Nyimbo za anthu |
Nyimbo zamtundu, nthano zanyimbo (Nyimbo za English Folk, German Volksmusik, Volkskunst, French Folklore musical) - mawu (makamaka nyimbo, nyimbo ndi ndakatulo), zida, mawu ndi zida ndi nyimbo ndi zovina za anthu (kuchokera kwa alenje akale, asodzi, abusa oyendayenda, abusa ndi alimi kupita kumidzi ndi kumidzi ogwira ntchito, amisiri, ogwira ntchito, ankhondo ndi chilengedwe cha demokalase ya ophunzira, proletariat ya mafakitale).
Opanga N. m. sanali olunjika okha. opanga chuma. Ndi kugawikana kwa ntchito, ntchito zapadera za ochita (nthawi zambiri opanga) zidayamba. nar. kulenga - buffoons (spielmans) ndi rhapsody. N.m. nzogwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo wa anthu. Iye ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pazaluso. kulenga (nthano), yomwe ilipo, monga lamulo, m'mawonekedwe a pakamwa (osalembedwa) ndipo imafalitsidwa ndi ochita masewera okha. miyambo. Chikhalidwe chosalembedwa (poyambirira chisanakhale kulemba) ndi chikhalidwe cha N. m. ndi nthano zonse. Folklore ndi luso lokumbukira mibadwo. Muse. nthano zodziwika bwino za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri. mapangidwe oyambira ndi magulu a anthu omwe anali asanakhalepo (omwe amatchedwa luso lakale) komanso kuphatikiza amakono. dziko. Pankhani imeneyi, mawu akuti “N. m." - yotakata kwambiri komanso yokhazikika, kutanthauzira N. m. osati ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo za Nar. zilandiridwenso, koma ngati nthambi (kapena muzu) wa muses limodzi. chikhalidwe. Pamsonkhano wa International Council of People Music (kuyambira m'ma 1950) N. M. adatanthauzidwa ngati chopangidwa ndi muses. mwambo, wopangidwa mu njira yopatsirana pakamwa ndi zinthu zitatu - kupitiriza (kupitiriza), kusiyana (kusinthasintha) ndi kusankha (kusankha chilengedwe). Komabe, tanthauzo limeneli silikhudza vuto la kutengera luso la chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo amavutika ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. H. m. ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati gawo la muses wapadziko lonse lapansi. chikhalidwe (izi zimathandizira kuzindikiritsa mawonekedwe amtundu wa nyimbo zapakamwa ndi zolembedwa, koma zimasiya mumthunzi chiyambi cha aliyense wa iwo), ndipo, koposa zonse, mu kapangidwe ka nar. chikhalidwe - folklore. N.m. - organic. gawo la nthano (choncho, chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino cha mawu akuti "N. m" ndi "nthano zanyimbo" ndi zovomerezeka m'mbiri ndi njira). Komabe, zikuphatikizidwa mu mbiriyakale ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo. chikhalidwe (chipembedzo ndi dziko, prof. ndi misa).
Chiyambi cha N. m. pitani ku mbiri yakale. m'mbuyomu. Zojambulajambula. miyambo ya anthu oyambirira. Mapangidwe ndi okhazikika, okhazikika (amazindikira zenizeni za nthano kwazaka zambiri). M'nthawi zonse za mbiriyakale zimakhalapo kupanga. zakale kapena zochepa, zosinthidwa, komanso zolengedwa zatsopano (malinga ndi malamulo osalembedwa a miyambo). Onse pamodzi amapanga zomwe zimatchedwa. miyambo yachikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. zojambula, zopangidwa ndi kufalitsidwa ndi mtundu uliwonse. chilengedwe kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo pakamwa. Anthu amasunga m'malingaliro awo ndi luso loimba nyimbo zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zawo ndi malingaliro awo. Traditional N. m. kudziyimira pawokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi Prof. ("yopanga" - artificialis) nyimbo za ang'onoang'ono, miyambo yolembedwa. Ena mwa mitundu ya Prof. nyimbo zambiri (makamaka, kugunda kwa nyimbo) zimaphatikizidwa pang'ono ndi mawonekedwe aposachedwa a N. m. (nyimbo zatsiku ndi tsiku, nthano za kumapiri).
Funso la ubale wa N. M. ndipo nyimbo za zipembedzo nzovuta ndi zophunziridwa pang’ono. chipembedzo. Mpingo, mosasamala kanthu za kulimbana kosalekeza ndi N. m., unakumana ndi chisonkhezero chake champhamvu. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. Ku Ulaya, nyimbo yofananayi inkakhoza kuyimbidwa mwachisawawa ndi m’chipembedzo. malemba. Pamodzi ndi nyimbo zachipembedzo, tchalitchicho chinagawira otchedwa. nyimbo zachipembedzo (nthawi zina kutsanzira dala nyimbo za makolo), m’zikhalidwe zingapo zophatikizidwa mu Nar. miyambo ya nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za Khrisimasi ku Poland, nyimbo za Khrisimasi za Chingerezi, nyimbo zachijeremani za Weihnachtslieder, French Noll, ndi zina). Atakonzanso pang'ono ndikuganiziranso, adayamba moyo watsopano. Koma ngakhale m’maiko amene ali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu cha chipembedzo, nkhani za nthanthi. pa chipembedzo. mitu imaonekera bwino mu Nar. repertoire (ngakhale mitundu yosakanikirana imathanso kuchitika). Zolemba zamakedzana zimadziwika, zomwe zimayambira ku zipembedzo. malingaliro (onani vesi lauzimu).
Nyimbo zamwambo wapakamwa zinakula pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi zomwe zinalembedwa, koma mowonjezereka, makamaka m'nthawi zamakono komanso zamakono (mu chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, izi zimawonekera poyerekezera miyambo ya kumidzi ndi yakumidzi). Kuyambira Dec. mitundu ndi mitundu ya primitive syncretism (zochita zamwambo, masewera, kuvina kwa nyimbo molumikizana ndi zida zoimbira, ndi zina zotero) zopangidwa ndikupangidwa paokha. mitundu yanyimbo. art-va - nyimbo, instr., kuvina - ndikuphatikizana kwawo mukupanga. mitundu ya kulenga. Izi zidachitika kale nyimbo zolembedwa zisanachitike. miyambo, ndipo mbali ina ikufanana ndi iwo komanso m'zikhalidwe zingapo popanda iwo. Chovuta kwambiri ndi funso la mapangidwe a Prof. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Katswiri ndi khalidwe osati lolembedwa, komanso nyimbo zapakamwa. miyambo, yomwenso, ndi yosiyana. Pali oral (based) Prof. chikhalidwe kunja kwa nthano, mu tanthauzo. zotsutsana kwambiri ndi miyambo ya anthu (mwachitsanzo, Ind. ragi, Iranian dastgahi, Arab. makams). Prof. luso la nyimbo (ndi gulu la oimba ndi masukulu ochita masewera) adawukanso mkati mwa anthu. kulenga monga gawo lake lachilengedwe, kuphatikiza pakati pa anthu omwe analibe odziyimira pawokha, olekanitsidwa ndi nthano za prof. zonena ku Europe. kumvetsetsa mawu awa (mwachitsanzo, mwa Kazakhs, Kirghiz, Turkmens). Nyimbo zamakono chikhalidwe cha anthuwa chimaphatikizapo madera atatu ovuta mkati - muses yoyenera. folklore (nar. nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana), folk. Prof. zamwambo (zachikhalidwe) zapakamwa (instr. Kui ndi nyimbo) ndi ntchito yaposachedwa ya wolemba zamwambo wolembedwa. Zomwezo mu Africa yamakono: kwenikweni anthu (chidziwitso cha anthu), chikhalidwe (akatswiri pakumvetsetsa kwa Africa) ndi prof. (m’lingaliro la ku Ulaya) nyimbo. M’zikhalidwe zotere, N. m. palokha ndi yosiyana kwambiri mkati mwake (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo zapakamwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zatsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo miyambo ya anthu ambiri imakhala yaukatswiri). Chifukwa chake, lingaliro la "N. m." zambiri kuposa nthano zanyimbo zoyenera, popeza zimaphatikizansopo Prof. nyimbo.
Kuyambira kukula kwa nyimbo zolembedwa. miyambo pali kuyanjana kosalekeza kwapakamwa ndi kulemba, tsiku ndi tsiku ndi prof. miyambo ndi miyambo yosakhala yachikhalidwe mkati mwa dipatimentiyi. zikhalidwe za mafuko, komanso m'njira zovuta zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. kukhudzana, kuphatikizapo chikoka cha zikhalidwe zochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, Europe ndi Asia ndi North Africa). Komanso, mwambo uliwonse umazindikira zatsopano (mawonekedwe, repertoire) molingana ndi momwe zimakhalira. m'makhalidwe, zinthu zatsopano zimaphunzitsidwa mwakuthupi ndipo sizikuwoneka ngati zachilendo. Mwambo wa N. m. ndi "mayi" kwa olembedwa chikhalidwe nyimbo.
