Mphamvu |

Mphamvu (kuchokera ku Greek dynamixos - kukhala ndi mphamvu, kuchokera ku dunamis - mphamvu) mu nyimbo - mndandanda wa zochitika zogwirizana ndi decomp. madigiri a kukweza kwa mawu, komanso chiphunzitso cha zochitika izi. Mawu akuti "D.", omwe amadziwika kuyambira kale. filosofi, yobwereka ku chiphunzitso cha makaniko; mwachiwonekere, iye adadziwitsidwa koyamba ndi muses. chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a Swiss. mphunzitsi wanyimbo XG Negeli (1810). D. idakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito mawu otulutsa mawu. kuchuluka kwa phokoso, kutsutsa kwawo kosiyana kapena kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono. Mitundu yayikulu yamatchulidwe osinthika: forte (chidule f) - mokweza, mwamphamvu; piyano (p) - mwakachetechete, mofooka; mezzo forte (mf) - mokweza kwambiri; piano ya mezzo (mp) - yabata pang'ono; fortissimo (ff) - pianissimo yaphokoso kwambiri (pp) - forte forte-fortissimo (fff) - yaphokoso kwambiri; piano-pianissimo (ppr) - chete kwambiri. Madigiri onsewa amamveketsa bwino ndi ofanana, osati mtheradi, tanthauzo lake lomwe ndi gawo la ma acoustics; mtengo wathunthu wa aliyense wa iwo umadalira zinthu zambiri - zosinthika. luso la chida (mawu) kapena gulu la zida (mawu), acoustic. mawonekedwe a chipinda, kutanthauzira ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa phokoso - crescendo (chithunzi chojambula

); kufooka pang'onopang'ono - diminuendo kapena decrescendo (

). Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwamtundu wosinthika kumatanthauzidwa ndi mawu akuti subito. Piano subito - kusintha kwadzidzidzi kuchoka paphokoso kupita ku chete, forte subito - chete kukhala mokweza. Ku mithunzi yosinthika imaphatikizapo ma diff. mitundu ya malankhulidwe (onani Kalankhulidwe ka mawu) okhudzana ndi kugawa kwa otd. mawu ndi makonsoni, zomwe zimakhudzanso metric.

D. ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri yoimbira nyimbo. mawu. Monga chiaroscuro pojambula, D. amatha kupanga zamaganizo. ndi kutengeka. zotsatira za mphamvu zazikulu, zimadzutsa zophiphiritsa ndi malo. mayanjano. Forte amatha kupanga chithunzi cha chinthu chowala, chosangalatsa, chachikulu, piyano - chaching'ono, chachisoni, fortissimo - chopambana, champhamvu, chokulirapo, komanso chobweretsa mphamvu yayikulu - yayikulu, yowopsa. M'malo mwake, pianissimo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi chikondi, nthawi zambiri chinsinsi. Kusintha kwa kukwera ndi kugwa kwa sonority kumapanga zotsatira za "kuyandikira" ndi "kuchotsa". Nyimbo zina. prod. zopangidwira kukhudza kwachindunji: chor. sewero la "Echo" la O. Lasso limamangidwa pa kutsutsa kwa mawu okweza ndi chete, "Bolero" ndi M. Ravel - pa kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa phokoso, kumatsogolera kumapeto. gawo lofika pachimake chachikulu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma Shades osinthika kumatsimikiziridwa int. tanthauzo ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, kalembedwe kake, mawonekedwe a muses. ntchito. Mosiyana. nthawi yokongola. Zolinga za D., zofunikira za chikhalidwe chake ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito zasintha. Mmodzi mwa magwero oyambirira a D. echo ndi kusiyanitsa kwakukulu, kolunjika pakati pa mawu okweza ndi ofewa. Mpaka ser. 18 mkati. nyimbo zinali zolamulidwa ndi D. forte ndi piyano. Kukula kwakukulu kwamphamvu izi. mfundo yomwe inalandiridwa mu nthawi ya Baroque ndi luso lake la "kusiyana kolinganizidwa bwino", kukopa chipilalacho. zamitundumitundu. mawonekedwe a wok. ndi instr. nyimbo, ku zotsatira zowala za chiaroscuro. Kwa nyimbo za nthawi ya Baroque, zosiyana za D. ndi mawonekedwe ake obisika - D. olembetsa. Mtundu uwu wa D. anayankha ndi kulamulira muzolemba. zida za nthawiyo, makamaka zida monga organ, harpsichord (pafupifupi F. Couperin analemba kuti pa izo "sizingatheke kuonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya phokoso", 1713), ndipo kalembedwe kokongoletsera ndi mbali zambiri. wokha-instr. nyimbo za sukulu ya Venetian, ndi mafumu ake. mfundo ya coro spezzato - kutsutsa kwa decomp. poizoni. magulu ndi masewera 2 matupi. Njira zambiri. instr. nyimbo za nthawi ino - pre-classical. concerto grosso - yochokera pakuthwa, molunjika. otsutsa forte ndi piyano - kusewera concerto ndi concertino, nthawi zambiri zosiyana, nthawi zambiri zosiyana kwambiri osati mu timbre, komanso phokoso la phokoso la magulu a zida. Pa nthawi yomweyo m'munda wa solo wok. zisudzo kale mu nyengo yoyambirira baroque, yosalala, pang'onopang'ono kusintha kwa voliyumu ya phokoso anali nakulitsa. M'munda wa instr. nyimbo mpaka kusintha kwa D. chinathandiza kuti nyimbo zisinthike kwambiri. toolkit, kukwaniritsidwa mu con. 17 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 18, kuvomerezedwa kwa violin, ndipo kenako piyano yamtundu wa nyundo. monga zida zotsogola zokhazokha zokhala ndi zosinthika zosiyanasiyana. mwayi, chitukuko cha nyimbo zomveka bwino, zowonjezereka, zosinthika, zamaganizo zowonjezereka. melodics, kuwonjezera mphamvu. ndalama. Violin ndi zida za banja la violin zinapanga maziko a classic omwe akubwera. (ang'ono) symph. okhestra. Zizindikiro zosiyana za crescendo ndi diminuendo zimapezeka pakati pa olemba ena kuyambira zaka za zana la 17: D. Mazzocchi (1640), J. F. Ramo (zaka za m'ma 30 18). Pali chisonyezero cha crescendo il forte mu opera "Artaxerxes" yolembedwa ndi N. Yommelli (1749). F. Geminiani anali woyamba kulembetsa. virtuoso, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mu 1739, potulutsanso sonatas yake ya violin ndi bass, op. 1 (1705), zamphamvu zapadera. zizindikiro zowonjezera mphamvu ya phokoso (/) ndi kuchepetsa (); iye anafotokoza kuti: “phokoso liyenera kuyamba mwakachetechete kenako n’kuwonjezeka mofanana ndi theka la nthawi (noti), kenako limatsika mpaka kumapeto.” Chizindikiro chakuchitachi, chonena za crescendo pa cholemba chimodzi, chiyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi crescendo yosinthira mkati mwazojambula zazikulu. zomangamanga, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi oimira sukulu ya Mannheim. Nthawi zomwe adalowa. kukwera ndi kutsika kwamphamvu, zowoneka bwino kwambiri. mithunzi sanali njira zatsopano zochitira, komanso organic. mawonekedwe a nyimbo zawo. Mannheimers adayika chosinthika chatsopano. mfundo - forte y idakwaniritsidwa osati kungowonjezera kuchuluka kwa mawu (njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kale), koma pakukulitsa mawu a orc yonse. pamodzi. Iwo adawona kuti piyano imachita bwino pomwe oyimba odziletsa amatenga nawo gawo pakuyimba. Motero, gulu la oimba linamasulidwa ku static ndipo linatha kuimba mosiyanasiyana. "Modulations". Transitional crescendo, yolumikiza forte ndi piyano palimodzi kukhala chosinthika chimodzi. lonse, anatanthauza mfundo yatsopano mu nyimbo, kuwomba zakale zakale. mafomu otengera kusiyanitsa D. ndi D. olembetsa. Mawu achikale. mawonekedwe a sonata (sonata allegro), kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zatsopano zamaphunziro. chitukuko chinayambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezereka, zowoneka bwino. mithunzi, yozikidwa kale pa "zosiyana mkati mwa dongosolo laling'ono kwambiri. maphunziro” (X. Riemann). Mawu akuti "kusiyana kolinganizidwa bwino" adapereka m'malo ku zonena za "kusintha pang'onopang'ono". Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ziwiri izi zidapeza organic. kuphatikiza mu nyimbo za L. Beethoven ndi kusiyanitsa kwake kwamphamvu (njira yomwe mumakonda kwambiri ya piyano ya subito - kukwera kwa mawu kumasokonekera mwadzidzidzi, kutengera piyano) komanso nthawi yomweyo kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera kumphamvu imodzi. mthunzi kwa wina. Pambuyo pake adapangidwa ndi oimba achikondi, makamaka G. Berlioz. Za orc. ntchito zotsirizirazi zimadziwika ndi kuphatikiza kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana. zotsatira zofotokozedwa. zida za timbres, zomwe zimatilola kulankhula za mtundu wa "zamphamvu. penti” (njira yomwe pambuyo pake inadzayambitsidwa kwambiri ndi a Impressionists). Pambuyo pake, ma polydynamics adapangidwanso - kusagwirizana mumasewera ophatikizika amphamvu. mithunzi ndi otd. zida kapena orchestra. magulu, kupanga zotsatira zabwino zamphamvu. polyphony (yofanana ndi G. Mahler). D. amatenga gawo lalikulu muzojambula. Lingaliro la chiŵerengero cha nyimbo. sonority ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za luso. kuphedwa. Kuphwanya kwake kungasokoneze zomwe zili mu nyimbo. Pokhala olumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi agogics, kufotokozera ndi mawu, D. zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi munthu. chita. kalembedwe, chikhalidwe cha kutanthauzira, kukongola. wochita orientation. masukulu. Ena amadziwika ndi mfundo za undulating D., fractional dynamic.

Mumayendedwe osiyanasiyana a avant-garde azaka za zana la 20. kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zosunthika kukuchitika kusintha kwakukulu. Mu nyimbo za atonal, kusweka ndi mgwirizano ndi func. maubale, kulumikizana kwapafupi kwa D. ndi malingaliro a harmonic. chitukuko chatayika. Ojambula a Avant-garde amasinthanso mphamvu. kusagwirizana, mwachitsanzo, pa chord chokhazikika, chida chilichonse chimasintha mphamvu yake ya mawu mosiyana (K. Stockhausen, Zeitmasse). Mu nyimbo za polyserial zosinthika. mithunzi imakhala pansi pa mndandanda, phokoso lililonse limagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukweza kwina.

Zothandizira: Mostras KG, Mphamvu mu luso la violin, M., 1956; Kogan GM, Ntchito ya woyimba piyano, M., 1963, 1969, p. 161-64; Pazovsky AM, Zolemba za wochititsa, M., 1966, p. 287-310, M., 1968.

Ndi Yampolsky