Sofia Asgatovna Gubaidulina (Sofia Gubaidulina) |

Sofia Gubaidlina

Pa ola limenelo, moyo, ndakatulo Zadziko kulikonse kumene mukufuna Kulamulira, - nyumba yachifumu ya miyoyo, Moyo, ndakatulo. M. Tsvetaeva

S. Gubaidulina ndi m'modzi mwa olemba odziwika kwambiri aku Soviet m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Nyimbo zake zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zazikulu zamaganizo, mzere waukulu wa chitukuko ndipo, panthawi imodzimodziyo, chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha kumveka kwa phokoso - chikhalidwe cha timbre, njira yochitira.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika zomwe SA Gubaidulina adapanga ndikuphatikiza zikhalidwe za Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi chiyambi chake kuchokera ku banja la Russian-Tatar, moyo woyamba ku Tataria, kenako ku Moscow. Osakhala wa "avant-gardism", kapena "minimalism", kapena "folklore wave" kapena zina zonse zamakono, ali ndi mawonekedwe akeake owala.

Gubaidulina ndi mlembi wa ntchito zambiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kutulutsa mawu kumadutsa mu ntchito yake yonse: "Facelia" yoyambirira yochokera ku ndakatulo ya M. Prishvin (1956); cantatas "Night in Memphis" (1968) ndi "Rubaiyat" (1969) pa St. olemba ndakatulo akum'maŵa; oratorio "Laudatio pacis" (pa siteshoni ya J. Comenius, mogwirizana ndi M. Kopelent ndi PX Dietrich - 1975); "Kuzindikira" kwa oimba nyimbo ndi zingwe ensemble (1983); "Kudzipereka kwa Marina Tsvetaeva" kwa kwaya cappella (1984) ndi ena.

The kwambiri zambiri gulu la chipinda nyimbo: Piano Sonata (1965); Maphunziro asanu a azeze, ma bass awiri ndi percussion (1965); "Concordanza" kwa gulu la zida (1971); 3 zingwe quartets (1971, 1987, 1987); "Nyimbo za harpsichord ndi zida zoimbira zochokera ku Mark Pekarsky" (1972); "Detto-II" ya cello ndi zida 13 (1972); Maphunziro Khumi (Zoyambira) za cello solo (1974); Concerto ya bassoon ndi zingwe zotsika (1975); "Kuwala ndi Mdima" kwa organ (1976); "Detto-I" - Sonata kwa limba ndi percussion (1978); "De prolundis" ya batani accordion (1978), "Jubilation" kwa oimba nyimbo anayi (1979), "In croce" ya cello ndi organ (1979); "Pachiyambi panali rhythm" kwa oimba ng'oma 7 (1984); "Quasi hoketus" ya piano, viola ndi bassoon (1984) ndi ena.

Dera la ntchito za symphonic ndi Gubaidulina limaphatikizapo "Masitepe" a orchestra (1972); "Hour of the Soul" yoimba paokha, mezzo-soprano ndi orchestra ya symphony ku St. Marina Tsvetaeva (1976); Concerto for two orchestras, zosiyanasiyana ndi symphony (1976); ma concertos a piyano (1978) ndi violin ndi orchestra (1980); Symphony "Stimmen… Verftummen ..." ("I Hear... It has Been Silent..." - 1986) ndi ena. Chimodzi mwazolemba zake ndi zamagetsi, "Vivente - non vivante" (1970). Nyimbo za Gubaidulina zamakanema ndizofunikira: "Mowgli", "Balagan" (zojambula), "Vertical", "Dipatimenti", "Smerch", "Scarecrow", ndi zina zotero. Gubaidulina adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Kazan Conservatory mu 1954 ngati woyimba piyano ( ndi G. Kogan ), anaphunzira mwa kusankha kulemba ndi A. Lehman. Monga wolemba nyimbo, anamaliza maphunziro ake ku Moscow Conservatory (1959, ndi N. Peiko) ndi maphunziro a sukulu (1963, ndi V. Shebalin). Pofuna kudzipereka yekha ku zilandiridwenso, anasankha njira ya wojambula ufulu kwa moyo wake wonse.

Creativity Gubaidulina anali wodziwika pang'ono pa nthawi ya "stagnation", ndipo perestroika yekha anamuchititsa kuzindikira lonse. Ntchito za mbuye Soviet analandira kuyamikira kwambiri kunja. Chotero, m’kati mwa Chikondwerero cha Boston of Soviet Music (1988), imodzi ya nkhanizo inali ndi mutu wakuti: “Kumadzulo Kumapeza Nzeru za Sofia Gubaidulina.”

Pakati pa oimba nyimbo ndi Gubaidulina ndi oimba otchuka kwambiri: kondakitala G. Rozhdestvensky, violinist G. Kremer, cellists V. Tonkha ndi I. Monighetti, bassoonist V. Popov, bayan player F. Lips, percussionist M. Pekarsky ndi ena.

Kalembedwe ka nyimbo ka Gubaidulina kayekha kudayamba m'ma 60s, kuyambira ndi ma Etudes Asanu a azeze, ma bass awiri ndi nyimbo zomveka, zodzazidwa ndi phokoso lauzimu la zida zosagwirizana. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi 2 cantatas, thematically yopita Kummawa - "Night in Memphis" (pazolemba zochokera ku Aigupto akale omasuliridwa ndi A. Akhmatova ndi V. Potapova) ndi "Rubaiyat" (pa mavesi a Khaqani, Hafiz, Khayyam). Ma cantatas onsewa amawulula mitu yamuyaya yaumunthu ya chikondi, chisoni, kusungulumwa, chitonthozo. Mu nyimbo, nyimbo zakum'mawa za melismatic zimapangidwa ndi sewero logwira mtima lakumadzulo, ndi njira yopangira dodecaphonic.