Ch. zovuta kuphunzira N. m. okhudzana makamaka ndi nthawi ya chitukuko cha mbiri yakale ya muses. Culture, pomwe mbali zofunika kwambiri za N. m. Kuphunzira kwa nthawiyi ndizotheka mu yotsatira. mayendedwe: a) mwamalingaliro komanso mwanjira ina, kutengera zofananira m'magawo okhudzana; b) koma magwero olembedwa ndi zinthu zomwe zatsala (zolemba za nyimbo, umboni wa apaulendo, mbiri, nyimbo. zida ndi zolembedwa pamanja, ofukula mabwinja. kufukula); c) mwachindunji. oral nyimbo deta. mwambo wokhoza kusunga mafomu ndi opanga mawonekedwe. mfundo za zakachikwi. Nyimbo. miyambo - organic. gawo lofunikira la miyambo yamtundu wamtundu uliwonse. Dialectic. kutanthauzira miyambo yakale ndi chimodzi mwa zofunika kwambiri mu chiphunzitso Marxist. KWA. Marx analozera ku kukonzedweratu, limodzinso ndi zopereŵera za miyambo, zimene sizimangolingalira, komanso zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwake: “M’mitundu yonseyi (ya anthu onse), maziko a chitukuko ndiwo kupangidwanso kwa chidziŵitso choikidwiratu (ku mlingo umodzi kapena wina). , kupangidwa mwachibadwa kapena mbiri yakale, koma zomwe zakhala zachikhalidwe ) ubale wa munthu ndi dera lake ndi kukhalapo kwake, kokonzedweratu kwa iye, ponse pakugwirizana kwake ndi mikhalidwe ya ntchito, ndi ubale wake ndi antchito anzake, mafuko anzake. , ndi zina. chifukwa chomwe maziko awa ali ochepa kuyambira pachiyambi, koma ndikuchotsa malire awa, kumabweretsa kuchepa ndi chiwonongeko ”(Marx K. ndi Engels, F., Soch., vol. 46, ndi. 1, p. 475). Komabe, kukhazikika kwa miyambo kumakhala kokhazikika mkati: "M'badwo wopatsidwa, mbali imodzi, umapitiliza ntchito yobadwa nayo pansi pamikhalidwe yosinthika kotheratu, ndipo kumbali ina, umasintha mikhalidwe yakale kudzera muzochitika zosinthika kwathunthu" (Marx K. ndi Engels, F., Soch., vol. 3, p. 45). Miyambo ya anthu imakhala ndi malo apadera pachikhalidwe. Palibe anthu opanda chikhalidwe, komanso opanda chinenero. Mitundu yatsopano yamitundumitundu sikuwoneka ngati yosavuta komanso yolunjika. chiwonetsero cha moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku osati mu mitundu yosakanizidwa kapena chifukwa choganiziranso zakale, koma amapangidwa kuchokera ku zotsutsana, mikangano ya nyengo ziwiri kapena njira za moyo ndi malingaliro awo. The dialectic of Development N. m., monga chikhalidwe chonse, ndikulimbana pakati pa miyambo ndi kukonzanso. Kusemphana pakati pa miyambo ndi zenizeni ndi maziko a zochitika za mbiri yakale. Typology yamitundu, zithunzi, ntchito, miyambo, zaluso. mitundu, njira zofotokozera, kulumikizana ndi maubwenzi mu nthano zimayenderana mosalekeza ndi momwe zimayambira, kutsimikizika kwawo pakuwonekera kulikonse. Kudziyimira pawokha kulikonse kumachitika osati motsutsana ndi maziko a typology, komanso mkati mwamaubwenzi, zomanga, stereotypes. Mwambo wa nthano umapanga kalembedwe kake ndipo umazindikirika mmenemo mokha. Komabe, palibe mawonekedwe (ngakhale zofunika kwambiri, mwachitsanzo kuphatikizika, mawonekedwe apakamwa, kusadziwika, kusintha, kusiyana, ndi zina) sizingawulule tanthauzo la N. m. Ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kutanthauzira N. m. (ndi nthano zonse) monga dialectical. dongosolo la zinthu ziwiri zogwirizana zomwe zimavumbula chiyambi cha miyambo ya anthu kuchokera mkati (popanda zotsutsana ndi miyambo ya anthu): mwachitsanzo, osati kusiyana kokha, koma kusiyana kophatikizidwa ndi kukhazikika, kunja kwake komwe kulibe. Pazochitika zilizonse (mwachitsanzo, mu N. m. mafuko osiyanasiyana. zikhalidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Nar. ice culture) chimodzi kapena china cha awiriwa chikhoza kukhala chachikulu, koma chimodzi popanda chimzake sichingatheke. Chikhalidwe cha anthu chikhoza kufotokozedwa kudzera mu dongosolo la 7 zoyambira. mgwirizano awiriawiri: gulu - payekha; kukhazikika - kuyenda; zinthu zambiri - mono-element; kachitidwe-kupanga - kachitidwe-kubereka; ntchito - ntchito; dongosolo la mitundu ndi yeniyeni ya dipatimenti. mitundu; chilankhulo (chiyankhulo cholankhula) - chiyankhulo chachikulu. Dongosololi ndi lamphamvu. Chiŵerengero cha awiriawiri sichifanana mu mbiri yakale. nthawi ndi m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana. chifukwa osiyana chiyambi otd. zikhalidwe za ayezi, mitundu м.
Awiri oyamba akuphatikizapo malumikizanidwe monga kusadziwika - wolemba, kusazindikira modzidzimutsa-mwambo zilandiridwenso - assimilation - Folk-Prof. "masukulu", typological - yeniyeni; chachiwiri - kukhazikika - kusiyana, stereotype - improvisation, ndi zokhudzana ndi nyimbo - zotchulidwa - sizinatchulidwe; chachitatu - kuchita. syncretism (kuyimba, kusewera zida, kuvina) - idzachita. asyncretism. Kwa munthu wapakamwa wa N. m., palibe anthu awiri ogwirizana omwe ali m'nthano (ubale pakati pa zaluso zapakamwa ndi luso lolemba limapitilira nthano, zomwe sizinalembedwe ndi chikhalidwe chake, ndipo zimadziwika ndi ubale pakati pa nthano ndi zomwe si nthano).
Kukhazikika kwa anthu awiri ogwirizana - kuyenda ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa kumakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu - mkati mwake. mphamvu. Mwambo si mtendere, koma kusuntha kwa mtundu wapadera, mwachitsanzo, kulinganiza komwe kumatheka ndi kulimbana kwa zotsutsana, zomwe zofunika kwambiri ndizokhazikika ndi kusinthasintha (kusiyana), stereotype (kusungidwa kwa njira zina) ndi improvisation yomwe ilipo pa maziko ake. . Kusiyana (chinthu chofunikira cha chikhalidwe cha anthu) ndi mbali ina ya bata. Popanda kusinthasintha kukhazikika kumasandulika kukhala makina. kubwerezabwereza, zachilendo kwa nthano. Kusiyanasiyana ndi chotsatira cha chikhalidwe chapakamwa ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa N. m. ndi chikhalidwe cha kukhalapo kwake. Chilichonse chomwe chimatanthawuza kutengera chikhalidwe cha anthu sichidziwika bwino, chimakhala ndi mitundu yonse yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imadziwika ndi ochita. mphamvu N. m.
Pophunzira N. M., palinso zovuta zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri oimba kwa izo. magulu (mawonekedwe, mode, rhythm, genre, etc.), omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwanira kudziletsa kwa munthu. zikhalidwe za nyimbo sizigwirizana ndi malingaliro awo achikhalidwe, empiric. classifications, ndi Nar. terminology. Komanso, N. M. pafupifupi konse alipo mu mawonekedwe ake koyera, popanda kugwirizana ndi zochita zina (ntchito, mwambo, choreographic), ndi chikhalidwe chikhalidwe, etc. Nar. Kupanga sizinthu zokhazokha zaluso, komanso za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira kwa N. m. sizingalekere pa chidziwitso cha mus ake. dongosolo, m'pofunikanso kumvetsa zenizeni za ntchito yake mu gulu, monga mbali ya kufotokozedwa. folklore complexes. Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la "N. m." kusiyanitsa kwake m'chigawo ndiyeno mtundu ndikofunikira. Chinthu chapakamwa cha N. m. pamagulu onse amapangidwa motengera typologically (kuchokera ku mtundu wa zochitika za nyimbo ndi mtundu wanyimbo kupita ku njira ya mawu, kupanga chida, ndi kusankha nyimbo) ndipo amazindikira mosiyanasiyana. Mu typology (mwachitsanzo, poyerekezera zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zanyimbo kuti mukhazikitse mitundu), zochitika zimasiyanitsidwa zomwe ndizofala pafupifupi muzolemba zonse. zikhalidwe (zotchedwa nyimbo zapadziko lonse), zofala kudera linalake, gulu la zikhalidwe (zomwe zimatchedwa mawonekedwe amtundu) ndi zapaderalo (zomwe zimatchedwa chilankhulo).
