Luso la troubadours: nyimbo ndi ndakatulo

Mawu oti "troubadour" amamasuliridwa kuchokera ku chinenero cha Provençal monga "kupeza", "kupanga", chifukwa nyimbo ndi nyimbo ndi mtundu wa zopeza ndi zatsopano. Nthawi zambiri a troubadours - oimba oyendayenda - adayimba nyimbo zawo ndipo owerengeka okha, atalemba nyimbo, adapereka nyimbo zawo kwa juggler.

Gulu la troubadour linayambira ku Provence, dera la kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa "mbiri" ku France, koma patapita nthawi linayamba kufalikira kumpoto kwa France (komwe pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti trouvères), komanso ku Italy ndi Spain. Mbiri yasunga mayina a troubadours oyamba (moyenera) - awa ndi ambuye monga Guiraut Riquier, Goselm Fedi, Guiraut de Borneil, Peyre Vidal.

Ofufuza ambiri amavomereza kuti woimira woyamba kwambiri mu lusoli amatchedwa "Troubadour". Chifukwa cha chiyambi chake chapamwamba, adalandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri kwa nthawizo, ndipo, kukhulupirira kapena ayi, ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu amatha kuwerenga, kulemba ndi kulankhulana mu Chilatini.

Malingana ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, ndakatulo zoyamba za Guillaume zinalembedwa ali ndi zaka 10, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imatsagana ndi ndakatulo ndi woimba. Ngakhale kuti sankasiyanitsidwa ndi kupambana kwakukulu pazochitika zankhondo, Duke anali ndi luso loimba nyimbo komanso ankakonda kuvina ndi kuchita masewera. Chilakolako chomaliza cha a Duke chinamupangitsa kuti ayambe kutsutsana ndi tchalitchi (tikukamba za nthawi yapakati).

Ofufuza amaona ungwiro wa mitundu ya ndakatulo zake, choncho amakhulupirira kuti Guillaume amene anapereka kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha osati ndakatulo troubadour, komanso ndakatulo European ambiri.

Ndizodabwitsa kuti chilankhulo cha Occitan (mwa kuyankhula kwina, Provençal), momwe a troubadour adalemba zolemba zawo, chinali chilankhulo chokha cholembedwa m'madera ambiri a Italy ndi Spain m'zaka zapakati.

Ndani angakhale troubadour?

Pakati pa anthu a m’gulu la troubadour panali anthu ophunzira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, ma troubadours adakhala zida zodzichepetsa zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi olamulira akuluakulu - olamulira akuluakulu. Mabwana ndi madona otchuka a ku Provence ndi Languedoc anayesetsa kutsata akatswiri aluso omwe anali odziwa luso la troubadour. Oimba a khoti panthawiyo ankafunika kukhala ndi maluso otsatirawa:

• kuimba chida chilichonse choyimba;
• kupeka ndakatulo mopanda tsankho kwa anthu apamwamba;
• dziwani nkhani zaposachedwa kukhothi.

Ma Troubadours ena otchuka

Kuphatikiza pa Guillaume Aquinas yemwe watchulidwa kale, Middle Ages ya ku Europe idapereka mayina ena ambiri amtundu wodziwika bwino:

• - troubadour, amene ndakatulo yake ili yodzaza ndi zachiwerewere ndi adventurism, wodziwika bwino wa chikondi canzones ndi sirvents ndale (awa ndi mitundu ya troubadour zilandiridwenso).
• - French trouvere amene adatenga nawo gawo pa Nkhondo Zamtanda. Ndi ndakatulo zake zochepa zokha zomwe zidapulumuka - makamaka ma canzones, nyimbo zam'misasa ndi zoseweretsa.
• - mwana wa wantchito wamba, yemwe anakhala wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka wa nthawi yake (zaka za m'ma XII), mu ndakatulo zake adayimba za masika ndi chikondi monga zabwino kwambiri.

troubadours otchuka si amuna okha; m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages panalinso olemba ndakatulo achikazi - pakali pano pali 17 odziwika troubadours akazi. Dzina la woyamba mwa iwo ndi

Mitu yamakhothi muzojambula za troubadours

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 11, zomwe zimatchedwa ndakatulo zamakhoti za troubadours zidawuka - ndakatulo zolimba mtima, momwe chikondi, koma nthawi yomweyo chidalitsidwa kwa dona. Amaperekedwa m'mavesi ngati mtundu wabwino, wofanizidwa ndi fano la Madonna, panthawi imodzimodziyo tikukamba za dona wamtima yemwe ayenera kulemekezedwa ndi kukondedwa ndi chikondi cha platonic.

Udindo wa dona wotere wapamtima nthawi zambiri unkaseweredwa ndi mkazi wokwatiwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuyimba kwa nthawi yayitali kwa dona wokongola kunali koyambirira kwa ubwenzi, wotsekedwa mkati mwa malamulo ndi ndondomeko zina; Chibwenzi chachitali mu chikhalidwe ichi chinatanthauza udindo wapamwamba kwa wofunsira.

Kupembedza kwa dona wokongola kunakhudza kwambiri maganizo a amayi, chifukwa kale tchalitchichi chinapereka kugonana kwachikazi ngati malo oberekera uchimo ndi chiwerewere. Komanso, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha khoti, maukwati achikondi anayamba kuchitika.

Mphamvu ya luso la troubadour pa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo

Luso la ma troubadour linakhudzadi kupititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya komanso nyimbo makamaka. Nyimbo zopangidwa ndi troubadours zidakhudza chitukuko Minzanga - ndakatulo zankhondo zaku Germany. Poyamba, oimbawo ankangophimba nyimbo za troubadours, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono ku Germany anapanga mtundu wina wa nyimbo - minnesang (mawuwa amamasuliridwa kuti "nyimbo ya chikondi").

Muyenera kudziwa zamitundu ina yomwe idapangidwa munyimbo za troubadours:

• Abusa - iyi ndi nyimbo yamtundu wanyimbo, zomwe zili mu nyimbo yotere nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopanda ulemu: knight amalankhula ndi m'busa wamba, ndipo, mosiyana ndi ndakatulo zamilandu, sipangakhale kuyankhula zakumverera kwakukulu; m’chithunzithunzi cha kukopana, nkhani za “chikondi chakuthupi” zokha zimakambidwa.
• Alba ndi nyimbo imene mkhalidwe wa okonda kulekana m'mawa ndi ndakatulo: iwo ayenera kupatukana, mwina kwamuyaya (Knight atha kufa pankhondo) ndi kufika kwa mbandakucha.
• canzona - nyimbo yachikondi yopita kwa mtsikana, koma nthawi zina kuyimba kwa canzona kumangosonyeza ulemu kwa wolamulira, mtsikana kapena bwenzi; Zikatero, canzona akhoza kuchitidwa ndi Knights angapo nthawi imodzi.