Nikolai Rubinstein (Nikolai Rubinstein) |

Nikolai Rubinstein

Russian piyano, kondakitala, mphunzitsi, nyimbo ndi anthu. Mchimwene wa AG Rubinstein. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 4 adaphunzira kuimba piyano motsogoleredwa ndi amayi ake. Mu 1844-46 ankakhala ku Berlin ndi amayi ake ndi mchimwene wake, komwe adaphunzira kuchokera ku T. Kullak (piyano) ndi Z. Dehn (kugwirizana, polyphony, mitundu ya nyimbo). Atabwerera ku Moscow, adaphunzira ndi AI Villuan, yemwe adapanga naye ulendo wake woyamba wa konsati (1846-47). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50. adalowa mu Law Faculty of Moscow University (anamaliza maphunziro awo mu 1855). Mu 1858 anayambiranso ntchito zoimbaimba (Moscow, London). Mu 1859 anayambitsa kutsegula kwa nthambi ya Moscow ya RMS, kuyambira 1860 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake anali wapampando wake ndi wochititsa zoimbaimba symphony. Maphunziro a nyimbo omwe adawakonza pa RMS adasinthidwa mu 1866 kukhala Moscow Conservatory (mpaka 1881 pulofesa wake ndi wotsogolera).

Rubinstein ndi m'modzi mwa oimba piyano otchuka kwambiri munthawi yake. Komabe, luso lake losewera silinali lodziwika kunja kwa Russia (chimodzi mwazosiyana chinali masewero ake opambana pamakonsati a World Exhibition, Paris, 1878, komwe adachita nawo 1st Piano Concerto yolembedwa ndi PI Tchaikovsky). Nthawi zambiri ankaimba zoimbaimba ku Moscow. Mbiri yake inali yowunikira m'chilengedwe, yodabwitsa m'lifupi mwake: concertos kwa piyano ndi orchestra ndi JS Bach, L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, AG Rubinstein; amagwira ntchito ya piyano ndi Beethoven ndi oimba ena akale komanso makamaka achikondi - R. Schumann, Chopin, Liszt (wotsirizirayo ankawona kuti Rubinstein ndi woimba bwino kwambiri wa "Dance of Death" yake ndipo adapereka "Fantasy on themes of the Ruins of Athens" iye). Wofalitsa nyimbo za ku Russia, Rubinstein adachita mobwerezabwereza zongopeka za limba ya Balakirev "Islamey" ndi zidutswa zina za olemba aku Russia odzipereka kwa iye. Udindo wa Rubinstein ndi wapadera monga womasulira limba nyimbo Tchaikovsky (woimba woyamba wa ambiri nyimbo zake), amene anapereka kwa Rubinstein 2 concerto kwa limba ndi oimba, "Russian Scherzo", chikondi "Choncho! …”, analemba limba atatu "Memory" pa imfa ya Rubinstein wojambula wamkulu.

Masewera a Rubinstein adasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake, ungwiro waukadaulo, kuphatikiza kogwirizana kwamalingaliro ndi zomveka, kukwanira kwamalembedwe, kumveka bwino. Zinalibe zodzidzimutsa, zomwe zinadziwika mu masewera a AG Rubinshtein. Rubinstein nayenso anachita mu chipinda ensembles ndi F. Laub, LS Auer ndi ena.

Zochita za Rubinstein monga kondakitala zinali zamphamvu. Makonsati oposa 250 a RMS ku Moscow, makonsati angapo ku St. Ku Moscow, motsogozedwa ndi Rubinstein, ntchito zazikulu za oratorio ndi symphonic zidachitika: cantatas, unyinji wa JS Bach, zolemba za GF Handel, symphonies, opera overtures ndi Requiem ya WA Mozart, symphonic overtures, piyano ndi violin concertos (ndi oimba) ndi Beethoven, onse ma symphonies ndi ntchito zazikulu kwambiri za F. Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, overtures ndi zolemba zochokera ku zisudzo za R. Wagner. Rubinstein anakhudza mapangidwe a dziko kuchita sukulu. Iye nthawi zonse m'mapulogalamu ake ntchito za olemba Russian - MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, AG Rubinstein, Balakirev, AP Borodin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Ntchito zambiri za Tchaikovsky zinachitidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba pansi pa ndodo ya Rubinstein: 1st-4th symphonies (ya 1 idaperekedwa kwa Rubinstein), 1st suite, ndakatulo ya symphonic "Fatum", "Romeo ndi Juliet" yongopeka. symphonic fantasy "Francesca da Rimini", "Italian Capriccio", nyimbo za nthano ya masika ndi AN Ostrovsky "The Snow Maiden", ndi zina zotero. Analinso wotsogolera nyimbo ndi wotsogolera zisudzo ku Moscow Conservatory, kuphatikizapo kupanga koyamba. opera "Eugene Onegin" (1879). Rubinstein monga kondakitala anasiyanitsidwa ndi chifuniro chake chachikulu, luso mwamsanga kuphunzira zidutswa zatsopano ndi oimba, kulondola ndi plasticity wa manja ake.