Masiku ano Folkloristics alibe malingaliro amodzi pamagulu achigawo a N. m. Choncho, Ameri. wasayansi A. Lomax ("Folk song style and culture" - "Folk song style and culture", 1968) amatchula zigawo za 6 za nyimbo za dziko: America, Pacific Islands, Australia, Asia (zikhalidwe zotukuka kwambiri zakale), Africa, Europe , kuwafotokozera molingana ndi mitundu yomwe ilipo: mwachitsanzo, 3 europ. miyambo - chapakati, kumadzulo, kum'mawa ndi Mediterranean. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ena Slovakia folklorists (onani Slovak Musical Encyclopedia, 1969) osati 3, koma 4 Europ. miyambo - Kumadzulo (ndi malo a zinenero za Chingerezi, Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani), Scandinavia, Mediterranean ndi Eastern (ndi malo a Carpathian ndi East Slavic; Balkan nawonso amalumikizana pano, popanda zifukwa zokwanira). Kawirikawiri, Ulaya yonse ikutsutsana ndi Asia, koma akatswiri ena amatsutsa izi: mwachitsanzo, L. Picken ("Oxford History of Music" - "New Oxford History of Music", 1959) amatsutsa Europe ndi India ku Far East. gawo lochokera ku China kupita kuzilumba za Malay Archipelago monga nyimbo zonse. Sikoyeneranso kusiyanitsa Africa yonse ngakhale kutsutsa Kumpoto. Africa (kumpoto kwa Sahara) ndi kotentha, ndipo mkati mwake - Kumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa. Njira yotereyi imakulitsa kusiyanasiyana kwenikweni ndi zovuta za mus. dziko la Africa. kontinenti, to-ry ili ndi mafuko ndi anthu osachepera 2000. Gulu lokhutiritsa kwambiri ndilochokera kumitundu yambiri. zigawo mpaka intraethnic. zinenero: mwachitsanzo, East-European, ndiye East-Slavic. ndi madera Russian ndi kugawikana otsiriza mu zigawo kumpoto, kumadzulo, pakati, kum'mwera-Russian, Volga-Ural, Siberia ndi Far East zigawo, amene nawonso anawagawa m'madera ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chake, N., m. alipo pa tanthauzo. gawo ndi mu nthawi yeniyeni ya mbiri yakale, ndiko kuti, malire ndi malo ndi nthawi, zomwe zimapanga dongosolo la zilankhulo za nyimbo ndi miyambo mu Nar iliyonse. nyimbo chikhalidwe. Komabe, chikhalidwe chilichonse cha nyimbo chimapanga mtundu wamtundu wanyimbo wathunthu, wolumikizana nthawi imodzi. mu nthano zazikulu ndi ethnographic. m'madera, to-rye akhoza kusiyanitsidwa malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Chiŵerengero cha chilankhulo cha intra-dialect ndi supra-dialect, intra-system ndi inter-system zimakhudza umunthu wa N. m. miyambo. Mtundu uliwonse choyamba umazindikira ndikuyamikira kusiyana kwake (zomwe zimasiyanitsa N. m. ndi ena), komabe, anthu ambiri. zikhalidwe za nyimbo ndizofanana ndipo zimakhala molingana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi (pamene nyimbo zimayambira kwambiri, zimakhala zapadziko lonse lapansi).
Izi zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zochitika sizimachitika chifukwa cha kufalitsa kuchokera kugwero lililonse. Monga lamulo, iwo amapangidwa pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana polygenetically ndipo ali padziko lonse mawu typological. mphamvu, ie zotheka. Posankha zinthu zina kapena malamulo a N. m. kwa chilengedwe chonse, sayansi. kulondola. Dep. nyimbo. mafomu omwe amaganiziridwa mu nyimbo zoyimba komanso kusinthasintha kwamasewera amoyo sali ofanana. Poyamba, zikhoza kukhala zachilendo kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo kachiwiri, zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Mu nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana, kuzindikiritsa zochitika zakunja (zowoneka-notational) ndizosavomerezeka, chifukwa chikhalidwe chawo, luso lawo ndi chikhalidwe cha mawu enieni amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, kuphatikiza kwa triadic pakuyimba kwayaya ya African pygmies ndi Bushmen ndi European. harmonic polyphony . nyumba yosungiramo katundu). Pa mlingo wa nyimbo-acoustic (zomangamanga za N. m.) - pafupifupi chirichonse chiri chonse. Express. njirazo ndizokhazikika ndipo chifukwa chake ndi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Fuko limadziwonetsera lokha makamaka muzochitika, mwachitsanzo, mu mawonekedwe-kupanga malamulo a kalembedwe kapadera ka N. m.
Lingaliro la malire a chilankhulo chamtundu wanyimbo ndi madzi pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana: zilankhulo zing'onozing'ono za m'dera zimapangidwa ndi ulimi wokhazikika. chikhalidwe, pamene oyendayenda amalankhulana kudera lalikulu, zomwe zimatsogolera ku chinenero chachikulu cha monolithic (mawu ndi nyimbo). Chifukwa chake zovuta kwambiri pakuyerekeza N. m. a magulu osiyanasiyana. mapangidwe.
Pomaliza, mbiri yakale idzafananiza. kuyatsa nyimbo. Miyambo ya anthu amitundu yonse imaphatikizapo kulingalira za kusiyanasiyana kwa mbiri yakale. moyo wafuko. miyambo. Mwachitsanzo, zakale zazikulu muses. miyambo ya kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Asiya ndi a anthu omwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri anali panjira kuchokera ku bungwe la mafuko kupita ku chikhalidwe cha anthu okhwima, chomwe chinasonyezedwa ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa chitukuko chawo cha chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. chisinthiko, pamene Azungu achichepere. anthu m'kanthawi kochepa adutsa m'mbiri yamphepo yamkuntho. chitukuko - kuchokera kumagulu amitundu kupita ku imperialism, komanso kumayiko akummawa. Europe - pamaso pa socialism. Ziribe kanthu mochedwa bwanji chitukuko cha Nar. miyambo ya nyimbo poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa anthu.-zachuma. mapangidwe, komabe ku Ulaya kunali kolimba kwambiri kuposa Kum'mawa, ndipo kunafika ku makhalidwe angapo. zatsopano. Aliyense mbiri siteji ya kukhalapo kwa N. M. amalemeretsa miyambo ya anthu m'njira inayake. nthawi zonse. Choncho, n'kosaloleka kuyerekezera, mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wa German. nar. Nyimbo zachiarabu ndi nyimbo. makamu ndi modal mochenjera: mu zikhalidwe zonse pali clichés ndi mavumbulutso anzeru; ntchito ya sayansi ndi kuwulula tsatanetsatane wawo.
N.m. decomp. madera a mafuko adutsa njira yachitukuko yomwe imakhala yosiyana kwambiri, koma kawirikawiri, atatu akuluakulu amatha kusiyanitsa. siteji mu kusinthika kwa nyimbo. nthano:
1) nthawi yakale kwambiri, magwero ake amapita zaka mazana ambiri, komanso mbiri yakale. malirewo amagwirizana ndi nthawi yovomerezeka ya boma linalake. chipembedzo chimene chinaloŵa m’malo mwa zipembedzo zachikunja za magulu a mafuko;
2) Middle Ages, nthawi ya feudalism - nthawi ya kupindika kwa mayiko ndi kutukuka kwa otchedwa. miyambo yakale (kwa anthu aku Europe - nyimbo zachikhalidwe za anthu wamba, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi N. M. ambiri, komanso luso lapakamwa);
3) zamakono. nyengo (yatsopano ndi yaposachedwa); pakuti anthu ambiri amagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa capitalism, ndi kukula kwa mapiri. chikhalidwe chomwe chinayambira ku Middle Ages. Njira zomwe zikuchitika mu N. M. zikuchulukirachulukira, miyambo yakale ikuphwanyidwa, ndipo mitundu yatsopano ya bunks ikutuluka. nyimbo zilandiridwenso. periodization iyi si yapadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, Arab. nyimbo sizidziwika motsimikizika. kusiyana pakati pa wamba ndi mapiri. miyambo, monga European; makamaka ku Ulaya. mbiri ya chisinthiko cha N. m. - kuchokera kumudzi kupita kumzinda, mu nyimbo za Creole za mayiko a Lat. America ndi "yozondoka", monga ku Europe. kugwirizana kwa miyambo yapadziko lonse lapansi - kuchokera kwa anthu kupita kwa anthu - apa ikugwirizana ndi zenizeni. mgwirizano: europ. mitu yayikulu - lat.-amer. mzinda - lat.-amer. mudzi. Mu European N. M. atatu a mbiriyakale. Nthawi zimayenderana ndi mtundu-kalembedwe. nthawi yake (mwachitsanzo, mitundu yakale kwambiri ya epic ndi miyambo yachikhalidwe - m'nthawi yoyamba, kukula kwa izi ndi maluwa amtundu wanyimbo - mu 1, kulumikizidwa kwakukulu ndi chikhalidwe cholembedwa, ndi zovina zotchuka - mu 2) .
