Dariyo Milhaud |

Darius Milhaud

Ambiri anam’patsa dzina lanzeru, ndipo ambiri ankamuona ngati munthu wachinyengo amene cholinga chake chachikulu chinali “kugwedeza mabwinja.” M. Bauer

Creativity D. Milhaud analemba tsamba lowala, lokongola mu nyimbo za ku France za zaka za XX. Idafotokoza momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino momwe dziko lapansi likuyendera pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 20s, ndipo dzina la Milhaud linali pakati pa mikangano yovuta kwambiri ya nyimbo za nthawiyo.

Milhaud anabadwira kumwera kwa France; Nthano za Provencal ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lakwawo zinasindikizidwa kwamuyaya mu moyo wa wolembayo ndikudzaza luso lake ndi kukoma kwapadera kwa Mediterranean. Masitepe oyamba mu nyimbo adalumikizidwa ndi violin, pomwe Milhaud adaphunzira koyamba ku Aix, ndipo kuyambira 1909 ku Paris Conservatory ndi Bertelier. Koma posakhalitsa chilakolako chofuna kulemba chinayamba. Ena mwa aphunzitsi a Milhaud anali P. Dukas, A. Gedalzh, C. Vidor, komanso V. d'Andy (mu Schola cantorum).

M'zolemba zoyambirira (zokonda, ma ensembles achipinda), chikoka cha C. Debussy chikuwoneka. Kukulitsa chikhalidwe cha Chifalansa (H. Berlioz, J. Bazet, Debussy), Milhaud adalandira kwambiri nyimbo za ku Russia - M. Mussorgsky, I. Stravinsky. Ma ballet a Stravinsky (makamaka The Rite of Spring, omwe adadodometsa dziko lonse la nyimbo) adathandiza wolemba nyimboyo kuti awone zatsopano.

Ngakhale m'zaka za nkhondo, magawo awiri oyambirira a opera-oratorio trilogy "Oresteia: Agamemnon" (2) ndi "Choephors" (1914) analengedwa; Gawo 1915 la Eumenides linalembedwa pambuyo pake (3). Mu trilogy, wolembayo amasiya luso lokopa chidwi ndikupeza chilankhulo chatsopano chosavuta. Kuimba nyimbo kumakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yofotokozera (motero, kubwereza kwa kwaya nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi zida zoimbira). Mmodzi mwa Milhaud woyamba adagwiritsa ntchito pano kuphatikiza makiyi osiyanasiyana (polytonality) kuti apititse patsogolo kumveka kwa mawu. Zolemba za tsoka la Aeschylus zinamasuliridwa ndikusinthidwa ndi wolemba masewero wotchuka wa ku France P. Claudel, bwenzi lake ndi Milhaud wamaganizo kwa zaka zambiri. "Ndinadzipeza ndili pakhomo la luso lofunika komanso lathanzi ... momwe munthu amamva mphamvu, mphamvu, uzimu ndi chikondi chomasulidwa kuchokera ku maunyolo. Ichi ndi luso la Paul Claudel! " woimbayo anakumbukira pambuyo pake.

Mu 1916, Claudel anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe ku Brazil, ndipo Milhaud, monga mlembi wake, anapita naye limodzi. Milhaud adawonetsa chidwi chake chifukwa cha kuwala kwa mitundu yotentha, kusakhazikika komanso kuchuluka kwa nthano za ku Latin America mu Zovina za ku Brazil, komwe kuphatikiza kwa nyimbo ndi kutsagana kumapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lakuthwa kwapadera ndi zonunkhira. The ballet Man and His Desire (1918, script ya Claudel) inauziridwa ndi kuvina kwa V. Nijinsky, yemwe anapita ku Rio de Janeiro ndi gulu la ballet la S. Diaghilev la Russia.

Kubwerera ku Paris (1919), Milhaud amalowa m'gulu la "Six", olimbikitsa malingaliro omwe anali wolemba E. Satie ndi wolemba ndakatulo J. Cocteau. Mamembala a gululi adatsutsa kukokomeza kwa chikondi ndi kusinthasintha kwapadziko lapansi, chifukwa cha luso la "padziko lapansi", luso la "tsiku lililonse". Phokoso lazaka za zana la XNUMX limalowa mu nyimbo za oimba achichepere: nyimbo zaukadaulo ndi holo yanyimbo.

