Heinrich Schütz |

Heinrich Schuetz

Schutz. Kleine geistliche konzerte. "O Herr, hilf" (nyimbo ndi kwaya yoyendetsedwa ndi Wilhelm Echmann)

Chisangalalo cha alendo, kuwala kwa Germany, tchalitchi, Mphunzitsi wosankhidwa. Zolembedwa pamanda a G. Schütz ku Dresden

H. Schutz akutenga mu nyimbo zachijeremani malo olemekezeka a kholo lakale, "bambo wa nyimbo zachijeremani zatsopano" (mawu a m'nthawi yake). Zithunzi za ojambula otchuka omwe adabweretsa kutchuka padziko lonse ku Germany akuyamba nawo, ndipo njira yopita ku JS Bach yafotokozedwanso.

Schutz ankakhala mu nthawi yomwe inali yosowa pokhudzana ndi zochitika za ku Ulaya ndi zapadziko lonse, kusintha, chiyambi cha kuwerengera kwatsopano m'mbiri ndi chikhalidwe. Moyo wake wautali unaphatikizapo zochitika zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimalankhula za kupuma kwa nthawi, mapeto ndi zoyambira, monga kutenthedwa kwa G. Bruno, kuchotsedwa kwa G. Galileo, chiyambi cha ntchito za I. Newton ndi GV Leibniz, kulengedwa kwa Hamlet ndi Don Quixote. Udindo wa Schutz pa nthawi ya kusintha sikuli mu kupangidwa kwatsopano, koma mu kaphatikizidwe ka zigawo zolemera kwambiri za chikhalidwe kuyambira ku Middle Ages, ndi zomwe zachitika posachedwa kuchokera ku Italy. Anatsegula njira yatsopano yachitukuko cha nyimbo zakumbuyo zaku Germany.

Oimba achijeremani adawona Schutze ngati Mphunzitsi, ngakhale popanda kukhala ophunzira ake m'lingaliro lenileni la mawuwo. Ngakhale kuti ophunzira enieni omwe anapitiriza ntchito yomwe adayambitsa m'madera osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha dziko, adasiya zambiri. Schutz adachita zambiri kukulitsa moyo wanyimbo ku Germany, kulangiza, kukonza ndikusintha ma chapel osiyanasiyana (panalibe kusowa kwa kuyitanira). Ndipo izi ndi kuwonjezera pa ntchito yake yaitali monga bandmaster mu umodzi wa makhoti woyamba nyimbo Europe - Dresden, ndipo kwa zaka zingapo - mu wotchuka Copenhagen.

Mphunzitsi wa Ajeremani onse, anapitirizabe kuphunzira kwa ena ngakhale m’zaka zake zokhwima. Kotero, iye anapita kawiri ku Venice kuti apite patsogolo: ali wamng'ono adaphunzira ndi G. Gabrieli wotchuka ndipo mbuye wodziwika kale adadziwa zomwe C. Monteverdi adatulukira. Katswiri woyimba, wokonza bizinesi ndi wasayansi, yemwe adasiya zolemba zamtengo wapatali zolembedwa ndi wophunzira wake wokondedwa K. Bernhard, Schutz anali abwino omwe olemba nyimbo a ku Germany ankafuna. Anasiyanitsidwa ndi chidziwitso chozama m'madera osiyanasiyana, m'magulu ambiri omwe ankalankhula nawo anali olemba ndakatulo a ku Germany M. Opitz, P. Fleming, I. Rist, komanso maloya odziwika bwino, akatswiri a zaumulungu, ndi asayansi achilengedwe. Ndizodabwitsa kuti chisankho chomaliza cha ntchito ya woimba chinapangidwa ndi Schütz ali ndi zaka makumi atatu, zomwe, komabe, zinakhudzidwanso ndi chifuniro cha makolo ake, omwe ankafuna kumuwona ngati loya. Schütz anafika ngakhale pa maphunziro a zamalamulo ku mayunivesite a Marburg ndi Leipzig.

Cholowa cholenga cha wolembayo ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Pafupifupi nyimbo 500 zatsala, ndipo izi, monga momwe akatswiri amanenera, ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu okha a zomwe analemba. Schütz analemba mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zambiri ndi zotayika mpaka ukalamba. Ali ndi zaka 86, pokhala pafupi ndi imfa komanso kusamalira nyimbo zomwe zidzamveke pamaliro ake, adapanga imodzi mwa nyimbo zake zabwino kwambiri - "German Magnificat". Ngakhale kuti nyimbo za Schutz zokha zimadziwika, cholowa chake ndi chodabwitsa chifukwa cha kusiyana kwake. Iye ndi mlembi wa madrigals achi Italiya okongola komanso nkhani za evangelical zodzipatula, ma monologue ochititsa chidwi komanso masalmo opambana a kwaya. Ali ndi opera yoyamba yaku Germany, ballet (yoyimba) ndi oratorio. Chitsogozo chachikulu cha ntchito yake, komabe, chikugwirizana ndi nyimbo zopatulika za malemba a m'Baibulo (makonsati, ma motets, nyimbo, ndi zina zotero), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha Germany cha nthawi yodabwitsa ya Germany ndi zosowa za zigawo zikuluzikulu za anthu. Ndipotu, mbali yofunika ya njira kulenga Schutz anapitiriza mu nthawi ya Nkhondo Zaka makumi atatu, wosangalatsa mu nkhanza ndi mphamvu zowononga. Malingana ndi mwambo wautali wa Chiprotestanti, iye anachita mu ntchito zake makamaka osati monga woimba, koma monga mlangizi, mlaliki, kuyesetsa kudzutsa ndi kulimbikitsa malingaliro apamwamba a makhalidwe abwino mwa omvera ake, kutsutsa zowopsya zenizeni ndi mphamvu ndi umunthu.

Lingaliro lambiri la ntchito za Schutz nthawi zina limatha kuwoneka ngati losasunthika, louma, koma masamba abwino kwambiri a ntchito yake amakhudzabe chiyero ndi mawu, ukulu ndi umunthu. Mwa izi, ali ndi zofanana ndi zojambula za Rembrandt - wojambulayo, malinga ndi ambiri, amadziwa Schutz ndipo adamupanga kukhala chitsanzo cha "Chithunzi cha Woimba".

O. Zakharova