Funso la mitundu ya N. m. Kugawika kwa mitundu molingana ndi vnemuz imodzi. ntchito za N. m. (chilakolako chophatikiza mitundu yake yonse kutengera zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimachitika mu Nar. moyo) kapena mu nyimbo zokha. Makhalidwe ndi osakwanira. Njira yophatikizika ndiyofunika: mwachitsanzo nyimboyi imatanthauzidwa kudzera mu umodzi wa malemba (mutu ndi ndakatulo), nyimbo, kapangidwe kake, chikhalidwe cha anthu, nthawi, malo ndi chikhalidwe cha machitidwe, ndi zina zotero. etc. Zowonjezera Vuto ndiloti m'mbiri yakale gawo la gawo limagwira ntchito yayikulu: N. m. limapezeka m'zilankhulo zenizeni zokha. Pakalipano, mlingo wa kugawa decomp. mitundu ndi zopangira zamtundu uliwonse mkati mwa chilankhulo chimodzi (osatchulanso kachitidwe ka zilankhulo zamtundu wina) ndizosagwirizana. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kupanga ndi mitundu yonse yomwe samadzinenera kuti ndi "padziko lonse lapansi" (mwachitsanzo, mawu anyimbo. kusintha, etc. Bambo. nyimbo zaumwini, etc. d.). Kuonjezera apo, pali miyambo ya machitidwe a oimba osiyanasiyana a malemba omwewo ku nyimbo zosiyanasiyana, komanso malemba azinthu zosiyana ndi ntchito - ku nyimbo imodzi. Zotsirizirazi zimawonedwa mumtundu womwewo (omwe ndiwofala kwambiri) komanso pakati pamitundu (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa anthu aku Finno-Ugric). Chinthu chimodzi. zosinthidwa nthawi zonse pakuyimba, zina zimaperekedwa kuyambira zaka zana mpaka zaka zana ndikusintha pang'ono (kwa anthu ena, cholakwika pakuimba nyimbo zamwambo chinali kulangidwa ndi imfa). Choncho, kutanthauzira kwamtundu wa zonsezi sikungakhale kofanana. Lingaliro la mtundu ngati kuphatikizika kwazinthu zazikulu kumatsegula njira yodziwika bwino yamitundu yonse ya N. m., koma nthawi yomweyo imachedwetsa kuphunzira za zovuta zenizeni za nthano ndi mitundu yake yonse yosinthika komanso yosakanizika ndi mitundu, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, nthawi zambiri sizigwirizana ndi chidziwitso chimenecho. Gulu la zinthu, zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi miyambo yamtundu uliwonse malinga ndi malamulo ake osalembedwa, koma olimbikira, okhala ndi mawu akeake, omwe amasiyana malinga ndi malankhulidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kwa folklorist pali mwambo nyimbo, ndi Nar. woimbayo sakuwona kuti ndi nyimbo, kufotokoza molingana ndi cholinga chake mu mwambo ("vesnyanka" - "kutcha masika"). Kapena mitundu yodziwika bwino m'mabuku amalumikizana pakati pa anthu m'magulu apadera (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Kumyks, madera awiri amitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo zopanga nyimbo - ngwazi-epic ndi tsiku ndi tsiku - amasankhidwa "yyr" ndi "saryn" motsatana). Zonsezi zikuchitira umboni za chikhalidwe cha kusiyana kulikonse kwa gulu la N. m. ndi tanthauzo la pseudo-sayansi la mitundu yonse. Pomaliza, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. mitundu N. m., kuti ndizovuta kapena zosatheka kuti iwo apeze mafananidwe mu nthano zakunja (mwachitsanzo, Afr. kuvina kwa mwezi wathunthu ndi nyimbo za tattoo, Yakut. kutsanzikana kufa kuyimba ndi kuyimba m'maloto, etc. P.). Mitundu yamitundu N. m. anthu osiyanasiyana sangafanane m'magawo onse aukadaulo: mwachitsanzo, mitundu ina ya Amwenye ilibe zofotokozera. nyimbo, pamene ena anthu a nyimbo Epic yapangidwa kwambiri (Rus. epics, Yakut. zambiri etc. P.). Komabe, mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndi ofunikira pofotokoza mwachidule zoyambira.
Mitundu yasintha m'zaka mazana ambiri, kutengera makamaka kusiyanasiyana kwa ntchito zamagulu ndi tsiku ndi tsiku za N. m., zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zachuma komanso malo. ndi chikhalidwe-maganizo. mawonekedwe a mapangidwe amtundu. N.m. sikukhala zosangalatsa zambiri monga chosowa chachangu. Ntchito zake ndi zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhudzana ndi moyo waumwini ndi banja la munthu, komanso ntchito zake zonse. Chifukwa chake, panali nyimbo zozungulira zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi main. magawo a moyo wa munthu (kubadwa, ubwana, kuyambika, ukwati, maliro) ndi kuzungulira kwa ntchito ya gulu (nyimbo za ogwira ntchito, miyambo, zikondwerero). Komabe, kalelo, nyimbo za maulendo awiriwa zinali zogwirizana kwambiri: zochitika za moyo waumwini zinali mbali ya moyo wa gulu ndipo, motero, zimakondwerera pamodzi. Akale kwambiri otchedwa. nyimbo zaumwini ndi zankhondo (zamitundu).
Mitundu yayikulu ya N. m. - nyimbo, kusintha kwa nyimbo (mtundu wa Sami yoika), nyimbo yopanda mawu (mwachitsanzo, Chuvash, Jewish), epic. nthano (mwachitsanzo, Russian bylina), kuvina. nyimbo, nyimbo zovina (mwachitsanzo, Russian ditty), instr. masewero ndi nyimbo (zizindikiro, kuvina). Nyimbo za anthu wamba, zomwe zimapanga maziko a miyambo. European folklore. anthu, amatsagana ndi ntchito yonse ndi moyo wabanja: maholide a kalendala a ulimi wapachaka. bwalo (carols, stoneflies, Shrovetide, Utatu, Kupala), ntchito ya m'munda yachilimwe (kutchetcha, nyimbo zokolola), kubadwa, ukwati ndi imfa (maliro a maliro). Kukula kwakukulu kunalandiridwa ndi N. M. mu lyric. mitundu, pomwe nyimbo zosavuta, zazifupi zimasinthidwa ndi ntchito, miyambo, kuvina ndi epic. nyimbo kapena instr. nyimbo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta m'mawonekedwe a nyimbo. kusintha - mawu (mwachitsanzo, nyimbo yaku Russia, Chiromania ndi Mold. doina) ndi zida (mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya "nyimbo zomvera" za Transcarpathian violinists, okwera pamahatchi a ku Bulgaria, ma dombrist a Kazakh, oimba a Kyrgyz, Turk. dutarist, zida zoimbira ndi oimba a Uzbeks ndi Tajik, Indonesia, Japan, etc.).
Kwa anthu akale Mitundu yanyimbo imaphatikizapo kuyika nyimbo m'nthano ndi nkhani zina za prose (zomwe zimatchedwa cantefable), komanso magawo anyimbo zankhani zazikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo, Yakut olonkho).
Nyimbo zantchito mwina zimalongosola zantchito ndikuwonetsa malingaliro ake, kapena zimatsagana nazo. Omalizira a chiyambi chakale kwambiri, iwo asintha kwambiri mogwirizana ndi mbiri yakale. kusintha mitundu ya ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, sutartines wa ku Lithuania ankaimba amoebeino (ndiko kuti, mosiyana, ngati funso - yankho) posaka, pamene akutola uchi, kukolola rye, kukoka fulakesi, koma osati panthawi yolima kapena kupuntha. Kuimba kwa Amoebaic kunapatsa wogwira ntchitoyo mpumulo wofunikira kwambiri. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa omwe adatsagana ndi mwamuna wolemera. gwirani ntchito pa nyimbo za artel (burlak) ndi makolasi (m'nthano zomwe zakhala zikusintha kwanthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo, mu Chirasha, nyimbo zasungidwa zomwe zimangowonetsa mochedwa kwambiri pakukula kwa mtundu uwu). Nyimbo za nyimbo zomwe zinkatsagana ndi zikondwerero ndi miyambo yamagulu (mwachitsanzo, kalendala ya ku Russia) zinalibe mawonekedwe okongola okha. ntchito. Inali imodzi mwa njira zamphamvu kwambiri zolimbikitsira munthu padziko lapansi ndipo inali yofunikira mu syncretism yamwambo, yomwe inali yokwanira m'chilengedwe komanso yokhudzana ndi kufuula, manja, kuvina ndi zina (kuyenda, kuthamanga, kudumpha, kugogoda) osasiyanitsidwa kuyimba, komanso kuyimba mwapadera (mwachitsanzo, kuimba mokweza kwambiri kunathandizira kukolola kwakukulu). Cholinga cha nyimbozi, zomwe zinali zongopeka. Zizindikiro za miyambo yofanana ndi iwo (kunja kwa zomwe sizinachitikepo), zidatsimikiza kukhazikika kwa ma muses awo. nyimbo (zotchedwa "chilinganizo" nyimbo - zazifupi, nthawi zambiri zopapatiza komanso nyimbo za anhemitonic, zomwe zinaphatikizidwa ndi zolemba zambiri za ndakatulo za ntchito yofanana ndi nthawi ya kalendala), kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu chikhalidwe chilichonse zochepa. gulu la stereotypical rhythms. ndi kusintha kwa ma modal - "ma formula", makamaka muzoletsa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi kwaya.
Nyimbo zamwambo waukwati sizingakhale wamba, zomwe nthawi zina zimasiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, ndakatulo zambiri za "kulira" kwa mkwatibwi mu chikhalidwe cha kumpoto kwa Russia ndi kutenga nawo mbali kochepa kwa mkwatibwi ndi mkwatibwi m'maukwati ena a ku Central Asia). Ngakhale pakati pa anthu m'modzi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitundu yayikulu yaukwati yamitundu yosiyanasiyana (kwenikweni yamwambo, yotamanda, yolira, yanyimbo). Nyimbo zaukwati, monga nyimbo za kalendala, zimakhala "zachikale" (mwachitsanzo, pamwambo waukwati wa ku Belarus, mpaka malemba 130 akhoza kuchitidwa pa nyimbo iliyonse). Miyambo yakale kwambiri imakhala ndi nyimbo zochepa zomwe zimamveka mu "masewera aukwati" onse, nthawi zina kwa masiku ambiri. M'miyambo ya ku Russia, nyimbo zaukwati zimasiyana ndi nyimbo zamakalendala makamaka mumayendedwe awo ovuta komanso osagwirizana (nthawi zambiri 5-beat, internally steady asymmetric). M'miyambo ina (mwachitsanzo, Chiestonia), nyimbo zaukwati zimakhala ndi malo ofunika kwambiri pa miyambo ya miyambo ndi zikondwerero, zomwe zimakhudza nyimbo. kalembedwe kamitundu ina yachikhalidwe.