Monga mphunzitsi, Rubinstein analera osati virtuosos, komanso oimba ophunzitsidwa bwino. Iye anali mlembi wa maphunziro, amene kwa zaka zambiri kuphunzitsa kunachitika mu makalasi limba wa Moscow Conservatory. Maziko a pedagogy wake anali kuphunzira mozama nyimbo zolembedwa, kumvetsa ophiphiritsa dongosolo la ntchito ndi mbiri ndi kalembedwe kachitidwe anasonyeza mmenemo mwa kusanthula zinthu chinenero nyimbo. Malo aakulu adaperekedwa kuti awonetsere munthu payekha. Pakati pa ophunzira a Rubinstein ndi SI Taneev, AI Ziloti, E. Sauer, NN Kalinovskaya, F. Friedenthal, RV Genika, NA Muromtseva, A. Yu. Zograf (Dulova) ndi ena. Taneyev anapereka cantata "Yohane wa ku Damasiko" kukumbukira mphunzitsi.

Zochita za Rubinstein zoimba ndi zamagulu, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukwera kwa chikhalidwe cha 50s ndi 60s, zidasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha demokarasi, maphunziro. Pofuna kuti nyimbo zizipezeka kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, iye anakonza zotchedwa. zoimbaimba. Monga mkulu wa Moscow Conservatory, Rubinshtein akwaniritsa ukadaulo wapamwamba wa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kusintha kwa Conservatory kukhala maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri, utsogoleri gulu (anaona kufunika kwambiri luso Council luso), maphunziro a zosunthika ophunzira oimba (chidwi nyimbo ndi luso). maphunziro a theoretical). Pokhudzidwa ndi kulengedwa kwa ogwira ntchito zapakhomo ndi zophunzitsa, adakopeka ndi maphunziro, pamodzi ndi Laub, B. Kosman, J. Galvani ndi ena, Tchaikovsky, GA Laroche, ND Kashkin, AI Dyubyuk, NS Zverev, AD Aleksandrov-Kochetov, DV. Razumovsky, Taneev. Rubinstein adatsogoleranso madipatimenti oimba a Polytechnical (1872) ndi All-Russian (1881). Iye anachita zambiri mu zoimbaimba zachifundo, mu 1877-78 iye anapita mizinda ya Russia mokomera Red Cross.

Rubinstein ndi mlembi wa zidutswa za piyano (zolembedwa muunyamata wake), kuphatikizapo mazurka, bolero, tarantella, polonaise, etc. (lofalitsidwa ndi Jurgenson), orchestral overture, nyimbo za sewero la VP Begichev ndi AN Kanshin ” Cat ndi Mouse (orchestral). ndi manambala oimba, 1861, Maly Theatre, Moscow). Iye anali mkonzi wa kope la Chirasha la Complete Piano Works la Mendelssohn. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Russia, adasindikiza nyimbo zosankhidwa (nyimbo) za Schubert ndi Schumann (1862).

Pokhala ndi udindo waukulu, kuyankha, kusakhudzidwa, anali kutchuka kwambiri ku Moscow. Chaka chilichonse, kwa zaka zambiri, zoimbaimba pokumbukira Rubinstein ankachitikira ku Moscow Conservatory ndi RMO. M'zaka za m'ma 1900 panali bwalo la Rubinstein.

LZ Korabelnikova