Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (Mstislav Rostropovich) |

Mstislav Rostropovich

People's Artist of the USSR (1966), wopambana wa Stalin (1951) ndi Lenin (1964) Mphoto za USSR, State Prize ya RSFSR (1991), State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995). Wodziwika osati woyimba, komanso wodziwika bwino pagulu. The London Times inamutcha iye woimba wamkulu kwambiri wamoyo. Dzina lake likuphatikizidwa mu "Forty Immortals" - mamembala olemekezeka a French Academy of Arts. Membala wa Academy of Sciences and Arts (USA), Academy of Santa Cecilia (Rome), Royal Academy of Music of England, Royal Academy of Sweden, Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, wopambana wa Imperial Prize ya Japan. Art Association ndi mphotho zina zambiri. Iye wapatsidwa digiri yaulemu ya udokotala kuchokera ku mayunivesite oposa 50 m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Nzika yolemekezeka ya mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi. Commander of the Orders of the Legion of Honor (France, 1981, 1987), Honorary Knight Commander of the Most Serene Order of the British Empire. Adapatsidwa mphoto zambiri zaboma zochokera kumayiko 29. Mu 1997 adalandira Mphotho Yaikulu Yachi Russia "Slava / Gloria".

Anabadwa pa Marichi 27, 1927 ku Baku. Oimba nyimbo amachokera ku Orenburg. Agogo ndi makolo onse ndi oimba. Ali ndi zaka 15, adaphunzitsa kale kusukulu ya nyimbo, akuphunzira ndi M. Chulaki, yemwe adasamutsidwa kupita ku Orenburg m'zaka za nkhondo. Ali ndi zaka 16 adalowa ku Moscow Conservatory m'kalasi ya cellist Semyon Kozolupov. ntchito Rostropovich anayamba mu 1945, pamene iye analandira mphoto yoyamba pa All-Union mpikisano wa oimba. Kuzindikirika padziko lonse kunabwera mu 1950 atapambana mpikisano. Hanus Vigan ku Prague. Atapambana mpikisano wa All-Union, Slava Rostropovich, wophunzira wa Conservatory, anasamutsidwa kuchokera chaka chachiwiri mpaka chachisanu. Kenako anaphunzitsa ku Moscow Conservatory kwa zaka 26, ndipo kwa zaka 7 pa Leningrad Conservatory. Ophunzira ake ndi zisudzo odziwika, ambiri a iwo kenako anakhala mapulofesa kutsogolera dziko Music Academy: Sergei Roldygin, Iosif Feigelson, Natalia Shakhovskaya, David Geringas, Ivan Monighetti, Eleonora Testelets, Maris Villerush, Misha Maisky.

Malinga ndi iye, oimba atatu, Prokofiev, Shostakovich ndi Britten, anali ndi chikoka kwambiri pa mapangidwe umunthu Rostropovich. Ntchito yake idakula m'njira ziwiri - ngati cellist (woyimba payekha komanso wosewera pamodzi) komanso ngati wochititsa - opera ndi symphony. M'malo mwake, nyimbo zonse za cello zidamveka pakuchita kwake. Iye anauzira ambiri a opeka kwambiri a m'zaka za zana la 20. kulenga ntchito makamaka kwa iye. Shostakovich ndi Prokofiev, Britten ndi L. Bernstein, A. Dutilleux, V. Lyutoslavsky, K. Penderetsky, B. Tchaikovsky - onse, pafupifupi 60 olemba amasiku ano adapereka nyimbo zawo kwa Rostropovich. Iye anachita kwa nthawi yoyamba 117 ntchito za cello ndipo anapereka 70 okhestra koyamba. Monga woimba m'chipinda, adayimba pamodzi ndi S. Richter, mu trio ndi E. Gilels ndi L. Kogan, ngati woyimba piyano pamodzi ndi G. Vishnevskaya.

Anayamba ntchito yake yotsogolera mu 1967 ku Bolshoi Theatre (adayambanso mu "Eugene Onegin" ya P. Tchaikovsky, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Semyon Kotko ndi Prokofiev's War and Peace). Komabe, moyo panyumba unali wovuta kwenikweni. Anagwa m'manyazi ndipo zotsatira zake zinali kukakamizidwa kuchoka ku USSR mu 1974. Ndipo mu 1978, chifukwa cha ntchito za ufulu wa anthu (makamaka, chifukwa cha A. Solzhenitsyn), iye ndi mkazi wake G. Vishnevskaya anachotsedwa nzika za Soviet Union. . Mu 1990, M. Gorbachev anapereka chigamulo chothetsa zigamulo za Presidium of the Supreme Council pa kulandidwa kwa unzika wawo ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa maudindo olemekezeka omwe anachotsedwa. Mayiko ambiri anapereka Rostropovich kutenga nzika, koma iye anakana, ndipo alibe nzika iliyonse.