Nyimbo za nthano za ana zimachokera ku mawu omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chilengedwe chonse. khalidwe: awa ndi ma formula modal
и
ndi kayimbidwe kosavuta, kochokera ku vesi la 4-beat ndi ziwerengero zoyambira zovina. Nyimbo zanyimbo zoyimba, zokhala ndi choreic chachikulu. ma motifs, nthawi zambiri amakhala pa trichord yokhala ndi ma frequency otsika, nthawi zina amasokonekera ndi kagawo kakang'ono kapena nyimbo zapafupi. Lullabies sanangothandiza kugwedeza mwanayo, komanso adaitanidwa kuti amuteteze mwamatsenga ku mphamvu zoipa ndikumupangitsa kuti afe.
Maliro (nyimbo zodandaula) ndi zamitundu itatu - 2 mwambo (maliro ndi ukwati) ndi wosachita mwambo (otchedwa nyumba, msilikali, ngati akudwala, kupatukana, etc.). Kutsika kwa mawu a quarter-terts okhala ndi gawo lachitatu ndi lachiwiri lotsogola, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo laling'ono potulutsa mpweya (maliro aku Russia), nthawi zina ndi kuyerekezera kwachiwiri kwa maselo awiri achinayi (madandaulo aku Hungary). Kupangidwa kwa maliro kumadziwika ndi mzere umodzi ndi apocope (mawu opuma): muz. mawonekedwewo ndi, ngati kuti, afupikitsa kuposa vesi, mathero osamveka a mawu amawoneka ngati akumezedwa ndi misozi. Kuchita kwa maliro kumadzaza ndi glissando, rubato, mawu ofuula, patter, ndi zina zotero. Uku ndikusintha kwaulere kutengera miyambo. stereotypes nyimbo-kalembedwe.
Muse. epic, ndiko kuti, ndakatulo yoyimba. ndakatulo ndi gawo lalikulu komanso lamkati lofotokozera. nthano (mwachitsanzo, mu nthano za ku Russia, mitundu yotsatirayi imasiyanitsidwa: ma epics, ndakatulo zauzimu, ma buffoons, nyimbo zakale zakale ndi ma ballads). Mu nyimbo za epic polygenres. Epic yofananira. ziwembu mu nyengo zosiyanasiyana chitukuko cha N. m. ndi mu tanthauzo. miyambo yakumaloko idakhazikitsidwa m'mawu amtundu wanyimbo mosiyanasiyana: mu mawonekedwe a epics, kuvina kapena nyimbo zamasewera, msilikali kapena nyimbo komanso miyambo, mwachitsanzo. nyimbo. (Kuti mumve zambiri za kamvekedwe ka mawu omveka bwino, onani Bylina.) Chizindikiro chofunikira kwambiri cha mtundu wanyimbo wamtundu wa epic ndi stereotypical cadence, yomwe imagwirizana ndi ndime ya vesiyo ndipo nthawi zonse imagogomezera momveka bwino, nthawi zambiri imachepetsa mawu. magalimoto. Komabe, epics, monga ena ambiri. ena epic. mitundu ya nthano, ndi mawu anyimbo. maphwando sanakhale misewu yapadera. mtundu: zidachitika mwachindunji. "kukonzanso" kwa kuyimba kwa nyimbo mogwirizana ndi epic. mtundu wa mawu, to-ry ndikupanga mtundu wokhazikika wa epich. melos. Chiŵerengero cha nyimbo ndi mawu m'miyambo yosiyana ndi yosiyana, koma nyimbo zomwe sizimangiriridwa ndi mawu amodzi ndipo ngakhale zofala m'madera onse.
Nyimbo zovina (nyimbo ndi kuvina) ndi nyimbo zosewerera zidatenga malo akulu ndipo zidatenga gawo losiyanasiyana munthawi zonse za chitukuko cha N. M. mwa anthu onse. Poyamba, iwo anali mbali ya ntchito, miyambo ndi zikondwerero nyimbo mozungulira. Zolemba zawo. Zomangamanga zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa choreographic. kuyenda (payekha, gulu kapena gulu), komabe, polyrhythm ya nyimbo ndi choreography ndizothekanso. Zovina zimatsagana ndi kuyimba komanso kusewera nyimbo. zida. Anthu ambiri (mwachitsanzo, ku Africa) kutsagana ndi kuwomba m'manja (komanso kulira kokha. zida). Mu miyambo ina ya zingwe. zoimbirazo zinatsagana ndi kuyimba kokha (koma osati kuvina), ndipo zoimbirazo zinkakhoza kukonzedwanso pomwepo kuchokera ku zinthu zimene zinalipo. Anthu angapo (mwachitsanzo, a Papuans) anali ndi apadera. nyumba zovina. Kujambula kwa nyimbo yovina sikumapereka lingaliro la kuvina kowona, komwe kumasiyanitsidwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamalingaliro.
Lyric. nyimbo sizimangokhala ndi mutu, sizilumikizidwa ndi malo ndi nthawi yochitira, zimadziwika mosiyanasiyana. mafomu a nyimbo. Ichi ndiye chosinthika kwambiri. mtundu mu chikhalidwe dongosolo. nthano. Kutengeka, kutengera zinthu zatsopano, mawu. nyimboyi imalola kukhalira limodzi ndi kulowetsamo zatsopano ndi zakale, zomwe zimalemeretsa muses zake. chinenero. Zoyambira pang'ono m'matumbo a miyambo yamwambo, pang'ono kuyambira panyimbo zamwambo. kupanga, mbiriyakale yasintha kwambiri. Komabe, komwe kuli zakale kwambiri. kalembedwe (ndi stanza yaifupi, ambitus yopapatiza, maziko), imadziwika kuti ndi yamakono kwambiri ndipo imakwaniritsa zolemba. zopempha za ochita. Ndi lyric. nyimboyo, yotseguka kwa ma neoplasms kuchokera kunja ndi kuthekera kopanga chitukuko kuchokera mkati, inabweretsa N. m. chuma chambiri. mafomu ndi kufotokoza. amatanthawuza (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a polyphonic a nyimbo yachi Russia yomwe imayimbidwa kwambiri, yomwe nyimbo zazitali zimasinthidwa ndi nyimbo kapena mawu onse anyimbo, ndiye kuti, amakulitsidwa momveka bwino, zomwe zimasuntha pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ya nyimboyo kuchokera ku vesi kupita ku vesi. nyimbo). Lyric. nyimbo zidapangidwa pafupifupi mayiko onse ademokalase. magulu a anthu - alimi alimi ndi alimi omwe achoka kwa alimi. ogwira ntchito, amisiri, ogwira ntchito ndi ophunzira; ndi chitukuko cha mapiri. zikhalidwe zinapanga nyimbo zatsopano. otchedwa mitundu mapiri nyimbo zogwirizana ndi prof. nyimbo ndi ndakatulo. chikhalidwe (zolemba ndakatulo, zida zatsopano zoimbira ndi nyimbo zatsopano zovina, kudziŵa nyimbo zoimbidwa zodziwika bwino, ndi zina zotero).
Mu dipatimenti Mu zikhalidwe, mitundu imasiyanitsidwa osati pazokhutira, ntchito, ndi ndakatulo, komanso zaka ndi jenda: mwachitsanzo, nyimbo za ana, achinyamata ndi atsikana, akazi ndi amuna (zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito ku zida zoimbira) ; nthawi zina chiletso chimayikidwa pa kuyimba pamodzi kwa amuna ndi akazi, komwe kumawonekera mu museums. kapangidwe ka nyimbo zomwezo.
Kufotokozera mwachidule mtundu wamitundu yonse ya nyimbo, munthu amathanso kusankha chachikulu. nyumba zosungiramo nyimbo zachikhalidwe. (wamba) N. m .: nkhani, kuyimba, kuvina ndi kusakaniza. Komabe, izi sizichitika konsekonse. Mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse, Yakuts. folklore, kuchokera ku lyric. kusintha kwa nyimbo zoyimba nyimbo, nyimbo imodzi yofanana ya dietetii imachitika. Kumbali ina, masitayelo ena oimba sagwirizana ndi dongosolo lililonse lodziwika: mwachitsanzo, timbre yosazindikirika ya mawu onjenjemera ndi Chiarabu. chita. Makhalidwe kapena Yakut kylysakhs (mawonekedwe apadera a falsetto, accents acute). Nyimbo zopanda mawu za Ainu - sinottsya (nyimbo zokondweretsa) - sizimabwereketsa kukonzanso zolembedwa: kusinthasintha kwa mawu kodabwitsa komwe kumapangidwa mkati mwa mmero, ndikuchitapo kanthu kwa milomo, ndipo aliyense amazichita mwanjira yake. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wanyimbo wa N. M. Zimadalira osati pa mtundu wake wanyimbo, komanso, mwachitsanzo, pa ubale wa kuyimba ndi mwambo nyimbo rhythmic. malankhulidwe (kawirikawiri kwa miyambo yakale ya makolo akale ndi njira zawo zoyendetsera moyo) komanso malankhulidwe osavuta, omwe amasiyana pang'ono ndi kuyimba pakati pa anthu angapo (kutanthauza zilankhulo zamamvekedwe monga Vietnamese, komanso zilankhulo zina za ku Europe - mwachitsanzo, chinenero chomveka bwino cha Chigiriki .anthu a pachilumba cha Chios). Miyambo ndi yofunikanso. mawu abwino a fuko lililonse. chikhalidwe, mtundu wa chitsanzo cha tonation-timbre chomwe chimangowonjezera zenizeni. zinthu za wok. ndi instr. masitayelo. Ambiri amagwirizana ndi izi. mawonekedwe a nyimbo inayake. tonation: mwachitsanzo, Avar wamkazi. kuyimba (pakhosi, mu kaundula wapamwamba) amafanana ndi phokoso la zurna, ku Mongolia pali kutsanzira kwa mawu a chitoliro, ndi zina zotero. zoyimba komanso zosaimba mu N. m .: pali mitundu, momwe nemuz amapezeka mowonekera. chinthu (mwachitsanzo, pomwe chidwi chimakhazikika palemba komanso pomwe ufulu wokulirapo wa mawu amaloledwa).
Kugwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zina.-express. Njira zimatsimikiziridwa osati mwachindunji ndi mtunduwo, koma ndi mtundu wa kamvekedwe ka mawu ngati amodzi mwa maulalo apakati a 6 mu unyolo umodzi: mawonekedwe opangira nyimbo (payekha kapena gulu) - mtundu - mawu omveka bwino (mu makamaka, chiŵerengero cha timbres) - mtundu wa katchulidwe - kalembedwe ka mawu - muz.- adzafotokozera. njira (melodic-compositional ndi ladorhythmic).
Mu decomp. M'mitundu ya N. M., mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma melos yapangidwa (kuchokera kubwereza, mwachitsanzo, Estonian runes, South Slavic epic, kuti ikhale yokongola kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, nyimbo zanyimbo za zikhalidwe za ku Middle East), polyphony (heterophony), bourdon, nyimbo za polyrhythmic m'magulu a anthu aku Africa, kwaya yaku Germany, kotala yachiwiri yachiwiri ndi Middle Russian subvocal polyphony, Lithuanian canonical sutartines), machitidwe a fret (kuchokera kumayendedwe akale otsika komanso opapatiza mpaka ma diatonic otukuka. "kusintha kwanyimbo zaulere") , ma rhythms (makamaka, mawu omveka omwe amasinthasintha kamvekedwe kamayendedwe kantchito ndi kuvina), mitundu (magawo, ma couplets, amagwira ntchito zonse; zophatikizika, zofananira, zosagwirizana, zaulere, ndi zina). Pa nthawi yomweyo, N. M. ilipo mu monophonic (solo), antiphonal, ensemble, choral, ndi zida zoimbira.
Kufotokozera mawonetseredwe ena amtundu wa DOS. adzafotokoza. njira za N.m. (m'gawo la melos, mode, rhythm, mawonekedwe, ndi zina zotero), sikumveka kungokhala ndi kawerengedwe kawo kakang'ono (mapangidwe amtundu woterewa ndi achilendo ku zochitika zenizeni za nthano zapakamwa). Ndikofunikira kuwulula "makineti" a kamangidwe ka mawu-rhythmic ndi "zitsanzo zopanga" za N. M., zomwe, choyamba, zimapereka chidziwitso ku miyambo yamitundu yosiyanasiyana; kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha "ma stereotypes amphamvu" a N. m. a dera la fuko limodzi kapena lina. Kuwona kwa NG Chernyshevsky pa ndakatulo. nthano: “Muli onse nar. nyimbo, njira zamakina, akasupe wamba amawonekera, popanda zomwe sizimakulitsa mitu yawo.
Zosiyanasiyana zachigawo. stereotypes imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zenizeni za machitidwe omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale a H. m., nthawi zambiri kutengera osakhala nyimbo. zinthu (njira yantchito, mwambo, miyambo, kuchereza alendo, tchuthi chamagulu, etc.). Muse. makamaka zimatengera nemuz. zinthu za izi kapena folklore syncretism (mwachitsanzo, mu nyimbo zovina - kuchokera vesi, kuvina) ndi mtundu wa instr. kutsagana ndi, koposa zonse, pa mtundu ndi kalembedwe ka mawu. Njira yosinthira mawu amoyo mu N. M. ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chopangira, chomwe chimatsimikizira chiyambi cha muses. intonation ndi kusadutsika kwake ku nyimbo. Mphamvu za nyimbo.-express. ndalama, zomwe zimatchedwa. kusiyanasiyana kumalumikizidwanso osati ndi gawo la pakamwa la ntchito, komanso ndi zikhalidwe zake zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, yemweyo Russian lyric nyimbo payekha ndi kwaya. kutanthauzira kwa polygonal kungakhale kosiyana: mu kwaya imalemeretsedwa, kukulitsidwa ndipo, titero, kukhazikika (masitepe ochepa "osalowerera ndale"), katundu. kapena lat.-amer. kuyimba kwakwaya kumapereka nyimboyi zomwe sizimayembekezereka ku Europe. kumva mawu (opanda terzian ofukula ndi kuphatikiza kwachilendo kwa nyimbo ndi zolinga). The peculiarity of intonation ya N. M. amitundu yosiyanasiyana sitingamvetsetse momwe anthu a ku Ulaya amaonera. nyimbo: nyimbo iliyonse. kalembedwe ayenera kuweruzidwa ndi malamulo amene iye analenga.
Udindo wa timbre ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu (intonation) mu N. m ndi wachindunji komanso wosawoneka bwino. Timbre amayimira mawu abwino amtundu uliwonse. chikhalidwe, dziko nyimbo mbali. tonation, ndipo m'lingaliro limeneli sikugwira ntchito ngati kalembedwe, komanso ngati chinthu chopangira (mwachitsanzo, ngakhale ma fugues a Bach omwe amachitidwa pa zida zamtundu wa Uzbek adzamveka ngati Uzbek N. m.); mkati mwa chikhalidwe ichi, timbre imagwira ntchito yosiyanitsa mitundu (nyimbo zamwambo, zamatsenga ndi zanyimbo nthawi zambiri zimayimbidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana) ndipo mwa zina ndi chizindikiro cha kugawanika kwa chilankhulo cha chikhalidwe china; ndi njira yogawanitsa mzere pakati pa nyimbo ndi nyimbo zomwe siziri nyimbo: mwachitsanzo, motsindika zachilendo. mtundu wa timbre umalekanitsa nyimbo ndi zolankhula za tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso koyambirira kwa kukhalapo kwa N. m. nthawi zina ankatumikira "kubisa dala mawu a munthu" (BV Asafiev), ndiko kuti, mtundu wobisika, m'njira zina zokwanira masks mwambo. Izi zinachedwetsa chitukuko cha nyimbo za "chilengedwe". M'mitundu yakale komanso yamitundu yakale, mawu a timbre amaphatikiza mbali za "nyimbo" ndi "zopanda nyimbo", zomwe zimafanana ndi syncretic yoyambirira. kusagawika kwa zaluso ndi zosakhala zaluso mu nthano. Chifukwa chake malingaliro apadera a chiyero cha muses. tonations: nyimbo zenizeni. tone ndi nemuz. Phokoso (makamaka "hoarseness") linaphatikizidwa mosalekeza mu timbre imodzi (mwachitsanzo, phokoso lopanda phokoso, lotsika la mawu ku Tibet; phokoso lotsanzira ngolo ku Mongolia, ndi zina zotero). Koma idatulutsidwanso ku "syncretic. timbre” nyimbo zomveka. kamvekedwe kanagwiritsidwa ntchito mu N. m. momasuka kuposa ku Ulaya. ntchito ya wolemba, "yochepa" ndi chikhalidwe ndi nyimbo. Choncho, chiŵerengero cha nyimbo ndi osakhala nyimbo N. M. ndizovuta kwambiri: kumbali imodzi, zolemba zoyambirira. luso kulenga zimadalira nemuz. zinthu, ndipo kumbali ina, kupanga nyimbo kumatsutsana ndi chilichonse chomwe sichili nyimbo, ndiko kukana kwake. Mapangidwe ndi kusinthika kwa muses weniweni. mafomu anali mbiri yaikulu. kugonjetsa nthano, kulenga. kugonjetsa "choyambirira" chosagawanika chifukwa cha "kusankha mwachidziwitso" mobwerezabwereza. Komabe, “katchulidwe ka nyimbo sikasiya kugwirizana ndi mawu, kapena kuvina, kapena maonekedwe a nkhope (pantomime) ya thupi la munthu, koma “amaganiziranso” za kalembedwe kawo ndi zinthu zimene zimapanga mpangidwewo mu nyimbo zawo. njira zofotokozera" (BV Asafiev).
Mu N.m. mwa anthu amtundu uliwonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri magulu a anthu, pamakhala mitundu ina ya "kungoyendayenda". zolinga, melodic ndi rhythmic. stereotypes, ena "malo wamba" ndipo ngakhale muz.-phraseological. njira. Chodabwitsa ichi mwachiwonekere ndi mawu ndi stylistic. dongosolo. Mu nyimbo zachikhalidwe pl. anthu (makamaka Asilavo ndi Finno-Ugric), pamodzi ndi izi, formulary ya mtundu wina ndi ponseponse: okhala m'dera lomwelo akhoza kuimba nyimbo ndi nyimbo yomweyo. zomwe zili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo, woyimba wa Ingrian amachita epic, kalendala, ukwati ndi nyimbo zanyimbo zanyimbo imodzi; Altaian adalemba nyimbo imodzi yamudzi wonse, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu yonse yokhala ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana). N'chimodzimodzinso m'nthambi ya ana: "Mvula, mvula, isiye!" ndi "Mvula, mvula, lekani!", Pempho kwa dzuŵa, mbalame zimayimba mofananamo, kusonyeza kuti nyimbo sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe zili m'mawu a nyimboyo, koma ndi cholinga chake ndi cholinga chake. kaseweredwe kogwirizana ndi cholinga ichi. Mu Russian Pafupifupi miyambo yonse imalembedwa ndi N. m. Mitundu yanyimbo (kalendala, ukwati, epic, madzulo, kuvina kozungulira, ditties, ndi zina zotero), sizodabwitsa kuti akhoza kusiyanitsa ndi kudziwika ndi nyimbo.
