Phokoso la nyimbo ndi katundu wake

Sewero la "4'33" lolemba John Cage ndi mphindi 4 ndi masekondi 33 a chete. Kupatula ntchitoyi, ena onse amagwiritsa ntchito mawu.

Phokoso ndi nyimbo zomwe utoto uli kupenta, mawu kwa wolemba, ndipo njerwa ndi kwa womanga. Phokoso ndi zinthu za nyimbo. Kodi woimba ayenera kudziwa mmene mawu amagwirira ntchito? Kunena zowona, ayi. Ndi iko komwe, womanga sangadziŵe mipangidwe ya zinthu zimene amamangako. Zoti nyumbayo idzagwa sivuto lake, ndi vuto la omwe adzakhale mnyumba muno.

Kodi cholemba C chimamveka pafupipafupi bwanji?

Kodi tikudziwa chiyani za kamvekedwe ka nyimbo?

Tiyeni titenge chingwe monga chitsanzo.

Voliyumu. Zimafanana ndi matalikidwe. Tikamagunda kwambiri chingwecho, kukula kwa kugwedezeka kwake kumakulirakulira, ndiye kuti phokoso limakhala lokulirapo.

kutalika. Pali ma toni apakompyuta ochita kupanga omwe amatha kumveka kwa nthawi yayitali, koma nthawi zambiri phokoso limabwera nthawi ina ndikuyima nthawi ina. Mothandizidwa ndi nthawi ya mawu, ziwerengero zonse za rhythmic mu nyimbo zimakhazikika.

Kutalika. Tazolowera kunena kuti manotsi ena amamveka apamwamba, ena otsika. Kumveka kwa phokoso kumayenderana ndi kugwedezeka kwa chingwe. Imayesedwa mu hertz (Hz): hertz imodzi ndi nthawi imodzi pa sekondi. Chifukwa chake, ngati, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi 100 Hz, izi zikutanthauza kuti chingwecho chimapanga kugwedezeka 100 pamphindikati.

Ngati titsegula kufotokoza kulikonse kwa dongosolo la nyimbo, tidzapeza mosavuta kuti pafupipafupi mpaka octave yaying'ono ndi 130,81 Hz, kotero mu sekondi chingwe chimatulutsa ku, imapanga 130,81 oscillations.

Koma izi si zoona.

Wangwiro Chingwe

Choncho, tiyeni tisonyeze zomwe tafotokozazi pachithunzichi (mkuyu 1). Pakalipano, timataya nthawi ya phokoso ndikungotanthauza mamvekedwe ndi kukweza.

Apa kapamwamba kofiira kakuyimira momveka bwino mawu athu. Kapamwamba kapamwamba kameneka, m'pamenenso amamveka mokweza. Kupita kumanja ndime iyi, m'pamenenso phokoso limakwera. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso lachiwiri mu Mkuyu 2 lidzakhala voliyumu yofanana, koma yachiwiri (buluu) idzamveka kuposa yoyamba (yofiira).

Grafu yotereyi mu sayansi imatchedwa amplitude-frequency response (AFC). Ndi mwambo kuphunzira mbali zonse za mawu.

Tsopano kubwerera ku chingwe.

Ngati chingwecho chikugwedezeka chonse (mkuyu 3), ndiye kuti chimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale limodzi, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. oscillation, chifukwa cha kupsinjika ndi kutalika kwa chingwe.

Tikhoza kumvetsera phokoso lopangidwa ndi kugwedezeka kwa chingwe choterocho.

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Zikumveka zosauka, sichoncho?

Izi zili choncho chifukwa, malinga ndi malamulo a sayansi, chingwe sichigwedezeka motere.

Osewera onse a zingwe amadziwa kuti ngati mukhudza chingwe pakati, osachikankhira pa fretboard, ndikuchimenya, mutha kupeza mawu otchedwa. flagolet. Pankhaniyi, mawonekedwe a kugwedezeka kwa chingwe adzawoneka chonchi (mkuyu 4).

