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kuchokera ku Greek pausis - kuthetsa, kusiya; lat. silentium kapena pausa, Italy. puma, chete French kapena kupuma, eng. kukhala chete kapena kupuma

Kupuma kwa mawu amodzi, angapo kapena mawu onse a Muses omwe amakhala kwa nthawi inayake. ntchito, komanso chizindikiro cha nyimbo chosonyeza kusweka kwa mawu. M'magulu akuluakulu. m'nyimbo, magulu oimba, kwaya komanso m'masewero a zisudzo, kutha kwa mawu kumatchedwa kupuma kwapang'onopang'ono.

Lingaliro la P. likuimiridwa kale mu nyimbo zakale. chiphunzitso, chomwe chinawona mizere yonse yolakwika yandakatulo kukhala yolondola yofupikitsidwa ndi kupuma; P. anasonyezedwa ndi chizindikiro ^ (ndi zizindikiro zowonjezera za kupuma kwautali); P., kuphwanya mita inayake, ankadziwikanso. Mu osakhala amisala (onani Nevma) ndi zolemba zakwaya, panalibe zizindikiro za P. Komabe, panthawi inayake pakukula kwa nyimbo zakwaya, m'mphepete mwa zigawo za nyimboyo zidayamba kuwonetsedwa ndi mzere wogawa. Kubwera kwa polyphony, mawonekedwe awa adakhala chizindikiro cha kupuma pang'ono kwautali wosadziwika. Kutchulidwa kwa kupuma kosiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa nthawi kunadza ndi zizindikiro za m'mimba. Ngakhale m’zaka zake zoyambirira (zaka za m’ma 12 mpaka m’ma 13), panthaŵi zonse zoimba nyimbo zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, zizindikiro zofananira za P. zinayambitsidwa: pausa longa perfecta (gawo zitatu), pausa longa imperfecta (magawo aŵiri), pausa brevis ndi semipausa. , wofanana ndi semibrevis; mafotokozedwe ena a iwo pambuyo pake adasinthidwa.

Poyambitsa zolemba zing'onozing'ono - minima, semiminima, fusa ndi semifusa - zizindikiro za P., zofanana ndi longitude yawo, zinabwerekedwa kuchokera ku dongosolo la tablature.

M'zaka za zana la 16 njira yolembera kuyimitsidwa kwakhala motere:

Kupuma kwa mensural notation

M'masiku ano P. amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba nyimbo: lonse, theka, kotala, lachisanu ndi chitatu, lakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, la makumi atatu, la makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zinayi, ndipo nthawi zina - breve, yofanana ndi nthawi ya zolemba ziwiri zonse. Kuonjezera nthawi ya P. ndi 1/2, 1/2 + 1/4, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8, etc., komanso kuwonjezera nthawi ya cholemba, madontho amagwiritsidwa ntchito. . Kupuma muyeso yonse, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwake, kumasonyezedwa ndi chizindikiro P., chofanana ndi cholemba chonse. P. mu miyeso ya 2-4 imasonyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zobwerekedwa kuchokera ku mensural notation, P., zofanana ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha miyeso, kupyolera mwa kutsatizana kwa zizindikiro izi kapena mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro zapadera za kupuma kwakukulu ndi manambala olembedwa pamwamba pawo. zogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa miyeso ya kupuma.

Kuyima kwa zolemba zamakono

Ngati poyamba P. makamaka ankatanthauza articulation wa melodic. mawu, pang'onopang'ono anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa melodic. mapangidwe, kukhala ofunikira kwambiri. zikutanthauza. Monga X. Riemann ananenera, kupuma kotereku sikukhala ndi "ziro", koma kutanthawuza "zoipa", zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kufotokozera kwa muses wakale ndi wotsatira. zomangamanga. Ikufotokoza ndi zitsanzo. kupuma kumatha kukhala zitsanzo zambiri zachikale. nyimbo, mwachitsanzo. "Mutu wa tsoka" kuchokera ku gawo loyamba la symphony ya 1 ya Beethoven, pomwe P. amazama kwambiri. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, kapena nyimbo ya chikondi cha Tchaikovsky "Pakati pa Mpira Waphokoso", pomwe mthunzi wa kupuma kwapakatikati kumalumikizidwa makamaka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kupuma. Onani Mensural notation, Rhythm.

Mu Russian ena. chiphunzitso cha nyimbo pa nthawi ya kusintha kuchokera ku mbedza notation kupita ku square notation, panali njira yake yopangira maulendo: edna - lonse, eu (kapena es) - theka, mitengo (mitengo) - kotala, sep kapena sema - chachisanu ndi chitatu; bwenzi - miyeso iwiri; chachitatu - miyeso itatu, chvarta - miyeso inayi, ndi zina.

Zothandizira: Diletsky H., Woimba Grammar, (St. Petersburg), 1910.

VA Vakhromeev