Anthu onse zikhalidwe nyimbo akhoza kugawidwa mu zikhalidwe zochokera monodic (monophonic) ndi polyphonic (ndi predominance wa polyphonic kapena harmonic warehouses). Kugawikana koteroko n'kofunika, koma schematic, chifukwa nthawi zina polyphony sadziwika kwa anthu onse, koma mbali yake (mwachitsanzo, sutartines kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Lithuania, "zilumba" za polyphony pakati pa Bulgaria ndi Albanians, etc.). Kwa N. m., malingaliro a "kuimba kwa liwu limodzi" ndi "kuyimba payekha" ndi osakwanira: 2- ngakhale 3-goli amadziwika. solo (otchedwa mmero) kuimba (pakati pa Tuvans, Mongolians, etc.). Mitundu ya polyphony ndi yosiyana siyana: kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe otukuka (mwachitsanzo, Russian ndi Mordovian polyphony), heterophony imapezeka mu N. M., komanso zinthu zakale, bourdon, ostinato, organum, etc. nyimbo). Pali malingaliro angapo okhudza chiyambi cha polyphony. Mmodzi wa iwo (ovomerezeka kwambiri) amamuchotsa mu kuyimba kwa amoeba ndikugogomezera zakale za zovomerezeka. , winayo amalumikiza ndi machitidwe akale a "osagwirizana" oimba m'mavinidwe ozungulira, mwachitsanzo. pakati pa anthu a kumpoto. Ndizovomerezeka kunena za polygenesis ya polyphony mu N. m. Chiwerengero cha wok. ndi instr. nyimbo mu polygon. zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana - kuyambira kudalirana kwambiri mpaka ufulu wodziyimira pawokha (ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosinthira). Zida zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pongotsagana ndi kuyimba, zina paokha.
Stereotyping imalamulira gawo la mode ndi rhythm. Mu monodic. ndi polygon. zikhalidwe, chikhalidwe chawo ndi chosiyana. Bungwe la modal la N. M. imagwirizanitsidwa ndi rhythmic: kunja kwa rhythmic. kapangidwe ka mode sikuwululidwa. Chiyanjano chovuta kumveka. ndi maziko a modal ndi kusakhazikika kumayambitsa mise. kuyimba ngati njira ndipo zitha kuwululidwa potengera mawu omveka bwino. kukhala. Aliyense nyimbo. Culture ali ndi zake stylistically normative njira. Njirayi imatsimikiziridwa osati ndi kukula kokha, komanso ndi kugonjera kwa masitepe, omwe amasiyana ndi njira iliyonse (mwachitsanzo, kugawanika kwa sitepe yaikulu - tonic, yotchedwa "ho" ku Vietnam, "Shahed" ku Iran. , etc.), komanso mwa njira zonse zogwirizana ndi nyimbo iliyonse ya fret. njira kapena zolinga (chants). Omalizawa amakhala ku Nar. chidziwitso cha nyimbo, choyamba, kukhala zinthu zomangira za melos. Mode, kuwululidwa kudzera mu rhythmic-syntactic. nkhani, zikuoneka kukhala kugwirizana kwa muses. zomangidwa. ndipo motero zimadalira osati pa kamvekedwe kokha, komanso pa polyphony (ngati zilipo) komanso pa timbre ndi kachitidwe kachitidwe, zomwe zimawulula mphamvu zamachitidwe. Korasi. Kuimba kwakhala kumodzi mwa njira zomwe zimapangidwira. Kufananiza solo ndi polygoal. Chisipanishi (kapena vesi layekha ndi choyimba) cha nyimbo imodzi, munthu atha kutsimikiza za gawo la polyphony pakuwunikira kwamawonekedwe: kunali kupanga nyimbo kwapagulu komwe kumawululira kuchuluka kwa nyimboyi nthawi imodzi ndi kukhazikika kwake. ma formula modali ngati ma stereotypes amphamvu). Njira ina, yakale kwambiri yopangira mawonekedwe ndipo, makamaka, maziko a modal anali kubwereza mobwerezabwereza phokoso limodzi - mtundu wa "kupondaponda" kwa tonic, chinthu chomwe chimachokera ku North Asia ndi North. Ame. N.m. V. Viora amatcha "kubwerezabwereza stomping", potero akugogomezera udindo wa kuvina pakupanga mitundu ya syncretic. prod. Kuyimba kotereku kumapezekanso mu Nar. instr. nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, pakati pa Kazakhs).
Ngati mu nyimbo za anthu osiyanasiyana mamba (makamaka otsika ndi anhemitonic) akhoza kugwirizana, ndiye nyimbo za modal (kutembenuka, motifs, maselo) zimasonyeza zenizeni za N. M. a mtundu umodzi kapena wina. Kutalika kwawo ndi ambitus zimatha kulumikizidwa ndi mpweya wa woyimba kapena woyimba (pa zida zoimbira), komanso ntchito yofananira kapena kuvina. mayendedwe. Zochitika, kalembedwe ka nyimbo kamapereka masikelo ofanana (mwachitsanzo, pentatonic) mawu osiyana: mwachitsanzo, simungathe kusokoneza chinsomba. ndi shotl. pentatonic scale. Funso la genesis ndi gulu la machitidwe a fret-scale ndi kutsutsana. Lingaliro lovomerezeka kwambiri ndilofanana m'mbiri ya machitidwe osiyanasiyana, kukhalapo mu N. m. ambitus yosiyana kwambiri. M'kati mwa ndondomeko ya N. M. za ethnos imodzi, pakhoza kukhala zosiyana. mitundu, kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ndi mitundu ya mawu. Malingaliro odziwika okhudza kuwonongeka kwamakalata. zodandaula zafotokozedwa. mitundu yakale yachuma (mwachitsanzo, pentatonic anhemitonics pakati pa alimi ndi 7-step diatonics pakati pa anthu abusa ndi abusa). Chodziwikiratu kwambiri ndikugawa komweko kwamitundu ina yapadera yamtundu waku Indonesia. slendro ndi pelo. Multistage nyimbo. Folklore imakhudza mitundu yonse yamalingaliro amachitidwe, kuyambira pa "opening mode" akale a Yakuts kupita ku dongosolo lokhazikika la kusinthasintha kwa diatonic. frets kummawa.-ulemerero. nyimbo. Koma ngakhale potsirizira pake, zinthu zosakhazikika, masitepe akuyenda pamtunda, komanso zomwe zimatchedwa. nthawi zapakati. Masitepe oyenda (mkati mwa masitepe onse), ndipo nthawi zina mamvekedwe onse (mwachitsanzo, maliro a maliro) amapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugawa zokhazikika. Monga momwe ma acousticians asonyezera, kukhazikika kwa tonal sikuli kokhazikika mu dongosolo lenileni la N. m. zambiri, kukula kwa intervals zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kamangidwe kamangidwe ndi dynamics (izi zimawonedwanso akatswiri kuchita mchitidwe - zone chiphunzitso cha NA Garbuzov), koma wok. nyimbo - kuchokera ku fonitic. mapangidwe ndi machitidwe opanikizika a nyimbo (mpaka kudalira kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosalowerera ndale pamtundu wa kuphatikiza kwa mawu mu vesilo). Mu mitundu yoyambirira ya nyimbo. mawu, kusintha kwa masitepe sikungatembenuke kukhala modal: ndi kusasunthika kwa mzere wanyimbo, kuyenda kwapakati kumaloledwa (muzomwe zimatchedwa mamba a 4-step). Njirayi imatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito-melodic. kudalirana kwa toni zolozera.
Kufunika kwa rhythm mu N. m. ndi yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti pali chizolowezi chozitsimikizira, kuyika patsogolo mafotokozedwe omveka ngati maziko aluso (izi zimangolungamitsidwa nthawi zina). Kutanthauzira kwanyimbo. rhythm iyenera kumveka potengera mawu. BV Asafiev, yemwe moyenerera ankakhulupirira kuti "chiphunzitso chokha cha ntchito za nthawi, zofanana ndi ziphunzitso za tonation za ntchito za chords, toni za mode, ndi zina zotero, zimatiululira za udindo weniweni wa nyimbo pakupanga nyimbo." "Palibe nyimbo zosagwirizana ndi nyimbo ndipo sizingatheke." Rhythm intonations imalimbikitsa kubadwa kwa melos. Rhythm ndi yosiyana (ngakhale mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha dziko limodzi). Mwachitsanzo, Azeri N. m. imagawidwa molingana ndi metrorhythmics (mosasamala mtundu wa magawano) m'magulu atatu: bahrli - ndi tanthauzo. kukula (nyimbo ndi nyimbo zovina), bahrsiz - popanda tanthauzo. kukula (improvisational mughams popanda percussive accompaniment) ndi garysyg-bahrli - polymetric (nyimbo ya mugham ya mawu imamveka kumbuyo kwa kutsagana komveka bwino, otchedwa rhythmic mughams).