Ku San Francisco adachita (monga kondakitala) The Queen of Spades, ku Monte Carlo The Tsar's Bride. Anatenga nawo gawo m'mawonetsero apadziko lonse a zisudzo monga Life with an Idiot (1992, Amsterdam) ndi Gesualdo (1995, Vienna) ndi A. Schnittke, Lolita R. Shchedrina (ku Stockholm Opera). Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi machitidwe a Shostakovich a Lady Macbeth wa Mtsensk District (mu kope loyamba) mu Munich, Paris, Madrid, Buenos Aires, Aldborough, Moscow ndi mizinda ina. Atabwerera ku Russia, anachita Khovanshchina monga kusinthidwa ndi Shostakovich (1996, Moscow, Bolshoi Theatre). Ndi French Radio Orchestra ku Paris, adalemba nyimbo za War and Peace, Eugene Onegin, Boris Godunov, Lady Macbeth wa Mtsensk District.

Kuchokera mu 1977 mpaka 1994 anali Principal Conductor wa National Symphony Orchestra ku Washington, DC, yomwe motsogozedwa ndi iye inakhala imodzi mwa oimba abwino kwambiri ku America. Amaitanidwa ndi oimba otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, USA, Japan ndi mayiko ena.

Wokonza zikondwerero zake, zomwe zimaperekedwa ku nyimbo zazaka za zana la 20. Wina ndi chikondwerero cha cello mumzinda wa Beauvais (France). Zikondwerero ku Chicago zinaperekedwa kwa Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Britten. Zikondwerero zambiri za Rostropovich zachitika ku London. Mmodzi wa iwo, odzipereka kwa Shostakovich, inatha miyezi ingapo (onse 15 symphonies ndi Shostakovich ndi London Symphony Orchestra). Pa Chikondwerero cha New York, nyimbo za oimba omwe adapereka ntchito zawo kwa iye zidachitika. Anachita nawo chikondwerero cha “Masiku a Benjamin Britten ku St. Petersburg” pa mwambo wokumbukira zaka 90 kuchokera pamene Britten anabadwa. Pakuchita kwake, mpikisano wa Pablo Casals Cello ku Frankfurt ukutsitsimutsidwa.

Amatsegula masukulu oimba, amachititsa makalasi ambuye. Kuyambira 2004 wakhala mkulu wa Sukulu ya Higher Musical Excellence ku Valencia (Spain). Kuyambira 1998, mothandizidwa ndi iye, Masterprise International Composition Competition yachitika, yomwe ndi mgwirizano pakati pa BBC, London Symphony Orchestra ndi AMI Records. Mpikisanowu umatengedwa ngati chothandizira kugwirizana kwambiri pakati pa okonda nyimbo kwambiri ndi olemba nyimbo zamakono.

Adasewera masauzande ambiri m'maholo ochitira konsati, mafakitale, makalabu ndi nyumba zachifumu (ku Windsor Palace, konsati yolemekeza zaka 65 za Mfumukazi Sophia waku Spain, ndi zina).

Luso laukadaulo losawoneka bwino, kukongola kwa mawu, luso, chikhalidwe cha stylistic, kulondola kwambiri, kutengeka maganizo, kudzoza - palibe mawu oti muyamikire bwino momwe woimbayo akumvera komanso momwe amachitira bwino. "Chilichonse chimene ndimasewera, ndimakonda kukomoka," akutero.

Amadziwikanso ndi ntchito zake zachifundo: ndi pulezidenti wa Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Charitable Foundation, omwe amapereka chithandizo ku mabungwe azachipatala a ana ku Russian Federation. Mu 2000, maziko anayamba kuchita pulogalamu ya katemera wa ana ku Russia. Purezidenti wa Fund for Assistance kwa Ophunzira Aluso a Mayunivesite Oimba omwe amadziwika ndi dzina lake, adayambitsa Fund for Assistance to Young Oimba ku Germany, thumba la maphunziro a ana aluso ku Russia.

Zoonadi zakulankhula kwake mu 1989 ku Khoma la Berlin, komanso kufika kwake ku Moscow mu August 1991, pamene adalowa nawo otsutsa a Russian White House, adadziwika kwambiri. Walandira mphoto zingapo chifukwa cha zoyesayesa zake zaufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikiza Mphotho yapachaka ya Human Rights League (1974). “Palibe amene angapambane kundikangana ndi Russia, ngakhale atathiridwa dothi lotani pamutu panga,” iye anatero. Mmodzi mwa oyamba kuthandizira lingaliro lakuchita Sakharov International Arts Festival ku Nizhny Novgorod, anali mlendo wa II komanso wochita nawo chikondwerero cha IV.

Makhalidwe ndi zochita za Rostropovich ndizosiyana. Monga momwe amalembera moyenerera, "ndi luso lake lamatsenga lamatsenga komanso chikhalidwe chosangalatsa, adakumbatira dziko lonse lotukuka, ndikupanga "kuzungulira kwa magazi" kwa chikhalidwe ndi kulumikizana pakati pa anthu." Chifukwa chake, bungwe la US National Recording Academy mu February 2003 linampatsa Mphotho ya Grammy Music "chifukwa cha ntchito yodabwitsa monga woyimba nyimbo komanso wochititsa chidwi, kwa moyo wawo wonse wojambula." Amatchedwa "selo ya Gagarin" ndi "Maestro Slava".

Walida Kelle

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