M'zaka za m'ma 70, osatengeka ndi kalembedwe ka "kuphweka kwatsopano" komwe kunafalikira ku Ulaya, kapena njira ya polystylistics, yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi otsogolera a m'badwo wake (A. Schnittke, R. Shchedrin, etc.). ), Gubaidulina anapitiriza kufufuza malo omveka bwino (mwachitsanzo, mu Ten Etudes for Cello) ndi masewero a nyimbo. Concerto ya bassoon ndi zingwe zotsika ndi zokambirana zakuthwa za "zisudzo" pakati pa "ngwazi" (solo bassoon) ndi "khamu" (gulu la cellos ndi mabasi awiri). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mikangano yawo ikuwonetsedwa, yomwe imadutsa m'magawo osiyanasiyana osamvetsetsana: "khamu la anthu" likuika udindo wake pa "ngwazi" - kulimbana kwa mkati mwa "ngwazi" - "kuvomereza kwake kwa khamulo" ndi chikhalidwe fiasco cha "khalidwe" lalikulu.

"Ola la Moyo" poimba paokha, mezzo-soprano ndi orchestra ili ndi zotsutsana ndi mfundo zaumunthu, zanyimbo ndi zaukali, zopanda umunthu; chotsatira chake ndi mawu omaliza ouziridwa a mawu omaliza, mavesi a "Atlantean" a M. Tsvetaeva. M'ntchito za Gubaidulina, kutanthauzira kophiphiritsira kwa awiriawiri oyambirira osiyana kunawonekera: "Kuwala ndi Mdima" kwa chiwalo, "Vivente - non vivente". ("Zamoyo - zopanda moyo") za synthesizer yamagetsi, "In croce" ("Crosswise") ya cello ndi chiwalo (zida 2 zimasinthanitsa mitu yawo pakukula). Mu 80s. Gubaidulina amapanganso ntchito za pulani yayikulu, yayikulu, ndikupitilira mutu wake womwe amakonda "wakum'maŵa", ndikuwonjezera chidwi chake ku nyimbo zamawu.

Munda wa Chisangalalo ndi Chisoni wa chitoliro, viola ndi zeze wapatsidwa kununkhira kwakummawa. M'mapangidwe awa, ma melismatics obisika a nyimboyi ndi odabwitsa, kuphatikizika kwa zida zapamwamba zolembera kumakhala kosangalatsa.

Concerto ya violin ndi orchestra, yotchedwa "Offertorium" ndi wolemba, imaphatikizapo lingaliro la nsembe ndi kubadwanso kwa moyo watsopano ndi nyimbo. Mutu wa "Musical Offering" wa JS Bach m'gulu la okhestra lopangidwa ndi A. Webern umakhala ngati chizindikiro cha nyimbo. Chingwe chachitatu cha quartet (gawo limodzi) chimachoka ku chikhalidwe cha classical quartet, chimachokera ku kusiyana kwa pizzicato "yopangidwa ndi anthu" komanso "yosapanga" kusewera uta, komwe kumaperekedwanso tanthauzo lophiphiritsira. .

Gubaidulina amaona kuti "Kuzindikira" ("Kuzindikira") kwa soprano, baritone ndi zida za zingwe za 7 m'magulu a 13 kukhala imodzi mwa ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri. Zinayamba chifukwa cha makalata ndi F. Tanzer, pamene wolemba ndakatuloyo anatumiza malemba a ndakatulo zake, ndipo wolembayo anapereka mayankho a mawu ndi nyimbo kwa iwo. Umu ndi momwe kukambirana kophiphiritsa pakati pa Mwamuna ndi Mkazi kunayambira pamitu: Mlengi, Chilengedwe, Chilengedwe, Cholengedwa. Gubaidulina anapindula apa kuwonjezereka, kumveka bwino kwa gawo la mawu ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri za mawu m'malo mwa kuimba wamba: kuyimba koyera, kuyimba mofunitsitsa, Sprechstimme, kulankhula koyera, kulankhula momveka bwino, kulankhula momveka bwino, kunong'ona. Mu manambala ena, tepi ya maginito yokhala ndi zolemba za omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyo adawonjezedwa. Kukambitsirana kwanyimbo ndi filosofi ya Mwamuna ndi Mkazi, atadutsa magawo a maonekedwe ake mu chiwerengero cha nambala (No. 1 "Taonani", No. 2 "Ife", No. 9 "Ine", No. 10 “Ine ndi Inu”), ikufika pachimake pa nambala 12 “Imfa ya Monty” Mbali yochititsa chidwi kwambiri imeneyi ndi nkhani ya kavalo wakuda Monty, amene poyamba anatengapo mphoto pamipikisano, ndipo tsopano akuperekedwa, kugulitsidwa, kumenyedwa. , akufa. No. 13 “Mawu” amagwiranso ntchito ngati mawu omaliza. Mawu otsegulira ndi otseka omaliza - "Stimmen… Verstummen…" ("Mawu ... Otsekedwa ...") adakhala ngati mawu ang'onoang'ono a Gubaidulina wamkulu wamagulu khumi ndi awiri a First Symphony, omwe anapitiliza malingaliro aluso a "Perception".

Njira ya Gubaidulina muzojambula ingasonyezedwe ndi mawu ochokera ku cantata ake "Usiku ku Memphis": "Chitani ntchito zanu padziko lapansi motsatira mtima wanu."

V. Kholopova