Apa chingwecho chikuwoneka kuti chagawidwa pawiri, ndipo theka lililonse limamveka mosiyana.

Kuchokera ku fizikisi imadziwika: chingwe chachifupichi, chimagwedezeka mwachangu. Mu chithunzi 4, theka lililonse ndi lalifupi kawiri kuposa chingwe chonse. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mawu omwe timalandira mwanjira iyi kudzakhala kowirikiza kawiri.

Chinyengo ndi chakuti kugwedezeka koteroko kwa chingwe sikunawonekere panthawi yomwe tinayamba kusewera ma harmonic, kunalinso mu chingwe "chotseguka". Kungoti chingwecho chikatseguka, kugwedezeka koteroko kumakhala kovuta kuzindikira, ndipo poyika chala pakati, tidawulula.

Chithunzi 5 chithandiza kuyankha funso la momwe chingwe chingathe kugwedezeka panthawi imodzi yonse komanso ngati magawo awiri.

Chingwecho chimapindika chonse, ndipo mafunde awiri a theka amayenda pa iyo ngati mtundu wa eyiti. Chiwerengero chachisanu ndi chitatu chogwedezeka pa swing ndi chomwe kuwonjezera kwa mitundu iwiri yotere ya kugwedezeka kuli.

Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani kuphokoso chingwe chikagwedezeka motere?

Ndizosavuta: chingwe chikagwedezeka chonse, chimatulutsa phokoso la mawu akutiakuti, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kamvekedwe kake. Ndipo pamene magawo awiri (eyiti) agwedezeka, timapeza phokoso lowirikiza kawiri. Phokosoli limasewera nthawi imodzi. Pakuyankha pafupipafupi, zidzawoneka ngati izi (mkuyu 6).

Mzere wakuda ndi liwu lalikulu lomwe limachokera ku kugwedezeka kwa chingwe "chonse", chopepuka chimakhala chowirikiza kawiri kuposa chamdima, chimachokera ku kugwedezeka kwa "eyiti". Gulu lililonse pa graph yoteroyo limatchedwa harmonic. Monga lamulo, ma harmonics apamwamba amamveka chete, choncho gawo lachiwiri ndilotsika pang'ono kuposa loyamba.

Koma ma harmonics samangokhala ndi awiri oyambirira. Ndipotu, pambali pa kuwonjezereka kwapadera kwa chiwerengero chachisanu ndi chitatu ndi kugwedezeka, chingwecho nthawi yomweyo chimapinda ngati mafunde atatu a theka, ngati anayi, ngati asanu, ndi zina zotero. (Mkuyu 7).

Chifukwa chake, mawu amawonjezedwa ku ma harmonics awiri oyamba, omwe katatu, anayi, asanu, ndi zina zambiri kuposa kamvekedwe kake. Pakuyankha pafupipafupi, izi zidzapereka chithunzi chotere (mkuyu 8).

Conglomerate yovuta yotere imapezeka pamene chingwe chimodzi chokha chikumveka. Zili ndi ma harmonics onse kuyambira oyambirira (omwe amatchedwa oyambira) mpaka apamwamba. Ma harmonics onse kupatula oyamba amatchedwanso overtones, mwachitsanzo, kumasuliridwa ku Russian - "mawu apamwamba".

Timatsindikanso kuti ili ndilo lingaliro lofunika kwambiri la phokoso, umu ndi momwe zingwe zonse zapadziko lapansi zimamvekera. Kuwonjezera apo, ndi kusintha kwakung'ono, zida zonse zowulutsira mphepo zimapereka mpangidwe wofanana wa mawu.

Tikamalankhula za mawu, timatanthauza ndendende kupanga uku:

SOUND = GROUND TONE + ZONSE ZONSE ZAMBIRI

Ndi pamaziko a dongosolo ili kuti mbali zake zonse za harmonic zimamangidwa mu nyimbo. Makhalidwe a intervals, chords, tunings, ndi zina zambiri zingathe kufotokozedwa mosavuta ngati mukudziwa momwe phokoso limapangidwira.