Udindo waukulu umaseweredwa ndi mitundu yaifupi yoyimba, yovomerezedwa ndi kubwereza kosavuta (nyimbo zamwambo ndi zovina), komanso ndi decomp yovuta ya polyrhythm. mtundu (mwachitsanzo ma ensemble aku Africa ndi sutartines aku Lithuanian). Rhythmich. Mawonekedwe ndi osiyanasiyana, amamvetsetseka kokha pokhudzana ndi zochitika zamtundu ndi malembedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu N. M. mwa anthu a ku Balkan, magule ndi ovuta, koma amapangidwa momveka bwino. mayendedwe, kuphatikiza osafanana ("aksak"), amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyimba kwaulele kwa nyimbo zokongoletsedwa zosagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru (zomwe zimatchedwa zosawerengeka). M'Chirasha M'chikhalidwe cha anthu wamba, nyimbo za kalendala ndi zaukwati zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana (zoyambazo zimatengera chinthu chimodzi chosavuta, chomalizacho chimatengera mawonekedwe ovuta, mwachitsanzo, metrorhythmic formula 6/8, 4/8, 5/8, 3 / 8, kubwerezedwa kawiri), komanso kuyimba kwanyimbo kokhala ndi nyimbo ya asymmetrical melodic rhythm. nyimbo, kugonjetsa mapangidwe a malemba, ndi epic (epics) ndi rhythm, yogwirizana kwambiri ndi mapangidwe a ndakatulo. zolemba (zomwe zimatchedwa mafomu obwereza). Ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamkati kwa nyimbo. mayendedwe amtundu uliwonse. chikhalidwe, mosiyana kugwirizana ndi kusuntha (kuvina), mawu (vesi), kupuma ndi zida, n'zovuta kupereka malo momveka bwino chachikulu. mitundu yoyimba, ngakhale kuti nyimbo zaku Africa, India, Indonesia, Far East ndi China, Japan ndi Korea, Middle East, Europe, America ndi Australia, ndi Oceania zidayikidwa kale. Nyimbo zomwe sizinasakanizidwe mu chikhalidwe chimodzi (mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa kutengera kukhalapo kapena kusakhalapo kwa kuvina) zitha kusakanikirana zina kapena kuchita chimodzimodzi pafupifupi mitundu yonse yakupanga nyimbo (makamaka ngati izi zimayendetsedwa ndi kufananiza kwa nyimbo. lolingana ndakatulo dongosolo), amene noticeable, mwachitsanzo mu runic mwambo.
Mtundu uliwonse wa chikhalidwe uli ndi mitsinje yake. mawonekedwe. Pali mawonekedwe osakhala a strophic, improvisational, ndi aperiodic, makamaka otseguka (mwachitsanzo, kulira) ndi strophic, makamaka otsekedwa (ochepa ndi cadence, symmetry of difference juxtaposition, ndi mitundu ina ya symmetry, zosinthika).
Prod., Zotengera zitsanzo zakale za N. m., nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi semantic imodzi. mzere wokhala ndi choyimbira kapena choyimbira (chomalizacho chikanakhala ndi ntchito yamatsenga). Zolemba zawo. kapangidwe nthawi zambiri monorhythmic ndi zochokera kubwerezabwereza. Kusinthika kwina kunachitika chifukwa cha mtundu wa kubwerezabwereza (mwachitsanzo, kuwirikiza kawiri kobwerezabwereza - zomwe zimatchedwa ziwerengero ziwiri) kapena kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera kwa muses watsopano. mawu (zolinga, nyimbo, melostrings, etc.) ndi kuwasokoneza ndi mtundu wa nyimbo. ma prefixes, suffixes, inflections. Maonekedwe a chinthu chatsopano amatha kutseka mawonekedwe omwe amakonda kubwerezabwereza: mwina mwa kusintha kwachangu, kapena kuwonjezera mawu omaliza. mawu (kapena zovuta zomveka). Mafomu osavuta a nyimbo (kawirikawiri mawu amodzi) adalowa m'malo mwa mawu a 2 - apa ndipamene "nyimbo zenizeni" (strophic) zimayambira.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya strophic. nyimbo imagwirizanitsidwa makamaka ndi machitidwe ake. Ngakhale AN Veselovsky adanenanso za kuthekera kopanga nyimbo posinthira oimba (amebae, antiphony, "chant chant", zojambula zosiyanasiyana za soloist mu kwaya, etc.). Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi Gurian polyphonics. nyimbo “gadadzakhiliani” (in Georgian – “echoing”). Mu nyimbo, lyric prod. Njira inanso yopangira mawonekedwe ndiyopambana - melodic. chitukuko (mtundu wa nyimbo ya ku Russia), "zambiri" zomwe zilipo pano ndizobisika, zobisika kuseri kwa aperiodicity yatsopano yamkati. nyumba.
Mu Nar. instr. nyimbo zinkachitikanso chimodzimodzi. njira. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a ntchito zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuvina ndi kupangidwa kunja kwa kuvina ndizosiyana kwambiri (monga ndi Kazakh kyui, yochokera ku epic ya dziko lonse ndipo imachitidwa mu mgwirizano wapadera wa "nkhani ndi masewera").
Choncho, anthu ndi Mlengi wa zosankha zosawerengeka, komanso zosiyanasiyana. mitundu, Mitundu, mfundo zonse za nyimbo. kuganiza.
Pokhala katundu wa anthu onse (makamaka, a chilankhulo chonse chogwirizana cha nyimbo kapena gulu la zilankhulo), N. M. samakhala ndi machitidwe opanda dzina okha, koma, koposa zonse, mwaluso ndi machitidwe a nuggets aluso. Otere pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana ndi kobzar, guslyar, buffoon, leutar, ashug, akyn, kuyshi, bakhshi, gwape, gusan, taghasats, mestvir, hafiz, olonkhosut (onani Olonkho), aed, juggler, minstrel, shpilman, etc.
Kukonzekera kwapadera kwa sayansi N. m. -nyimbo. ethnography (onani Musical ethnography) ndi kuphunzira kwake - nyimbo. nthano.
N. m anali maziko a pafupifupi onse adziko Prof. masukulu, kuyambira pakukonza kosavuta kwa ma bunks. nyimbo zopangira munthu payekha komanso kupanga limodzi, kumasulira nyimbo zamakolo. kuganiza, mwachitsanzo, malamulo okhudza munthu mmodzi kapena anthu ena. miyambo ya nyimbo. M'mikhalidwe yamakono N. m. chinakhalanso mphamvu ya feteleza onse a Prof. ndi kwa decomp. mitundu ya odzichitira okha. mlandu.
Zothandizira: Kushnarev Kh.S., Mafunso a mbiri yakale ndi chiphunzitso cha Armenian monodic music, L., 1958; Bartok B., Chifukwa chiyani komanso momwe amasonkhanitsira nyimbo zamtundu, (zotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Hung.), M., 1959; yake, Nyimbo za Folk za ku Hungary ndi anthu oyandikana nawo, (zotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Hung.), M., 1966; Melts M. Ya., nthano za ku Russia. 1917-1965. Bibliographic index, vol. 1-3, L., 1961-67; Nthano zanyimbo za anthu aku North ndi Siberia, M., 1966; Belyaev VM, Vesi ndi kayimbidwe ka nyimbo zowerengeka, "SM", 1966, No 7; Gusev VE, Aesthetics of folklore, L., 1967; Zemtsovsky II, nyimbo yojambula ya ku Russia, L., 1967; wake, Russian Soviet Musical Folklore (1917-1967), mu Sat: Questions of Theory and Aesthetics of Music, vol. 6/7, L., 1967, p. 215-63; ake, On the Systematic Study of Folklore Genres in the Light of Marxist-Leninist Methodology, in Sat: Problems of Musical Science, vol. 1, M., 1972, p. 169-97; ake, Semasiology of musical folklore, mu Sat: Mavuto a kuganiza kwa nyimbo, M., 1974, p. 177-206; wake, Melodika wa nyimbo za kalendala, L., 1975; Vinogradov VS, Music of the Soviet East, M., 1968; Music of the Peoples of Asia ndi Africa, vol. 1-2, M., 1969-73; Wheels PM, Mysicologists amachita, comp. S. Gritsa, Kipv, 1970; Kvitka KV, Izbr. ntchito, vol. 1-2, M., 1971-73; Goshovsky VL, Pachiyambi cha nyimbo zamtundu wa Asilavo, M., 1971; VI Lenin mu nyimbo za anthu a USSR. Zolemba ndi zipangizo, (zolembedwa ndi I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1971 (Folklore and folkloristics); Mbiri ya nyimbo za Asilavo. Nkhani ndi zipangizo, (zolembedwa ndi I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1972 (Folklore and folkloristics); Chistov KV, Zodziwika bwino za nthano mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, "Mavuto a Philosophy", 1972, No 6; Mavuto a zoimbaimba za anthu a USSR. Nkhani ndi zipangizo, (zolembedwa ndi I. Zemtsovsky), M., 1973 (Folklore and folkloristics); Zikhalidwe za nyimbo za anthu. Traditions and Modernity, M., 1973; Nthano zanyimbo, comp.-ed. AA Banin, vol. 1, Moscow, 1973; Zolemba za chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za anthu aku Tropical Africa, comp. L. Golden, M., 1973; Music of the Centuries, UNESCO Courier, 1973, June; Rubtsov PA, Nkhani za nyimbo zoimba, L.-M., 1973; Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zaku Latin America, comp. P Pichugin, M., 1974; Mavuto ongoyerekeza a nyimbo zoimbira za anthu, Sat. zithunzi, comp. I. Matsievsky, M., 1974. Anthologies of Folk songs - Msuzi SH
II Zemtsovsky
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