Nikolai Karlovich Medtner |

Nikolai Medtner

Ine potsiriza mu luso zopanda malire Anafika digiri yapamwamba. Glory anandimwetulira; Ndili m'mitima ya anthu ndinapeza mgwirizano ndi zolengedwa zanga. A. Pushkin. Mozart ndi Salieri

N. Medtner ali ndi malo apadera m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za Russia ndi dziko. Wojambula wa umunthu woyambirira, wopeka kwambiri, woyimba piyano komanso mphunzitsi, Medtner sanaphatikizepo nyimbo zilizonse zomwe zidachitika mzaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX. Kuyandikira pang'ono ku zokongola za okonda ku Germany (F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann), komanso kuchokera kwa oimba a ku Russia kupita ku S. Taneyev ndi A. Glazunov, Medtner anali panthawi imodzimodziyo wojambula akuyesetsa kuti apange mawonekedwe atsopano, ali ndi zambiri zodziwika ndi luso lanzeru. Stravinsky ndi S. Prokofiev.

Medtner anachokera ku banja lolemera mu miyambo yojambula: amayi ake anali oimira banja lodziwika bwino la nyimbo Gedike; mbale Emilius anali wafilosofi, wolemba, wotsutsa nyimbo (wonyezimira Wolfing); mbale wina, Alexander, ndi woimba violin ndi kondakitala. Mu 1900, N. Medtner anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Moscow Conservatory m'kalasi ya piano ya V. Safonov. Pa nthawi yomweyi, adaphunziranso zolemba motsogoleredwa ndi S. Taneyev ndi A. Arensky. Dzina lake linalembedwa pamwala wa nsangalabwi wa Moscow Conservatory. Medtner anayamba ntchito yake ndi kuchita bwino pa III International Competition. A. Rubinstein (Vienna, 1900) ndipo adadziwika kuti ndi wopeka ndi nyimbo zake zoyamba (piyano yozungulira "Mood Pictures", etc.). Mawu a Medtner, woyimba piyano ndi wopeka nyimbo, adamveka nthawi yomweyo ndi oimba ovuta kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi zoimbaimba S. Rachmaninov ndi A. Scriabin, zoimbaimba wolemba Medtner anali zochitika mu moyo nyimbo mu Russia ndi kunja. M. Shahinyan anakumbukira kuti madzulo ameneŵa “anali tchuthi cha omvetsera.”

Mu 1909-10 ndi 1915-21. Medtner anali pulofesa wa piyano ku Moscow Conservatory. Pakati pa ophunzira ake pali oimba ambiri otchuka pambuyo pake: A. Shatskes, N. Shtember, B. Khaikin. B. Sofronitsky, L. Oborin anagwiritsa ntchito malangizo a Medtner. Mu 20s. Medtner anali membala wa MUZO Narkompros ndipo nthawi zambiri ankalankhula ndi A. Lunacharsky.

Kuyambira 1921, Medtner wakhala kunja, kupereka zoimbaimba ku Ulaya ndi USA. Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake mpaka imfa yake, ankakhala ku England. Kwa zaka zonse kunja, Medtner anakhalabe wojambula Russian. "Ndimalota ndikufika kudziko lakwathu ndikusewera pamaso pa anthu amtundu wanga," analemba motero m'modzi mwa makalata ake omaliza. Cholowa chopanga cha Medtner chimakwirira ma opus opitilira 60, ambiri omwe ndi nyimbo za piyano komanso zachikondi. Medtner adapereka ulemu ku mawonekedwe akulu mu ma concerto ake atatu a piyano komanso mu Ballad Concerto, mtundu wa zida za chipindacho umayimiriridwa ndi Piano Quintet.

M'zolemba zake, Medtner ndi wojambula wodziwika bwino komanso wadziko lenileni, akuwonetsa zovuta zaluso zanthawi yake. Nyimbo zake zimadziwika ndi kumverera kwa thanzi lauzimu ndi kukhulupirika ku malamulo abwino kwambiri a classics, ngakhale kuti wolembayo anali ndi mwayi wogonjetsa kukayikira zambiri ndipo nthawi zina amadzifotokozera m'chinenero chovuta. Izi zikusonyeza kufanana pakati pa Medtner ndi olemba ndakatulo a m'nthawi yake monga A. Blok ndi Andrei Bely.