Koma ngati zingwe zonse ndi malipenga zimamveka chonchi, n’chifukwa chiyani tingathe kudziwa kuti piyano ndi vayolin, komanso gitala ndi chitoliro?

Chizindikiro

Funso lomwe lapangidwa pamwambapa likhoza kukhala lolimba kwambiri, chifukwa akatswiri amathanso kusiyanitsa gitala limodzi ndi linzake. Zida ziwiri za mawonekedwe ofanana, ndi zingwe zofanana, phokoso, ndipo munthuyo amamva kusiyana. Kuvomereza, zachilendo?

Tisanathetse chodabwitsachi, tiyeni timve momwe zingwe zoyenera zomwe zafotokozedwa m'ndime yapitayi zingamvekere. Tiyeni timveke graph mu chithunzi 8.

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Zikuwoneka kuti zikufanana ndi phokoso la zida zenizeni zoimbira, koma chinachake chikusowa.

Osakwanira "osakhala abwino".

Zoona zake n’zakuti padziko lapansi palibe zingwe ziwiri zofanana kotheratu. Chingwe chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe ake, ngakhale ang'onoang'ono, koma amakhudza momwe amamvekera. Zolakwika zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana: makulidwe amasintha motsatira kutalika kwa chingwe, kachulukidwe kazinthu zosiyanasiyana, zolakwika zazing'ono za kuluka, kusintha kwamphamvu pakugwedezeka, ndi zina zambiri. (monga chiwopsezo cha chinyontho), momwe chidacho chimayikidwa pokhudzana ndi omvera, ndi zina zambiri, mpaka ku geometry ya chipindacho.

Kodi zinthuzi zikuchita chiyani? Iwo amasintha pang'ono graph mu Chithunzi 8. The harmonics pa izo zikhoza kukhala osati angapo ndithu, kusuntha pang'ono kumanja kapena kumanzere, voliyumu ya ma harmonics osiyana akhoza kusintha kwambiri, overtones ili pakati pa harmonics angawonekere (mkuyu 9). .).

Nthawi zambiri, ma nuances onse amawu amachokera ku lingaliro losamveka la timbre.

Timbre ikuwoneka kuti ndi nthawi yabwino kwambiri pazodziwika bwino za kamvekedwe ka chida. Komabe, pali mavuto awiri ndi mawu awa omwe ndikufuna kunena.

Vuto loyamba ndiloti ngati titanthauzira timbre monga momwe tachitira pamwambapa, ndiye kuti timasiyanitsa zida ndi khutu makamaka osati ndi izo. Monga lamulo, timapeza kusiyana kwa gawo loyamba lachiwiri la phokoso. Nthawi imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa kuukira, komwe phokoso limangowonekera. Nthawi zina, ma sruns onse amamveka mofanana kwambiri. Kuti titsimikizire izi, tiyeni timvetsere cholemba pa piyano, koma ndi nthawi yowukira "yodulidwa".

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Gwirizanani, ndizovuta kuzindikira piyano yodziwika bwino pamawu awa.

Vuto lachiwiri ndiloti nthawi zambiri, pokamba za phokoso, kamvekedwe kake kamakhala kosiyana, ndipo china chilichonse chimatchedwa timbre, ngati kuti sichinthu chochepa komanso sichimathandiza pakupanga nyimbo. Komabe, izi siziri choncho. Ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse, monga ma overtones ndi kupatuka kwa ma harmonics, kuchokera pamapangidwe oyambira amawu. Mawonekedwe amunthu ali ndi mphamvu zochepa pakupanga nyimbo. Koma dongosolo lofunikira - ma harmonics angapo, omwe akuwonetsedwa mu mkuyu 8. - ndizomwe zimatsimikizira zonse popanda kusagwirizana mu nyimbo, mosasamala kanthu za nyengo, machitidwe ndi masitaelo.

Tidzakambilana za mmene kamangidwe kameneka kadzafotokozela zomanga za nyimbo nthawi ina.

Wolemba - Roman Oleinikov Zojambula zomvera - Ivan Soshinsky