Ma ballet angapo opangidwa ndi Milhaud m'zaka za m'ma 20s amagwirizanitsa mzimu wa eccentricity, sewero lamasewera. Mu ballet Bull on the Roof (1920, script yolembedwa ndi Cocteau), yomwe ikuwonetsa bala yaku America pazaka zoletsedwa, nyimbo zamavinidwe amakono, monga tango, zimamveka. Mu The Creation of the World (1923), Milhaud atembenukira ku kalembedwe ka jazi, akutenga monga chitsanzo cha oimba a Harlem (Negro quarter ya New York), woimbayo anakumana ndi oimba amtunduwu paulendo wake wa ku United States. Mu ballet "Saladi" (1924), kutsitsimutsa mwambo wa sewero lanthabwala masks, nyimbo zakale Italy zikumveka.

Kusaka kwa Milhaud kumasiyanasiyananso pamitundu yama opaleshoni. Kumbuyo kwa zisudzo za m'chipinda (Masautso a Orpheus, Osauka Sailor, ndi zina zotero) kumatuluka sewero lopambana la Christopher Columbus (pambuyo pa Claudel), pachimake pa ntchito ya wolembayo. Ntchito zambiri zamasewera oimba zidalembedwa m'ma 20s. Panthawiyi, ma symphonies a chipinda cha 6, sonatas, quartets, etc.

Wopeka nyimboyo wayenda kwambiri. Mu 1926 anapita ku USSR. Zochita zake ku Moscow ndi Leningrad sizinasiye aliyense wosayanjanitsika. Malinga n’kunena kwa mboni zowona ndi maso, “ena anakwiya, ena anathedwa nzeru, ena anali otsimikiza, ndipo achichepere anali osangalala.”

M'zaka za m'ma 30, luso la Milhaud likuyandikira mavuto oyaka moto amasiku ano. Pamodzi ndi R. Rolland. L. Aragon ndi abwenzi ake, mamembala a gulu la Six, Milhaud wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito ya People's Musical Federation (kuyambira 1936), akulemba nyimbo, kwaya, ndi cantatas zamagulu osaphunzira komanso unyinji wa anthu. Mu cantatas, amatembenukira ku mitu yaumunthu ("Imfa ya Wankhanza", "Peace Cantata", "War Cantata", etc.). Wolembayo amapangiranso masewero osangalatsa a ana, nyimbo za mafilimu.

Kuukira kwa asitikali a Nazi ku France kunakakamiza Milhaud kusamukira ku United States (1940), komwe adayamba kuphunzitsa pa Mills College (pafupi ndi Los Angeles). Atakhala pulofesa ku Paris Conservatory (1947) atabwerera kwawo, Milhaud sanasiye ntchito yake ku America ndipo ankapita kumeneko nthawi zonse.

Mochulukirapo amakopeka ndi nyimbo za zida. Pambuyo pa ma symphonies asanu ndi limodzi a nyimbo zachipinda (zopangidwa mu 1917-23), adalemba ma symphonies ena 12. Milhaud ndi mlembi wa 18 quartets, orchestral suites, overtures and many concertos: piyano (5), viola (2), cello (2), violin, oboe, zeze, harpsichord, percussion, marimba ndi vibraphone ndi orchestra. Chidwi cha Milhaud pamutu wankhondo yomenyera ufulu sichifowoka (sewero la Bolivar - 1943; Symphony Yachinayi, yolembedwa zaka zana zakusintha kwa 1848; Cantata Castle of Fire - 1954, yoperekedwa kukumbukira omwe adazunzidwa. fascism, kuwotchedwa m'misasa yachibalo).

Zina mwa ntchito za zaka makumi atatu zapitazi ndi zolemba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana: nyimbo yopambana kwambiri ya David (1952), yolembedwa pazaka 3000 za Yerusalemu, opera-oratorio mayi wa St. "(1970, pambuyo pa P. Beaumarchais), ma ballet angapo (kuphatikiza" Mabelu "wolemba E. Poe), zida zambiri zoimbira.

Milhaud adakhala ku Geneva zaka zingapo zapitazi, akupitiliza kulemba ndikugwira ntchito pomaliza buku lake lolemba mbiri, My Happy Life.

K. Zenkin

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