Malo apakati pa cholowa chopanga cha Medtner amakhala ndi piano 14 sonatas. Modabwitsa ndi luntha lolimbikitsa, ali ndi dziko lonse la zithunzi zanyimbo zozama m'maganizo. Amadziwika ndi kukula kwa kusiyana, chisangalalo chachikondi, chokhazikika chamkati komanso nthawi yomweyo kusinkhasinkha kotentha. Ena mwa ma sonatas ndi achilengedwe mwachilengedwe ("Sonata-elegy", "Sonata-nthano", "Sonata-chikumbutso", "Romantic sonata", "Thunderous sonata", etc.), onsewa ndi osiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi zithunzi zanyimbo. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, ngati imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri za epic sonatas (op. 25) ndi sewero lenileni la mawu, chithunzi chachikulu cha nyimbo cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndakatulo ya filosofi ya F. Tyutchev "Mukulira chiyani, mphepo yausiku", ndiye "Sonata-remembrance" (kuchokera mkombero wa "Forgotten Motives, op.38) amadzazidwa ndi ndakatulo za zolemba zowona za Chirasha, mawu odekha a moyo. Gulu lodziwika bwino la nyimbo za piyano limatchedwa "nthano" (mtundu wopangidwa ndi Medtner) ndipo umayimiridwa ndi mikombero khumi. Uwu ndi mndandanda wamasewera anyimbo komanso nyimbo zamakanema okhala ndi mitu yosiyanasiyana ("Nthano Yachi Russia", "Lear in the steppe", "Knight's Procession", ndi zina zotero). Osatchuka kwambiri ndi magawo atatu a piyano pansi pamutu wamba "Zoiwalika Zoyiwalika".

Ma concerto a piyano opangidwa ndi Medtner ndi ofunika kwambiri komanso omveka bwino, opambana kwambiri ndi Oyamba (1921), omwe zithunzi zake zimakhudzidwa ndi chipwirikiti choopsa cha Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse.

Zokonda za Medtner (zoposa 100) zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso zimamvekera bwino, nthawi zambiri zimakhala mawu oletsedwa okhala ndi filosofi yozama. Nthawi zambiri amalembedwa m'mawu amtundu wanyimbo, kuwulula dziko lauzimu la munthu; ambiri ndi odzipereka ku zithunzi za chilengedwe. Alakatuli omwe ankakonda kwambiri a Medtner anali A. Pushkin (32 romances), F. Tyutchev (15), IV Goethe (30). M'mawu achikondi ku mawu andakatulo awa, mawonekedwe atsopano a nyimbo zamawu a chipinda chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1935 monga kufalitsa mochenjera kwa kubwereza mawu ndi gawo lalikulu, nthawi zina lodziwika bwino la gawo la piyano, zimatuluka momasuka, zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi wolemba. Medtner amadziwika osati ngati woyimba, komanso wolemba mabuku okhudza luso la nyimbo: Muse and Fashion (1963) ndi The Daily Work of a Pianist and Composer (XNUMX).

Mfundo zopanga ndi kuchita za Medtner zidakhudza kwambiri luso lanyimbo lazaka za zana la XNUMX. Miyambo yake idapangidwa ndikupangidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri odziwika bwino oimba: AN Aleksandrov, Yu. Shaporin, V. Shebalin, E. Golubev ndi ena. -d'Alheim, G. Neuhaus, S. Richter, I. Arkhipov, E. Svetlanov ndi ena.

Njira ya nyimbo za dziko la Russia ndi zamakono ndizosatheka kulingalira popanda Medtner, monga momwe sizingatheke kulingalira popanda anthu a m'nthawi yake S. Rachmaninov, A. Scriabin, I. Stravinsky ndi S. Prokofiev.

ZA. Tompakova