachikulu cha Romanesque chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chonyezimira ... kugwa pa inu. Pamwamba pawo pali thambo lofiira, lamdima komanso loyaka moto ... Ndi nyimbo zotani. Ndidzaugwiritsa ntchito.” Chitsulo chamakono ndi kukukuta zitsulo zingamveke mu imodzi mwa ntchito zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za wolemba nyimbo, Concerto for the Left Hand, yolembedwa kwa woimba piyano wa ku Austria P. Wittgenstein, yemwe anataya dzanja lake lamanja pankhondo.

Cholowa chopanga cha wolembayo sichikudabwitsa mu kuchuluka kwa ntchito, voliyumu yawo nthawi zambiri imakhala yaying'ono. Miniaturism yotereyi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukonzanso kwa mawuwo, kusowa kwa "mawu owonjezera". Mosiyana ndi Balzac, Ravel anali ndi nthawi "yolemba nkhani zazifupi". Tikhoza kungoganiza za chirichonse chokhudzana ndi kulenga, chifukwa wolembayo adasiyanitsidwa ndi chinsinsi pazochitika zaumwini komanso zamoyo wauzimu. Palibe amene adawona momwe adapeka, palibe zojambula kapena zojambula zomwe zidapezeka, ntchito zake sizinali ndi zizindikiro za masinthidwe. Komabe, kulondola kodabwitsa, kulondola kwa tsatanetsatane ndi mithunzi yonse, kuyera kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha mizere - chirichonse chimalankhula za chidwi cha "chinthu chaching'ono" chilichonse, cha ntchito ya nthawi yaitali.

Ravel si m'modzi mwa olemba osintha omwe adasintha mwachidwi njira zofotokozera ndikusintha mitu yaluso. Chikhumbo chofuna kupereka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi umunthu wozama, wapamtima, omwe sanakonde kufotokoza m'mawu, adamukakamiza kulankhula m'chinenero chapadziko lonse, chopangidwa mwachibadwa komanso chomveka. Mitu yosiyanasiyana yaukadaulo wa Ravel ndi yayikulu kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri woimbayo amatembenukira ku malingaliro akuya, omveka bwino komanso odabwitsa. Nyimbo zake nthawi zonse zimakhala zodabwitsa zaumunthu, kukongola kwake ndi njira zake zimakhala pafupi ndi anthu. Ravel safuna kuthetsa mafunso afilosofi ndi mavuto a chilengedwe, kuti afotokoze mitu yambiri pa ntchito imodzi ndikupeza kugwirizana kwa zochitika zonse. Nthawi zina amaika chidwi chake osati pa chimodzi chokha - kumverera kofunikira, kozama komanso kosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina, ndi chidziwitso chachisoni chobisika ndi chobaya, amalankhula za kukongola kwa dziko lapansi. Nthawi zonse ndimafuna kuyankhula ndi wojambula uyu mwachidwi komanso mosamala, yemwe luso lake lapamtima komanso losalimba lapeza njira kwa anthu ndipo adapeza chikondi chawo chenicheni.

V. Bazarnova

• Mawonekedwe achilengedwe a Ravel →
• Piano imagwira ntchito ndi Ravel →
• Chiwonetsero cha nyimbo za ku France →

Zolemba:

machitidwe – The Spanish Hour (L'heure espagnole, comic opera, libre by M. Frank-Noen, 1907, post. 1911, Opera Comic, Paris), Child and Magic (L'enfant et les sortilèges, lyric fantasy, opera-ballet , libre GS Colet, 1920-25, yokhazikitsidwa mu 1925, Monte Carlo); ballet - Daphnis ndi Chloe (Daphnis et Chloé, choreographic symphony in 3 parts, lib. MM Fokina, 1907-12, set in 1912, Chatelet shopping mall, Paris), Florine's Dream, or Mother Goose (Ma mère l 'oye, kutengera zidutswa za piyano za dzina lomwelo, libre R., lolembedwa mu 1912 “Tr of the Arts”, Paris), Adelaide, kapena Language of Flowers (Adelaide ou Le langage des fleurs, kutengera kayimbidwe ka piyano Noble ndi Sentimental Waltzes, kwaulere R., 1911, lolembedwa mu 1912, Châtelet store, Paris); cantatas - Mirra (1901, osasindikizidwa), Alsion (1902, osasindikizidwa), Alice (1903, osasindikizidwa); za orchestra – Scheherazade Overture (1898), Spanish Rhapsody (Rapsodie espagnole: Prelude of the Night – Prélude à la nuit, Malagenya, Habanera, Feeria; 1907), Waltz (choreographic poem, 1920), Jeanne's Fan (L eventail de. fanfare , 1927), Bolero (1928); zoimbaimba ndi orchestra - 2 ya pianoforte (D-dur, ya kumanzere, 1931; G-dur, 1931); ma ensembles a chipinda - 2 sonatas ya violin ndi piyano (1897, 1923-27), Lullaby m'dzina la Faure (Berceuse sur le nom de Faure, wa violin ndi piyano, 1922), sonata ya violin ndi cello (1920-22), piano trio (a-moll, 1914), quartet ya chingwe (F-dur, 1902-03), Mau oyamba ndi Allegro a zeze, quartet ya chingwe, chitoliro ndi clarinet (1905-06); kwa piyano 2 manja – Grotesque Serenade (Sérénade grotesque, 1893), Antique Minuet (Menuet antique, 1895, also orc. version), Pavane of the deceace infante (Pavane pour une infante défunte, 1899, also orc. version), Madzi osewerera (Jeux d') eau, 1901), sonatina (1905), Reflections (Miroirs: Night butterflies - Noctuelles, Sad birds - Oiseaux tristes, Boat in the ocean - Une barque sur l océan (komanso orc. version), Alborada, kapena Morning serenade of the jester - Alborada del gracioso (komanso mtundu wa Orc.), Valley of the Ringings - La vallée des cloches; 1905), Gaspard of the Night (ndakatulo Atatu pambuyo pa Aloysius Bertrand, Gaspard de la nuit, trois poémes d aprés Aloysius Bertrand, the amadziwikanso kuti Ghosts of the Night: Ondine, Gallows - Le gibet, Scarbo; 1908), Minuet mu dzina la Haydn (Menuet sur le nom d Haydn, 1909), Noble and sentimental waltzes (Valses nobles et sentimentales, 1911), Prelude (1913), In the manner of … Borodin, Chabrier (A la maniére de … Borodine, Chabrier, 1913), Suite Couperin's Tomb (Le tombeau de Couperin, prelude, fugue (komanso e orchestral version), forlana, rigaudon, minuet (komanso orchestral version), toccata, 1917); kwa piyano 4 manja Amayi anga atsekwe (Ma mère l'oye: Pavane to the Beauty akugona m'nkhalango - Pavane de la belle au bois dormant, Thumb boy - Petit poucet, Ugly, Empress of the Pagodas - Laideronnette, impératrice des pagodes, Kukongola ndi Chirombo - Les entretiens de la belle et de la bête, Fairy Garden - Le jardin féerique; 1908), Frontispiece (1919); kwa piano 2 - Malo omvera (Les sites auriculaires: Habanera, Pakati pa mabelu - Entre cloches; 1895-1896); kwa violin ndi piyano - zongopeka konsati Gypsy (Tzigane, 1924; komanso ndi orchestra); kwaya - Nyimbo zitatu (Trois chansons, kwaya yosakaniza cappella, mawu a Ravel: Nicoleta, Mbalame zitatu zokongola za paradaiso, Osapita kunkhalango ya Ormonda; 1916); kwa mawu ndi oimba kapena zida zoimbira - Scheherazade (ndi oimba, mawu a T. Klingsor, 1903), ndakatulo zitatu za Stefan Mallarmé (wokhala ndi piyano, quartet ya zingwe, zitoliro 2 ndi 2 clarinets: Kuusa moyo - Soupir, Kuchonderera kwachabe - Malo opanda pake, Pamphuno ya kavalo wothamanga - Surgi de la croupe et du bond; 1913), nyimbo zaku Madagascar (Chansons madécasses, ndi chitoliro, cello ndi piyano, mawu a ED Guys: Beauty Naandova, Musakhulupirire azungu, Gona bwino pakutentha; 1926); kwa mawu ndi piyano - Ballad of a Queen who died of love (Ballade de la reine morte d aimer, lyrics by Mare, 1894), Dark Dream (Un grand sommeil noir, lyrics by P. Verlaine, 1895), Holy (Sainte, lyrics by Mallarme, 1896), Two epigrams (lyrics by Marot, 1898), Song of the spinning wheel (Chanson du ronet, lyrics by L. de Lisle, 1898), Gloominess (Si morne, lyrics by E. Verharn, 1899), Cloak of flowers (Manteau de fleurs, lyrics by Gravolle, 1903, also with orc.), Khrisimasi ya toys (Noël des jouets, lyrics by R., 1905, also with orchestra.), Great overseas winds (Les grands vents venus d'outre- mer, mawu olembedwa ndi AFJ de Regnier, 1906), Natural History (Histoires naturelles, mawu a J. Renard, 1906, komanso oimba), On the Grass (Sur l'herbe, mawu a Verlaine, 1907), Vocalise mu mawonekedwe ya Habanera (1907), 5 folk Greek melodies (yomasuliridwa ndi M. Calvocoressi, 1906), Nar. nyimbo (Spanish, French, Italian, Jewish, Scottish, Flemish, Russian; 1910), Two Jewish melodies (1914), Ronsard - to his soul (Ronsard à son âme, lyrics by P. de Ronsard, 1924), Dreams (Reves , lyrics by LP Farga, 1927), Three Songs of Don Quixote to Dulciné (Don Quichotte a Dulciné, lyrics by P. Moran, 1932, also with orchestra); kuyimba - Antar, zidutswa za symphony. suites "Antar" ndi opera-ballet "Mlada" lolemba Rimsky-Korsakov (1910, osasindikizidwa), Prelude to "Son of the Stars" lolemba Sati (1913, osasindikizidwa), Chopin's Nocturne, Etude ndi Waltz (osasindikizidwa) , "Carnival" ndi Schumann (1914), "Pompous Minuet" ndi Chabrier (1918), "Sarabande" ndi "Dance" ndi Debussy (1922), "Zithunzi pa Chiwonetsero" ndi Mussorgsky (1922); Kukonzekera (kwa piano 2) - "Nocturnes" ndi "Prelude to the Afternoon of Faun" lolemba Debussy (1909, 1910).